A presente dissertação se propõe à qualificação do conjunto de contratos celebrados em financiamentos organizados sob a modalidade project finance como verdadeira coligação contratual, apresentando determinadas consequências jurídicas daí decorrentes, bem como sublinhando a correlação positiva entre tal compreensão e o estabelecimento de um panorama institucional adequado, que contribua para o desenvolvimento econômico. Ocupa posição nuclear no estudo o reconhecimento de que os negócios jurídicos concluídos no âmbito de tais programas de financiamento consistem, de fato, em instrumentos aptos a operacionalizar um arranjo de alocação de riscos que reflita a racionalidade econômico-financeira do projeto, garantindo, assim, sua viabilidade. Portanto, muito embora conservem sua autonomia estrutural e desempenhem, cada um deles, sua função econômico-social individual, contribuem, simultaneamente, para a realização de um fim concreto ulterior - operação econômica subjacente -, que coincide com o desenvolvimento e operação do empreendimento financiado. Pretende-se, igualmente, oferecer subsídios para que aqueles que sejam chamados a decidir sobre questões versando a temática abordada o façam de forma crítica e coerente, sem descuidar das motivações, econômicas e jurídicas, que subjazem ao project finance. / This thesis aims to qualify the nexus of contracts entered into in project financings as connected contracts, presenting certain legal effects which hence arise, as well as highlighting the positive correlation between such qualification and the establishment of an adequate institutional framework that contributes to economic development. It is fundamental to the study the acknowledgment that contracts entered into in such financings are, in fact, mechanisms that allow for the operationalization of a given risk allocation structure which, in turn, reflects the project\'s economic and financial rationale, therefore assuring its bankability. Accordingly, even though each contract conserves its structural autonomy and plays its own economic and social function, they all simultaneously contribute towards the achievement of a further concrete goal - an underlying economic transaction -, identified with the development and operation of the financed venture. Nonetheless, it intends to offer subsidies so that those called upon to decide issues related to the subject can fulfill their duties in an argumentative and coherent manner, without neglecting project finance\'s underlying economic and legal motivations.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma análise profunda sobre os contratos built to suit ou contratos de locação nos contratos de construção ajustada. Para tanto, parte-se do exame das peculiaridades, obrigações e dos deveres inerentes a esse modelo contratual. A partir daí, com base na teoria dos contratos atípicos, busca-se apresentar as variáveis e os critérios que podem nortear sua qualificação e, como consequência, a definição das regras a ele aplicáveis. Pretende-se também apresentar o exame do contrato no contexto de conexão negocial no qual ele normalmente se insere na prática jurídica. As conclusões dessa análise serão, ao final, examinadas à luz da Lei do Inquilinato, especialmente das alterações incluídas pela Lei nº. 12.744, de 19 de dezembro de 2012. / The purpose of this essay is to present an in-depth assessment of built to suit contracts or lease agreements in adjusted construction contracts. To that end, this essay will first analyze the particularities, obligations and duties that are inherent to that contractual type. Subsequently, based on the unregulated contracts doctrine, this essay will seek to present the variables and criteria that may serve as guidelines to qualify those contracts and, accordingly, to unveil the rules applicable to them. This paper will also examine those contracts in their business context from a legal practice perspective. Lastly, the conclusions of this assessment will be considered in light of the Brazilian Tenancy Law, and more specifically of the amendments brought by Law No. 12,744, of December 19, 2012.

by Ko Chi Ping, Lai Kwok Lun & Ng Wai Pun. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 86-90.

Thesis (M. Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: l. 216-224.

O acordo de acionistas é instrumento que serve à adequação da disciplina societária aos interesses pessoais e patrimoniais dos acionistas. Tais acordos têm natureza jurídica contratual e parassocial, em razão de estarem intrinsecamente ligados aos pactos sociais. Em razão de serem contratos e, portanto, estarem submetidos à teoria geral dos contratos, e, ao mesmo tempo, estarem tão fortemente coligados à seara social, surgem dificuldades na resolução de questões limítrofes entre o direito civil e o direito societário. Esses problemas aparecem especialmente quando se trata da extinção por causa superveniente do acordo, existindo dúvidas na doutrina e na jurisprudência quanto à possibilidade de aplicação aos pactos parassociais das hipóteses de extinção aplicáveis aos contratos em geral. Com o objetivo de auxiliar na solução dessa questão, no presente estudo, são examinadas as causas supervenientes de extinção dos contratos, mais especificamente, as hipóteses de expiração de termo ou de implemento de condição resolutiva, de resilição, de resolução, por inadimplemento ou por onerosidade excessiva, de impossibilidade superveniente inimputável, de morte das partes, e, ainda, os cenários em que existe insolvência ou dissolução das partes ou da própria sociedade, os quais têm, após um exame genérico quanto a seus aspectos conceituais, verificada a sua aplicabilidade ao acordo de acionistas e os efeitos que produzem em sua esfera. São respeitados, contudo, os temperamentos necessários em decorrência de sua natureza parassocietária. / The shareholders’ agreement is an instrument that serves the adequacy of the corporate discipline to the shareholders’ personal and equity interests. Such agreements have the legal nature of contracts that are inserted in the companies’ corporate structure, being intrinsically connected to the bylaws and to the companies’ articles of associations. Because they are contracts, and therefore are subject to the general theory of contracts, and at the same time are so strongly linked to the corporate sphere, difficulties arise in solving border issues between Civil Law and Corporate Law. These problems appear especially when it comes to the termination of the agreements because of supervening causes, leaving scholars and courts in doubt as to the possibility of applying to the shareholders’ agreements the extinction hypotheses applicable to contracts in general. With the aim of assisting in the solution of this issue, the present study examines the supervening causes of termination of shareholders’ agreements, more specifically, the hypothesis of expiration of the term or implementation of a condition, terminations with and without cause, unenforceable supervening impossibility, death of the parties, and also the scenarios in which there is insolvency or dissolution of the parties in the agreement or of the company itself, which, after a general examination of their conceptual aspects, were submitted to a verification concerning their applicability to the shareholders' agreement and concerning the effects to be produced on such agreements, respecting, however, their nature as contracts inserted in the corporate structure.

O presente trabalho analisa a qualificação do tipo social do contrato de EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) na ordem jurídica brasileira em face do tipo legal do contrato de empreitada. Investiga-se, portanto, a existência de identidade ou diferença entre ambos os tipos a fim de que se possa dar ao EPC a devida qualificação jurídica. Para isso, no Capítulo I, são apresentados os caracteres gerais dos contratos de construção, com foco na delimitação do espaço normativo específico ocupado pelo contrato de empreitada. No Capítulo II, apresenta-se o Contrato de EPC. São delineadas suas principais características gerais para que, em um segundo momento, possa-se aprofundar a análise a partir do emprego do método tipológico. Por fim, no Capítulo III, demonstra-se a forma como o regulamento dos contratos atípicos mistos em geral é construído para, posteriormente, analisar-se a formação do regulamento do EPC em seus principais pontos. / The present work analyzes the qualification of the social type of the EPC Contract (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) in the Brazilian legal order in consideration with the legal type of the works and supply contract. It is therefore investigated the existence of an identity or difference between the two contractual types in order to give the EPC the appropriate legal status. For this purpose, in Chapter I the general characteristics of construction contracts are presented, focusing on the delimitation of the specific normative space occupied by the works and supply contract. In Chapter II, the EPC Contract is presented. Its main general characteristics are presented so that, in a second moment, one can deepen the analysis using the typological method. Finally, Chapter III demonstrates the way in which the regulation of mixed atypical contracts in general is constructed, so that it can be analyzed the formation of the EPC regulation in its main points.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux design, vérification et implémentation des systèmes à base de composants. Nous proposons d'abord une méthodologie de design et de vérification compositionelle et incrémentale à base de contrats pour les systèmes de composants. Nous proposons ensuite une implémentation distribuée qui permet de préserver certaines properiétés globales de ces systèmes. La méthodologie de design proposée utilise les contrats comme un moyen de contraindre, raffiner et d'implémenter les systèmes. Elle est basée sur un formalisme de contracts générique, que nous instancions pour un formalisme de composants permettant la description des propriétés de progrés. Nous étendons cette méthodologie pour raisonner sur des systèmes de taille arbitraire et nous prouvons son utilité pour vérifier des propriétés de sûreté et de progrés d'un réseau de noeuds distribués. Dans le contexte des systèmes distribués, les systèmes doivent être implémenter de manière distribuée. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un protocole qui permet l'exécution distribuée des systèmes tout en préservant certaines propriétés globales à savoir des synchronisations et des priorités et où les composants interagissent par échange de messages. Nous proposons également une implémentation du protocole pour une plateforme particulière. / The goal of the thesis is to provide theory, methods and tools for the design and implementation of component-based systems. To master the complexity of systems of components, we first propose a contract-based design and verification approach which is both compositional and incremental. Then we provide a distributed implementation of these systems allowing to preserve some global properties. The proposed verification approach uses contracts as a means to constrain, refine and implement systems. It is based on a generic contract framework that we instantiate for a component framework allowing to express progress properties. We also extend the approach to reason about systems of arbitrary size and we show its usefulness for proving safety and progress properties in networked systems. In the context of distributed settings, these systems must later be executed in a distributed fashion. We also propose in this thesis a protocol that allows executing systems in a distributed way while preserving some global requirements namely priorities and synchronizations and where components interact by message exchange. Then, we provide an implementation of this protocol in a particular platform.

In the past, governments were directly responsible for carrying out projects concerning the construction of public utilities and for delivering public services to people in many areas of social and economic life. However, the budget deficits of governments in countries such as Jordan have required them to seek partners to assist in carrying out these functions. In other words, delivering services to people nowadays often involves contracts being concluded with private sector companies who fund and deliver governmental projects and have the skills and experience to carry out the projects efficiently. When private sector investors decide to enter into contracts with governments, they want to ensure that their investments are protected in case of a dispute with the host government. In this regard, the option to resolve disputes, including the disputes of government contracts, by alternatives to traditional judicial means has increasingly become one of the main incentives for private sector investors considering whether to enter into contracts with governments. This is because Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is more informal, cheaper, faster and easier than the formal procedures which must be adhered to in the court litigation system. Jordan is considered a poor country which has to rely on the private sector to fund its projects but, because ADR is not used in this context, investors may avoid entering into contracts with the Jordanian government, believing that their investments will not be safe. Unlike in Jordan, the use of ADR has been evident in developed countries such as the UK.This thesis argues that Jordan, as a developing country in this area, should look to other countries such as the UK which have more advanced legal systems and legislation, in order to learn from their experience. Therefore, this is a comparative study which will discuss the doctrine of legal transplant and assess whether importing ADR rules and regulations from the UK to Jordan will be an effective way of improving Jordanian laws. Accordingly, this thesis discusses (i) why ADR is not used in government contracts in Jordan and (ii) the role of ADR in settling the disputes of government contracts in the UK. It also (iii) provides solutions and makes recommendations designed to encourage the use of ADR in Jordan, including on whether or not the experience of the UK can be applied in Jordan in this regard.

The thesis compares national legal regulations in area of E-Commerce in Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic. The comparison has been made from several points of view. The first section of the thesis focuses on the area of incorporation of three European directives (93/13/ES on unfair terms in consumer contracts, 97/7/ES on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts and 2000/31/EU on electronic commerce), which frame consumer protection on the European level in respect of e commerce contracts. In the next section basic principles of contract law are compared in each of the surveyed legal systems. Each of the contract related conditions are compared step by step to their partner conditions in the other two countries (general terms and conditions, information duty of entrepreneur, consumer's right of withdrawal). The very last section covers an international civil law, and its effects on consumer protection as analyzed in compared nations. The comparison has proved my primary assumption that all three legal systems in the area of E Commerce almost identical, aside from the major difference in the definition of the term consumer itself.

In today’s world economy, many companies produce where it is most cost effective to produce goods, sell where it is most profitable and source capital where it is cheaper than anywhere else, without worrying about national boundaries. However, this stage were the world has reached began three decades ago with the freeing of exchange rate, capital and interest rate controls. Additional business risks have arisen as a result of this free world and they are such that interest and exchange rates have become more variable requiring innovative financial products to help companies manage these business risks. Companies can now buy financial derivatives to help manage their exposure to variable exchange rates. As such it was the purpose of this paper to assess the effectiveness of exchange traded currency futures contracts in managing exposure to exchange rates. This was to be achieved through answering two research questions (1) how successful are exchange traded futures derivatives and (2) what is the significance of these success rates. The study established that futures contracts with maturity in three, six and nine-months have 52%, 72% and 45% success rates respectively and however only the three month success rate was confirmed by hypothesis tests.