Botswana has been experiencing high rates of recidivism and prison overcrowding, but the causes of these problems have not been explored. Thus, this qualitative study was conducted to investigate whether the denial of legal representation to criminal defendants tried in the customary courts is one of the causes of high rates of recidivism, prison overcrowding, or both. The main research question addressed a possible relationship between these factors and the denial of legal representation, and the study was guided by the punctuated equilibrium theory and the policy feedback theory. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with 10 released first offender prison inmates, 10 released recidivist prison inmates, and 10 professional participants from disciplines in the criminal justice system in addition to reviewing statistics and scholarly research. Data were analyzed through detailed description, categorical aggregation, direct interpretation, which led to naturalistic generalizations and patterns. The results indicated that the denial of legal representation to criminal defendants tried by customary courts appeared to contribute to both recidivism and prison overcrowding, which may undermine public safety and security. The implications of the study for positive social change include informing policy-makers of the need to reform the policy on legal representation to ensure that criminal defendants tried in the customary courts receive fair trials. The additional implications for positive social change include impacting rates of recidivism and prison overcrowding and enhancing community safety and security.

Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2012. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-10-02T18:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mario fernando ribeiro.pdf: 640161 bytes, checksum: ccd30d4cc59208a2e52250c6ebaa23fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-09T18:12:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mario fernando ribeiro.pdf: 640161 bytes, checksum: ccd30d4cc59208a2e52250c6ebaa23fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-09T18:12:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mario fernando ribeiro.pdf: 640161 bytes, checksum: ccd30d4cc59208a2e52250c6ebaa23fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A contribuição da Educação Ambiental para significar a exploração do trabalho de crianças e de adolescentes na cidade do Rio Grande busca averiguar acerca da formação de uma consciência ambiental crítica e emancipatória capaz de superar o vigente paradigma cultural reificante, moralista e “higienista” do “trabalho que educa”. Para tal, utiliza-se como objeto de estudo a análise de entrevistas com atores sociais que atuaram e ainda atuam no combate a essa prática. A pesquisa inicialmente é bibliográfica, identificando o estado da arte sobre o tema do trabalho infantil. Em um primeiro momento se faz a análise de todo o contexto histórico do tema pesquisado. Em sequência faz-se uma análise da legislação, das políticas públicas e das ações afirmativas que visam a combater e erradicar a exploração da mão de obra de crianças e de adolescentes. Nessa linha de desdobramento, logo a seguir adentra-se na seara da Educação Ambiental como processo de conscientização, emancipação e transformação do condicionante cultural do trabalho como mecanismo educativo. Por fim, efetua-se a análise das falas colhidas, por meio da metodologia da análise textual discursiva. Os resultados obtidos chancelam e confortam a ideia de que a Educação Ambiental é um processo capaz de superar a premissa cultural vigente no ideário da sociedade de que o trabalho de crianças e de adolescentes, fora das hipóteses legais previstas, serviria como mecanismo educativo. / The contribution of the environmental education to signify the exploration of children and adolescents work in Rio Grande city searches about the formation of a critical and emancipatory environmental conscience, able to surpass the in vigor cultural reificant paradigm, moralist and “higienist” of “work that educates”. For such, it analyzes interviews with social actors that used to and still operate on the fight against this practice as an object of study. At first, it is mostly a bibliographical research, working on identifying the state of the art on the subject of child labor. Initially, the whole historical context of the researched topic is analyzed. Then, an analysis is made of the legislation, the public policies and the affirmative actions that aim to oppose and eradicate child labor exploitation. Following this line of deployment, it enters the area of environmental education used as a tool to raise awareness, as well as emancipation and transformation of the symbolical power of work as an educational mechanism. Lastly, the statements taken are analyzed, using a discursive methodology of textual analysis. The results obtained seal and comfort the idea that environmental education is a tool capable of overcoming the cultural premisse prevailing on the ideals of a society in which child labor, outside the legal hypotheses provided, would serve as an educational mechanism.

This thesis focuses on the historical figure of Leopoldina of Austria, daughter of the Austrian Emperor Francis I. Married in 1817 with the Portuguese Prince Pedro, the future emperor of Brazil. Chapter one. Introduces the reader in the context of the Portugal of the beginning of the nineteenth century including the departure of the royal court to Brazil and events occured during the period 1808 - 1822 in Brazil that led to the declaration of independence. Chapter two. Devoted to the Archduchess Leopoldina and her biography, with an important remark to the links established between Central Europe and Brazil, thanks to the marriage of Leopoldina and Pedro. Chapter three. Refers to Leopoldina's contribution to the independence of Brazil, which is neglected by some historians. The chapter describes the two main currents developed by historians: That one that attributes the independence achievement mainly to Pedro I, neglecting the influence of the Empress Consort on the process, revised through a selection of handbooks of Brazilian history; and the one, supported in the writings of Karl H. Oberackera Jr., assigning to Leopoldina a fundamental role during the declaration of independence of Brazil. Key words: Leopoldina of Austria, declaration of independence, Pedro I

The aim of this diploma paper was to evaluate the current state of development and financing of delegated powers of municipalities in the Czech Republic. Development financing was assessed for the period 1993 - 2003. Specifically, were monitored tax, non-tax and capital revenues, grants and current and capital expenditures. An analysis found that total revenue and expenditure in the period grew almost identically. Revenue increased primarily due to growth in tax revenues and increased subsidies. Expenditure increased depending on the growth of prices, but also due to broader range of tasks delegated by the state to municipalities. The intended goal was achieved by using analysis of entitlement subsidies and an allowance for the state administration. Analysis of entitlement grants was done in all municipalities in the Czech Republic for the period 2001 - 2010 and specifically the communities of South Region for the period 2003 - 2010. Using both analysis revealed that entitlements constitute a substantial share of subsidies in total subsidies received and this proportion increases with the increasing population. Analysis of the contribution to the state administration was performed in all 623 villages of South County. The villages were divided into five categories, depending on the extent of delegated powers. By analyzing the contribution to the state administration was established, how the allowance in each year, what was the cause of change and what was the structure contribution to the state administration of the individual categories.

The main goal of this thesis is analysis of impact terrorism attacks to the tourism sector, especially from the financial viewpoint. After the attacks the country may be perceived negatively, and it could mean drop in arrivals or GDP, there can drop tourism sector contribution to GDP, receipt from this sector or employment in tourism sector could drop too. These negative effects are being studied for selected countries such as the United States, Spain and France.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-12T19:56:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EDNALDO BERNARDO DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMat) 2013.pdf: 20096058 bytes, checksum: 983840e6101e8a2651374f5416fb3bfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T19:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDNALDO BERNARDO DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMat) 2013.pdf: 20096058 bytes, checksum: 983840e6101e8a2651374f5416fb3bfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07 / Capes / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir com o ensino e a aprendizagem de geometria espacial. Começamos por analisar dois livros didáticos de matemática do ensino médio adotados por escolas da rede pública. As análises dos mesmos nos dão uma amostra da maneira como os livros tratam a geometria espacial. Após as análises procuramos dar a nossa colaboração aos professores e alunos, propondo a utilização do software educacional, uma pletora de poliedros, um recurso didático que complementa o livro didático e que visa tornar o ensino da geometria mais dinâmico e atraente para docentes e discentes. Propomos também, o cálculo do volume de dois sólidos platônicos que normalmente não são encontrados nos livros didáticos de matemática, o dodecaedro e o icosaedro, com a utilização de conceitos matemáticos do conhecimento dos alunos das séries finais do ensino médio. Sugerimos e aplicamos duas listas de atividades, nas quais foram utilizados os softwares educacionais, uma pletora poliedros, projeções ortogonais e trip-lets, o que propiciou uma participação bastante efetiva dos alunos que responderam em um questionário a respeito da utilização de softwares nas aulas de matemática que há um ganho de tempo e uma melhor percepção das figuras, auxiliando na compreensão dos conceitos envolvidos. Por fim, em relatório conclusivo com as resposta dadas pelos alunos às atividades, concluímos que foi válida utilização de softwares educacionais como recurso didático, apresentando um resultado bastante positivo. / This work aims to contribute to the spatial geometry teaching and learning. We begin by analyzing two math textbooks for high school adopted by public schools. The analyzes of these give us a sample of how the books are about the spatial geometry. After the analysis we try to give our assistance to teachers and students, proposing the use of educational software, a plethora of polyhedra, a feature that complements the teaching and textbook aimed at making the geometry teaching more dynamic and appealing to teachers and students. We also propose, calculating the volume of two Platonic solids that are not normally found in mathematics textbooks, the dodecahedron and the icosahedron, with the use of mathematical concepts known to the students of grades of high school. We suggest and apply two lists of activities in which we used the educational software plethora polyhedra, orthogonal projections and trip-lets, which provided a very effective participation of students who responded to a questionnaire regarding the use of mathematical software in the classes that there is a time gain and a better understanding of the figures, assisting in understanding the concepts involved. Finally, in concluding report with the answers given by the students to activities, we conclude that it was valid the use of educational software as a teaching resource, presenting a very positive result.

The T2K ("Tokai-to-Kamioka") Experiment is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. A beam of primarily muon neutrinos (in neutrino beam mode) or antineutrinos (in antineutrino beam mode) is produced at the J-PARC ("Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex") facility. The near detector (ND280), located 280 m from the proton beam target, measures a large event rate of neutrino interactions in the unoscillated beam, while the far detector, Super-Kamiokande, 295 km away, searches for the signatures of neutrino oscillation. This dissertation describes the analyses of data at ND280 and Super-Kamiokande leading to T2K's first results from running in antineutrino beam mode: a measurement of muon antineutrino disappearance. The measured values of the antineutrino oscillation parameters (Normal Hierarchy) are (sin²(θ̅₂₃), |Δm̅²₃₂|) = (0.450, 2.518 x 10ˉ³ eV²/c⁴), with 90% 1D confidence intervals 0.327 < sin²(θ̅₂₃) < 0.692 and 2.03 x 10ˉ³ eV²/c⁴ < |Δm̅²₃₂| < 2.92 x 10ˉ³ eV²/c⁴. These results are consistent with past measurements of these parameters by other experiments, and with T2K's past measurements of muon neutrinos. / Graduate

Legal Capital of Capital Companies, its Formation and Protection This diploma thesis deals with theoretical concepts on legal capital, its economic significance and mainly with statutory rules of legal capital formation. The attention is given to various aspects of monetary as well as non-monetary contributions to the legal capital of capital companies, inclusive of the legal capital minimum requirement, and also the issue of no par value shares is mentioned. The Czech law is based on the capital formation and maintenance doctrine. Also the European law, which influences Czech legal rules to a high extent, stands on the principles of fixed legal capital. This means that capital companies must be provided by their owners (members, shareholders) with a certain capital stock at the time the companies are formed and come into being and this capital stock must be kept in the company for its whole life. The sense of these rules is predominantly seen in the protection of creditors. The capital formation rules comprise mainly the requirement for minimum legal capital and rules concerning the contributions to the legal capital. The minimum capital requirement is aimed at securing that the capital company starts its business with sufficient funds. The regulation of contributions is meant to ensure that the...

Submitted by Rafaela Aparecida da Silva (rafaelaeco@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-07-22T17:28:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_tese_doutorado.pdf: 3916356 bytes, checksum: c0e6694feb24e2524a19a39fcc4f9523 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-07-23T17:43:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ra_dr_rcla.pdf: 3544993 bytes, checksum: 397882c9847d86efebcd151744bc129f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T17:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ra_dr_rcla.pdf: 3544993 bytes, checksum: 397882c9847d86efebcd151744bc129f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na escala global, a intensificação das atividades antrópicas vem provocando mudanças prejudiciais aos ecossistemas naturais, como a superexploração dos recursos, supressão de florestas e redução da biodiversidade. Tais efeitos afetam diretamente a qualidade de vida dos seres humanos, inviabilizando a provisão sustentável de bens e serviços que a natureza pode promover, chamados Serviços Ecossistêmicos (SE). Em áreas de alta aptidão agrícola, a demanda por terras acelera a modificação das paisagens. A regulamentação desta demanda é determinada por tomadores de decisão que, por sua vez, são influenciados por suas preferências culturais, pelo mercado e pelas características ambientais e físicas da região. Visando estimular a restauração de florestas e consequentemente a manutenção da provisão de SE e a conservação da biodiversidade, esta tese objetivou entender como o conceito de SE pode auxiliar na elaboração de políticas, programas, projetos e ações ambientais em áreas de alta pressão agropecuária. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, à oeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Esta região é marcada por um passado de grilagens de terra, que acelerou o processo de desmatamento, incorporando a pecuária nos seus sistemas de produção e, recentemente, a cana-de-açúcar, principalmente em grandes propriedades rurais. Ainda, esta região concentra uma grande quantidade de assentamentos da reforma agrária. Foi verificado o status de conservação da cobertura florestal no interior das propriedades rurais e diagnosticado o alto passivo de florestas de acordo a lei brasileira de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa (LPVN). Com base nesse resultado, foram propostas diferentes estratégias de adequação ambiental com base no tamanho das propriedades. A percepção de SE e o comportamento ambiental de dois grupos de proprietários rurais (assentados e fazendeiros) foi diagnosticada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, e verificou-se que as pessoas percebem mais SE nos ambientes com floresta e água, embora estes ambientes não façam parte de suas rotinas. No geral, os fazendeiros apresentaram maior percepção dos SE que os assentados, o que pode ser atribuído à sua maior escolaridade, contato com a natureza e tempo de domínio da terra. Por fim, ficou evidenciado que o conceito de serviços ecossistêmicos pode fortalecer instrumentos de conservação e restabelecimento da biodiversidade, tomando como base a adequação ambiental das propriedades à legislação vigente. / In the global scale, the intensification of human activities has been causing negative effects on natural ecosystems, such as overexploitation of resources, suppression of forests and reduction of biodiversity. These effects affect directly the quality of life of human beings, making it impossible to maintain a sustainable provision of goods and services from nature, the so called Ecosystem Services (ES). In areas with high agricultural aptitude, demand for land accelerates landscape modification. Regulamentation of such demand is determined by decision-makers who, in turn, are influenced by culture, the market, environmental and physical characteristics of the region. Aiming at forest restoration and, consequently, ES maintenance and biodiversity conservation, this research intended to identify the potential application of the ES concept in the formulation of environmental policies, programs, projects and actions in areas of high agricultural aptitude. This research was developed at Pontal do Paranapanema, a region in the western of São Paulo State, Brazil. This region is marked by a past of land encroachments, which pushed the process of deforestation, incorporating livestock in its production systems and, more recently, sugar cane was included mainly in large rural properties. Still, this region concentrates a great amount of settlements from land reform. The state of conservation of forests was verified within the rural properties, as well as their legal deficit according to the Brazilian Law of Protection of Native Vegetation. Based on these results, different strategies to pursue environmental adequacy were proposed according to property size. The perception of ES and the environmental behavior of two groups of rural landowners were diagnosed through semi-structured interviews, and it was verified that people perceived more ES in forest and water environments, even though such environments are not part of their daily routines. In general, farmers have a greater perception of ES than settled farmers, which can be attributed to their higher education, contact with nature and duration of land tenure. Lastly, it was evidenced that the concept of ES can strengthen instruments for conservation and restoration of biodiversity, based on the environmental adequacy of rural properties to the current legislation.

Denna studie behandlar förekomsten av resultatstyrning i svenska kommuner. Tidigare forskning visar på att styrning främst tar form av periodiseringar samt att de främsta förklarande faktorerna för förekomsten är ekonomi, politik och tjänstemän. Existerande teori menar på att övergången från kassabaserad redovisning till bokföringsmässiga grunder underlättade resultatstyrning och att det förekommer både i kommuner och företag i Sverige.Undersökningen syftar till att förklara förekomsten av resultatstyrning i kommuner med hjälp av posten “bidrag till statlig infrastruktur”. I analysen ifrågasätts användandet av resultatstyrning, vilka incitament som finns samt hur dess incitament påverkar beslutprocessen.Studien är en dokumentstudie och har genomförts som en kvantitativ analys. Det empiriska materialet har främst samlats in från kommuners årsredovisningar. Flera statistiska analyser genomförs och leder fram till studiens resultat. Resultaten visar på att resultatstyrning förekommer i kommuner och att det främst är kortsiktiga incitament som styr besluten. Tiden som kommuner väljer att periodisera bidragen på beror främst på hur stora beloppen på bidragen som lämnas är samt om kommunen har mottagit stora engångsbelopp i form av till exempel AFA-försäkringar, AFA-premier eller konjunkturstöd från staten de åren eller inte. / This thesis is an analysis of the occurrence of earnings management in Swedish municipalities. Previous theory claims that the change from cash accounting to accrual accounting has made it easier to involve in earnings management actions and that these actions are broadly used in both municipalities and corporate companies. Similar studies proves economy, politics and civil servants to be explanatory for why earnings management takes place in municipalities.We seek to explain this occurrence by using the accounting record contribution to national infrastructure. The aim is to answer what the main incentives are for manipulating the results in municipalities and how these incentives affect the decision making progress.This is mainly a documentary study that focuses on the public financial reports of municipalities. A statistical analysis is performed and conclusions are drawn. We find evidence that earnings management exist in municipalities and that the biggest explaining factor of how the contribution is accounted for depend on the size of the contribution to infrastructure and if the municipality has received any big amounts from the government in form of AFA-insurances, AFA-premier or cyclical support that year or not. This indicates a short-term thinking with high focus on net income. This study is hereafter written in Swedish.