Objetivos: descrever um novo método, baseado nas curvas de Bézier, de obtenção e análise quantitativa do contorno da pálpebra inferior de pacientes com orbitopatia de Graves. Casuística e Métodos: Foram estudados dois grupos de sujeitos, pareados por sexo e idade, sendo 41 pacientes portadores de orbitopatia de Graves e 43 sujeitos normais. Foi realizada exoftalmometria de Hertel em todos os integrantes do estudo e empregados cortes coronais de ressonância magnética orbitária para medir a área do músculo reto inferior de 17 pacientes e 16 controles. O programa ImageJ, com a ferramenta da curva de Bézier, foi usado para obtenção do contorno palpebral inferior de um dos olhos de todos os integrantes dos dois grupos da partir de fotografias digitais da fenda palpebral. O programa MatLab foi utilizado para se obterem, de ambos os grupos, o pico do contorno palpebral inferior, a distância margem reflexo 2 (MRD2), o índice de circularidade do contorno da pálpebra, o ângulo lacrimal, a área de exposição escleral delimitada pelo contorno palpebral bem como a razão entre as áreas temporal e medial dessa área. Resultados: A análise do contorno da porção ciliar da pálpebra inferior demonstrou que a retração palpebral está significativamente correlacionada ao grau de proptose do olho nos pacientes portadores de orbitopatia de Graves e ao deslocamento inferior do tubérculo lacrimal. Não houve correlação entre a magnitude da retração e o aumento da área do músculo reto inferior. O contorno da porção ciliar da palpebral inferior não apresentou deformações setoriais, achado este comprovado pela ausência de diferença significativa da posição do pico palpebral entre os dois grupos estudados, pela distribuição simétrica entre as áreas temporal e medial do contorno palpebral e pelo maior grau de circularidade detectado nas pálpebras dos portadores de orbitopatia de Graves. A retração deslocou significativamente o tubérculo lacrimal da pálpebra afetada. Conclusão: A curva de Bézier mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil para o estudo do contorno palpebral inferior. A análise do contorno evidenciou que não há flare temporal na retração palpebral inferior na orbitopatia de Graves. Os resultados possibilitaram melhor entendimento da retração palpebral, assim como planejamento cirúrgico mais preciso para correção dessa patologia palpebral. / Purpose: To describe a new method, based on the Bézier curves, to obtain and analyze quantitively the lower eyelid contour of patients with Graves orbitopathy. Magnetic. Casuistic and Methods: Two groups of sex and age matched subjects were studied: patients with Graves orbitopathy (n = 41) and normal controls (n= 43). Hertel exophthalmometry was performed in all subjects. Coronal slices of Magnetic resonance imaging were employed to estimate the area of the inferior rectus muscle of 17 patients and 16 controls. The Image J NIH software, equipped with the Bézier plugin, was used to obtain the lower eyelid contour of one eye of all participants from digital images of the palpebral fissure. With the software Matlab it was measured in all contours the following variables: margin reflex distance 2, the contour peak, the circularity index, the lacrimal angle and the total area of the lid contour as well the medial and lateral portions of this area. Results: The contour analysis of the ciliated portion of the lower eyelid showed that the lid retraction is significantly correlated with the degree of proptosis and with the displacement of the lacrimal tubercle of the lid. There is no correlation between the magnitude of retraction and the inferior rectus area. The ciliated portion of the lower eyelid does not show segmental deformities as demonstrated by the absence of difference between the temporal and medial areas of the contour as well by the highest index of circularity of the retracted lids. Lower eyelid retraction displaces significantly the lacrimal tubercle of the affected lid. Conclusions: The Bézier curve proved to be a useful tool for the study of the lower eyelid contour. The contour analyis showed that there is no lateral flare on the lower eyelid retraction of the Graves orbitopathy. The results allow a better understanding of the lid retraction and a precise surgical planning of this lid pathology.

Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is a common cause of heart failure in patients with congenital heart defects and often leads to impaired functional capacity and premature death. 3D cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)-based RV/LV combination models with fluid-structure interactions have been introduced to perform mechanical analysis and optimize RV remodeling surgery. Obtaining accurate RV/LV morphology is a very important step in the model-constructing process. A semi-automatic segmentation process was introduced in this project to obtain RV/LV/Valve geometry from patient-specific 3D CMR images. A total of 420 contour results were obtained from one patient CMRI data using QMASS software package at Department of Cardiology of Children¡¯s hospital. The digital contour data were automatically acquired using a self-developed program written in MATLAB. 3D visualizations of the RV/LV combination model at different phases throughout the cardiac cycle were presented and RV/LV volume curves were given showing the volume variation based on digital contour data under MATLAB environment. For the patient considered, the RV stoke volume (SV) is 190.8 ml (normal value is 60-136 ml) and ejection fraction is 43.5% (normal value is 47%-63%). In future work, the surgical, CMR imaging and computational modeling will be integrated together to optimize patch design and RV volume reduction surgery procedures to maximize recovery of RV cardiac function.

Objetivos: a) descrever um novo método de medida do contorno palpebral superior, b) medir o grau de assimetria interocular do contorno em sujeitos normais, c) quantificar a assimetria interocular do contorno após cirurgia de ptose com conjuntivo-müllerectomia (CMM) e avanço aponeurótico via anterior (VANT), realizadas por dois cirurgiões. Casuística e Métodos: a) dois observadores independentes usaram o programa NIH Image J, com plugin Bézier para extrair o contorno palpebral de fotografias de 29 olhos de sujeitos normais. A concordância entre as duas extrações foi aferida pelo coeficiente percentual de superposição (CPS) de duas linhas, bem como pelo gráfico de Bland-Altman para as diferenças entre a localização do ponto mais alto dos contornos (pico) e pelo coeficiente de correlação Lin, que mensura o quanto as medidas se aproximam da linha de igualdade; b) foi medido o contorno palpebral direito e esquerdo de uma amostra de 75 pessoas normais, com idades variando entre 19 e 73 anos, com média = 44,6 ± 15,7 DP. A amostra foi analisada como um todo e também quando dividida em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) (n=39, idade média =30,2 anos ± 4,5 DP) e Grupo 2 (G2) (n=38, idade média =58,6 anos ± 8,2 DP). O grau de concordância do contorno palpebral direito e esquerdo foi estimado pela mensuração do CPS para toda a extensão da pálpebra, bem como para as porções medial e lateral em relação ao centro da pupila. A assimetria da posição do pico dos contornos também foi quantificada; c) foram analisadas as fotos de 38 pacientes consecutivos portadores de ptose involucional operados bilateralmente por dois cirurgiões distintos (C1, n=20 e C2, n=18) com CMM e VANT (o mesmo número de pacientes em cada técnica). Resultados: a) As curvas de Bézier foram ajustadas a todos os contornos palpebrais com alta reprodutibilidade, o CPS médio = 96,1% ± 1.7 DP. As diferenças entre a posição do pico do contorno foram de +0.5 e -0.5, em torno da média = 0. O coeficiente de Lin foi igual a 0.96; b) os contornos palpebrais foram ajustados por funções parabólicas com coeficiente de determinação médio de 0,99. A assimetria média dos CPS foi de 5.5% sem diferenças significativas entre os segmentos lateral e medial e entre G1 e G2. O valor médio da localização dos picos foi de -0.48 mm (lateral ao centro pupilar) ± 0,06 EP. A média da assimetria desse parâmetro foi de 0,43 mm ± 0,04 EP; c) a assimetria média dos contornos após a CMM foi de 5.3% para C1 e 5.9% para C2. Esse grau de assimetria não foi diferente do observado no grupo controle. Após a correção VANT, esses valores foram, respectivamente, 10.4% e 10.8%, significativamente maiores do que os observados na população normal. Conclusões: As curvas de Bézier possibilitam a extração do contorno palpebral superior com excelente reprodutibilidade. Na pessoas normais, todos os contornos são bem ajustados por curvas parabólicas com picos situados discretamente lateral ao centro pupilar. O contorno é melhor simetrizado com a CMM do que com a VANT. / Purposes: a) to describe a new test of upper eyelid contour measurement, b) to quantify the asymmetry of the interocular of lid contour in normal subjects, c) to measure the interocular contour asymmetry after ptosis surgery with conjunctivaMüllerectomy (CMM) and aponeurotic surgery anterior approach (AAS). Casuistic and Methods: a) two independent observers used the NHIJ image software with a Bézier plugin to extract the lid contour of 29 photos of normal eyes. The agreement of the two lid contours was measured with the coefficient percentage overlapping of superimposing two lines (PCLS) as well by computing the differences of the contour peak location with the Bland and Altman plot and Lin correlation coefficient; b) The right and left lid contours of a sample of normal subjects (n = 75) with ages ranging from 19 and 73 years was measured. The sample was analyzed as a whole and also divided into two age groups G1 (n=39, mean age = 30.2 ± 4,5 SD) and G2 (mean age = 58.6 years ± 8,2 SD). The degree of agreement of the two contours was estimated by the CLS for the whole extension of the lid and for the medial and portions relative to the pupil center. The contour peak asymmetry was also quantified; c) the photos of 28 patients with involutional ptosis who underwent bilateral surgery by 2 different surgeons (C1, n=20 and C2, n=18) with CMM and AAS (equal number of patients with each technique). Results: a) The Bézier curves were adjusted with high concordance between observers for all lid contours. The mean CLS was 96.1% ± 1.7 SD. The peak contour differences (+0.5 to -0.5 mm) were equally distributed around the mean value = 0. The mean Lin coefficient of concordance was 0.96; b) all lid contours were adjusted to parabolic functions with a mean coefficient of determination = 0.99. The mean asymmetry of the contours estimated by the CLS was 5.5%. The mean value of the peak location was - 0.48 mm ± 0,06 SE (lateral to the pupil center) without significant differences between the medial and lateral portions of the lids and between G1 and G2. The mean asymmetry of this parameter was de 0,43 mm ± 0,04 EP; c) The mean contour asymmetry following CMM was 5.3% for C1 and 5.9% for C2, these values were not different from the observed in the control group. After ptosis correction with AAS these values were respectively 10.4% and 10.8% significantly greater than observed in the normal population. Conclusions: The Bézier curves allow the extraction of the upper lid contours with excellent concordance between observers. In the normal population all contours are well adjusted with parabolic function with the peak contour localized slightly lateral to the pupil center. CMM allow a better symmetry of lid contour than AAS.

Este trabalho apresenta um método para análise do contorno de gotas de chuva artificial em imagem digital, o qual se caracteriza como uma ferramenta para melhor compreensão dos processos agrícolas que envolvem o uso de chuvas artificiais, como a irrigação e a aplicação de defensivos, sendo desenvolvido com o uso de técnicas para análise de formas bidimensionais e processamento de sinais, como representação de formas por contornos paramétricos, análise de Fourier e filtragem gaussiana. Os resultados obtidos demonstram precisão na análise de imagens de aglomerados de gotas, acrescentando as características de descritor apresentadas pela curvatura, assim como a flexibilidade de calibração oferecidas pela abordagem multi-escala adotada, possibilitando a obtenção de erros de medida não maiores que 5%, para os padrões circulares testados com raios entre 10 e 200 pixels / This work presents a method for contour analysis of artificial rain drop based on both digital image and curvature processing. The method is characterized as a tool, which allows a better understanding of the raindrops in irrigation and agrochemicals spraying processes. Its development was based on parametric contours representation of shapes, Fourier analysis, and Gaussian filtering. Results show the suitability of the method, which presents errors smaller than 5% for curvature determination in the range of the radius variation in betwen 10 and 200 pixels as well as the ability for raindrop clusters analysis

As curvas de nível são extremamente úteis na solução dos problemas da engenharia e algumas áreas de aplicação são: topografia, exploração de minérios e petróleo, estudo de campos magnéticos, metrologia e outros. Tem-se recorrido ao auxílio do computador para desenhar automaticamente esse tipo de mapas e são muitos os programas desenvolvidos com essa finalidade. Escolhemos como ponto de partida de nosso estudo um método, de comprovadas qualidades, desenvolvido por Hiroshi Akima: \"A Method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points\". A nossa contribuição a esse trabalho consiste na redução do tempo de computação, na melhoria da qualidade do desenho e na adaptação do sistema para uso em microcomputadores, com a consequente redução do custo da produção de mapas.Com o programa de Akima não fornece rotinas de desenho, nós implementamos uma com esse propósito e esta é uma outra contribuição desta tese. / Contour maps are extremely useful in the solution of engineering problems and some areas of applications are: survey, minerals and petroleum exploration, study of magnetic fields , metereology and others. The computer has been used for drawing automatically such maps and there are already several programs developed with this purpose. We have selected as starting point of our study, a method with proved qualities, developed by Hiroshi Akima, entitled: \"A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points\". Our contribution to the work of Akima consists in reducing the computing time, improving the visual aspect of the map and in adapting the system to the use in microcomputers, with the consequent reduction of the cost of map\'s production. Since Akima\'s program does not provide any routine for drawing maps, we further implement one for such purpose and this is another contribution of this thesis.

Das Herzzeitvolumen ist ein wichtiger Parameter zur Beurteilung der Hämodynamik. Trotz des Bedarfs umfangreichen Monitorings in der heutigen Hochleistungsmedizin hat sich bisher keine Methode etablieren können, die diese Größe zuverlässig auf kontinuierlicher Basis bestimmt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht in einem Großtierhämodynamikmodell am Schwein die Möglichkeit, durch Verrechnungen des rechtsventrikulären Druckes (RVP) das korrespondierende Schlagvolumen (SV) zu bestimmen und dadurch eine neue Methode zur kontinuierlichen Schlagvolumen- respektive Herzzeitvolumenbestimmung zu entwickeln. Dazu wurden bei insgesamt 16 Tieren in einem computergestützten Meßsystem kontinuierlich neben anderen wesentlichen Fluß- und Druckparametern der RVP mittels piezoresistiver Druckmessung und das SV mittel Ultraschall-Transit-Time bestimmt. Schlagvolumenvariationen wurden durch akute Änderungen der kardialen Vor- und Nachlast sowie unter Bedingungen der Koronarischämie erreicht. So wurden die Atmungsparameter variiert, die Tiere atrial und ventrikulär frequenzmoduliert, sowie unter Applikation von Dobutamin untersucht. In einer Modifikation der Pulskonturmethode wurde die Fläche unter der RVP-Kurve während der Austreibungsphase als Schlagvolumen bestimmt (SVRVP). Diese Fläche wird von der Geraden mit den Schnittpunkten des RVP zu den Zeitpunkten des Maximums und des Minimums seiner ersten Ableitung (dP/dt) begrenzt. Die errechneten Werte für SVRVP wurden zu den per Ultraschall bestimmten SV-Werten in Korrelation gesetzt. Die Regressionsanalysen zwischen SVRVP und SV zeigten einen engen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen beiden Größen bei geringen Standardfehlern. Dies traf für alle Interventionen - jeweils für sich und im Zusammenhang - gleichermaßen zu. Somit erscheint durch die aufgezeigte Verrechnung des RVP eine kontinuierliche Herzzeitvolumenmessung möglich. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieses einfach anzuwendenden Verfahrens ergeben sich im Monitoring auf Intensivstationen sowie im perioperativen Bereich. In erster Linie aber eröffnen sich neue Wege in der ambulanten Diagnostik und Therapieüberwachung von Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz. / Cardiac output is an important parameter of haemodynamics. Despite the need for extensive monitoring in todays hightech medicine a method that can detect this parameter reliably on a continous basis has not yet emerged. We tried to develop a new method on a haemodynamic pig model, to continously calculate the corresponding stroke volume (SV) from the right ventricular pressure curve (RVP) on the basis of the pulse contour method. Sixteen pigs were examined. RVP and SV, among other flow and pressure parameters, were continously monitored on a computer-based-system. RVP was measured by piezo-resistive pressure monitoring, SV was determined by the ultrasound-transit-time method. Variations of stroke volume were achieved by altering pre- and afterload and by inducing myocardial ischemia. The pigs were examined under varying parameters of respiration, atrial and ventricular stimulation, and application of dobutamine. In a modification of the pulse contour method the area under the RVP-curve during the ejection period was determined as stroke volume (SV_RVP). This area is limited by the straight line intersecting the RVP at the time of the maximum and minimum of its first derivative (dP/dt). The calculated data for SVRVP was correlated to the SV determined via the ultrasound-transit-time-method. The regression analysis of SV and SVRVP showed a close and linear relationship between the two parameters with a small standard error. This was true for all interventions. It is therefore possible to monitor cardiac output continously with the variation of the pulse contour method used here. This technique with little invasion may be used for monitoring on intensive care units and for the perioperative care. First of all it opens new ways in ambulatory diagnosis and optimizing medical therapy of patients with congestive heart failure.

As curvas de nível são extremamente úteis na solução dos problemas da engenharia e algumas áreas de aplicação são: topografia, exploração de minérios e petróleo, estudo de campos magnéticos, metrologia e outros. Tem-se recorrido ao auxílio do computador para desenhar automaticamente esse tipo de mapas e são muitos os programas desenvolvidos com essa finalidade. Escolhemos como ponto de partida de nosso estudo um método, de comprovadas qualidades, desenvolvido por Hiroshi Akima: \"A Method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points\". A nossa contribuição a esse trabalho consiste na redução do tempo de computação, na melhoria da qualidade do desenho e na adaptação do sistema para uso em microcomputadores, com a consequente redução do custo da produção de mapas.Com o programa de Akima não fornece rotinas de desenho, nós implementamos uma com esse propósito e esta é uma outra contribuição desta tese. / Contour maps are extremely useful in the solution of engineering problems and some areas of applications are: survey, minerals and petroleum exploration, study of magnetic fields , metereology and others. The computer has been used for drawing automatically such maps and there are already several programs developed with this purpose. We have selected as starting point of our study, a method with proved qualities, developed by Hiroshi Akima, entitled: \"A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points\". Our contribution to the work of Akima consists in reducing the computing time, improving the visual aspect of the map and in adapting the system to the use in microcomputers, with the consequent reduction of the cost of map\'s production. Since Akima\'s program does not provide any routine for drawing maps, we further implement one for such purpose and this is another contribution of this thesis.

Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit les méthodes développées et les résultats obtenus dans notre travail de thèse sur l'analyse du contenu dynamique de scène visuelle. Nous avons considéré la configuration la plus fréquente de vision par ordinateur, à savoir caméra monoculaire et vidéos naturelles de scène extérieure. Nous nous concentrons sur des problèmes importants généraux pour la vision par ordinateur et d'un intérêt particulier pour l'industrie cinématographique, dans le cadre de la post-production vidéo. Les problèmes abordés peuvent être regroupés en deux catégories principales, en fonction d'une interaction ou non avec les utilisateurs : l'analyse interactive du contenu vidéo et l'analyse vidéo entièrement automatique. Cette division est un peu schématique, mais elle est en fait liée aux façons dont les méthodes proposées sont utilisées en post-production vidéo. Ces deux grandes approches correspondent aux deux parties principales qui forment ce manuscrit, qui sont ensuite subdivisées en chapitres présentant les différentes méthodes que nous avons proposées. Néanmoins, un fil conducteur fort relie toutes nos contributions. Il s'agit d'une analyse hiérarchique compositionnelle du mouvement dans les scènes dynamiques. Nous motivons et expliquons nos travaux selon l'organisation du manuscrit résumée ci-dessous. Nous partons de l'hypothèse fondamentale de la présence d'une structure hiérarchique de mouvement dans la scène observée, avec un objectif de compréhension de la scène dynamique. Cette hypothèse s'inspire d'un grand nombre de recherches scientifiques sur la vision biologique et cognitive. Plus précisément, nous nous référons à la recherche sur la vision biologique qui a établi la présence d'unités sensorielles liées au mouvement dans le cortex visuel. La découverte de ces unités cérébrales spécialisées a motivé les chercheurs en vision cognitive à étudier comment la locomotion des animaux (évitement des obstacles, planification des chemins, localisation automatique) et d'autres tâches de niveau supérieur sont directement influencées par les perceptions liées aux mouvements. Fait intéressant, les réponses perceptuelles qui se déroulent dans le cortex visuel sont activées non seulement par le mouvement lui-même, mais par des occlusions, des désocclusions, une composition des mouvements et des contours mobiles. En outre, la vision cognitive a relié la capacité du cerveau à appréhender la nature compositionnelle du mouvement dans l'information visuelle à une compréhension de la scène de haut niveau, comme la segmentation et la reconnaissance d'objets. / The manuscript that is presented here contains all the findings and conclusions of the carried research in dynamic visual scene analysis. To be precise, we consider the ubiquitous monocular camera computer vision set-up, and the natural unconstrained videos that can be produced by it. In particular, we focus on important problems that are of general interest for the computer vision literature, and of special interest for the film industry, in the context of the video post-production pipeline. The tackled problems can be grouped in two main categories, according to the whether they are driven user interaction or not : user-assisted video processing tools and unsupervised tools for video analysis. This division is rather synthetic but it is in fact related to the ways the proposed methods are used inside the video post-production pipeline. These groups correspond to the main parts that form this manuscript, which are subsequently formed by chapters that explain our proposed methods. However, a single thread ties together all of our findings. This is, a hierarchical analysis of motion composition in dynamic scenes. We explain our exact contributions, together with our main motivations, and results in the following sections. We depart from a hypothesis that links the ability to consider a hierarchical structure of scene motion, with a deeper level of dynamic scene understanding. This hypothesis is inspired by plethora of scientific research in biological and psychological vision. More specifically, we refer to the biological vision research that established the presence of motion-related sensory units in the visual cortex. The discovery of these specialized brain units motivated psychological vision researchers to investigate how animal locomotion (obstacle avoidance, path planning, self-localization) and other higher-level tasks are directly influenced by motion-related percepts. Interestingly, the perceptual responses that take place in the visual cortex are activated not only by motion itself, but by occlusions, dis-occlusions, motion composition, and moving edges. Furthermore, psychological vision have linked the brain's ability to understand motion composition from visual information to high level scene understanding like object segmentation and recognition.

Ces travaux de recherche visaient à développer un système d'aide à la mobilité pour les personnes ayant une déficience visuelle (VIP ‘Visually Impaired Person’) appelé ‘Smart Environment Explorer Stick (SEES)’. Le but particulier de cette recherche était de développer de nouveaux algorithmes pour améliorer la précision de la détection de la présence de poteaux de la canne SEE-stick en utilisant la méthode de calcul de distance et la recherche de paires de lignes verticales basées sur l'optimisation de la technique de détection de contour de Canny. Désormais, l'algorithme de détection des poteaux est appelé l’algorithme YuRHoS. Le SEES développé comme système de support d'aide à la mobilité VIP a été intégré avec succès à plusieurs dispositifs tels que le serveur distant dénommé iSEE, le serveur local embarqué dénommé SEE-phone et la canne intelligente dénommée SEE-stick. Les performances de SEE-stick ont été améliorées grâce à l'algorithme YuRHoS qui permet de discriminer avec précision les objets (obstacles) en forme de poteau parmi les objets détectés. La comparaison des résultats de détection des poteaux avec ceux des autres algorithmes a conclu que l'algorithme YuRHoS était plus efficace et précis. Le lieu et la couleur des poteaux de test d’évaluation étaient deux des facteurs les plus importants qui influaient sur la capacité du SEE-stick à détecter leur présence. Le niveau de précision de SEE-stick est optimal lorsque le test d’évaluation est effectué à l'extérieur et que les poteaux sont de couleur argentée. Les statistiques montrent que la performance de l'algorithme YuRHoS à l'intérieur était 0,085 fois moins bonne qu'à l'extérieur. De plus, la détection de la présence de poteaux de couleur argentée est 11 fois meilleure que celle de poteaux de couleur noir. / This research aimed to develop a technology system of mobility aid for Visually Impaired Person (VIP) called Smart Environment Explorer Stick (SEES).Particular purpose of this research was developing new algorithm in improving accuracy of SEE-stick for pole detection using distance calculation method and vertical line pair search based on Canny edge detection optimization and Hough transform. Henceforth, the pole detection algorithm was named as YuRHoS algorithm.The developed SEES as supporting system of VIP mobility aid had been successfully integrated several devices such as global remote server (iSEE), embedded local server (SEE-phone) and smart stick (SEE-stick). Performance of SEE-stick could be improved through YuRHoS algorithm, which was able to fix the accuracy of SEE-stick in detecting pole. Test comparison of pole detection results among others algorithm concluded that YuRHoS algorithm had better accuracy in pole detection.Two most significant factors affecting SEE-stick ability in detecting pole was test location and pole color. Level of accuracy of SEE-stick would be optimum once the test location was performed outdoor and pole color was silver. Statistics result shown that YuRHoS algorithm performance indoor was 0.085 times worse than outdoor. Meanwhile, silver-pole-color as object detection could increase YuRHoS algorithm performance as much as 11 times better compare to black-pole-color.

The objective of this study was to determine whether improvements could be made to increase the capture distance of traditional local exhaust ventilation (LEV) hoods by designing a circular slotted-hood. The criterion of success for this study was to achieve increases in capture velocity at an upstream distance equal to the diameter of the hood (11 inches). By increasing capture velocity further from the face, contaminant capture could take place at distances more convenient to the circular slotted-hood operator while maintaining adequate suction. This was to be achieved by the addition of two slots and a flange to a traditional conical hood opening. Three plates were designed to change the geometry of a plain conical hood (slot area: 0.1334, 0.0963 and 0.0694 ft2). They were tested at different airflow rates (243, 347, 467, 647, 897 cubic feet per minute) for a set number of distances from the hood face using a thermal anemometer. Three-dimensional maps of performance were created for visual comparisons, and t-tests were conducted to analyze performance by comparison of velocity at any point upstream of the hood. Velocity contours illustrated that two of the three designs had greater capture velocities compared to the standalone conical hood, and paired t-tests confirmed the significance (p<0.05). Each of the new designs failed to significantly increase capture distance further than 11 inches from the hood. However, increased velocities occurred near the hood opening (within 5 inches). These modest improvements for the largest slot design increases operating pressures by approximately 0.1" wg @ 250 cfm but 1.1" wg @ 650 cfm. Implementing these new designs would increase capture velocities close to the hood, although this advantage is offset by the cost it would require to compensate for the pressure loss incurred.