Negative life stress and maternal inhibitory control are both critical ingredients involved in the shaping and maintaining of the quality of parenting behaviors. This study explored both how the experience of stressful life events and inhibitory control relate to two particular types of parenting behaviors: harsh/controlling and autonomy-supportive. Given that these two types of parenting have broad implications for children’s developmental trajectories, it is important to further enhance our understanding of the etiological factors that both shape and maintain parenting practices. Utilizing a high-risk sample (i.e. low SES, high presence of documented child maltreatment) of mothers with pre-school aged children, this study did not support the relationship between the experience of stressful life events, maternal inhibitory control and quality of parenting. However, post hoc analyses of life stress using a measure of objective SES did yield a significant link between stress and the presence of autonomy-supportive parenting. This study expands the current understanding of how stress and inhibitory control relate to parenting behaviors. Implications of this study for practice and research are discussed.

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Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / Parents are important in the socialization of children to develop into adjusted adults. Parenting is a developmental process and encourages the child to become an independent adult in society, an adult who is pro-social rather than anti-social. The main aim of parenting is to control the behavior of the child, but as the child matures the approach is more of monitoring and supervision rather than control. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of parental psychological control during the phase of emerging adulthood and this will be associated with the anti-social behavior of emerging adults. A quantitative methodological approach was used to conduct the study. A sample of 382 participants aged 18 to 25 years were randomly stratified across the departments in the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences (CHS). The Parental Psychological Control (Barber, 1996) and the Anti-Social Behavior (Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1987) questionnaires were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by means of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results show a significant positive relationship between perceived psychologically controlling parenting and antisocial behavior of emerging adults. Furthermore, antisocial behavior is also positively predicted by both mother and father psychological control, with mothers being significantly more psychologically controlling than fathers. When comparing males and females, males engaged significantly more in antisocial activities than females; males also found fathers to be more psychologically controlling. Implications for further research are suggested. / South Africa

<p>Parents are important in the socialization of children to develop into adjusted adults. Parenting is a developmental process and encourages the child to become an independent adult in society, an adult who is pro-social rather than anti-social. The main aim of parenting is to control the behaviour of the child, but as the child matures the approach is more of monitoring and supervision rather than control. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of parental psychological control during the phase of emerging adulthood and this will be associated with the anti-social behaviour of emerging adults. A quantitative methodological approach was used to conduct the study. A sample of 382 participants aged 18 to 25 years were randomly stratified across the departments in the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences (CHS). The Parental Psychological Control (Barber, 1996) and the Anti-Social Behaviour (Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1987) questionnaires were used to collect the data. The data were analysed by means of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results show a significant positive relationship between perceived psychologically controlling parenting and antisocial behaviour of emerging adults. Furthermore, antisocial behaviour is also positively predicted by both mother and father psychological control, with mothers being significantly more psychologically controlling than fathers. When comparing males and females, males engaged significantly more in antisocial activities than females / males also found fathers to be more psychologically controlling. Implications for further research are suggested.</p>

<p>Parents are important in the socialization of children to develop into adjusted adults. Parenting is a developmental process and encourages the child to become an independent adult in society, an adult who is pro-social rather than anti-social. The main aim of parenting is to control the behaviour of the child, but as the child matures the approach is more of monitoring and supervision rather than control. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of parental psychological control during the phase of emerging adulthood and this will be associated with the anti-social behaviour of emerging adults. A quantitative methodological approach was used to conduct the study. A sample of 382 participants aged 18 to 25 years were randomly stratified across the departments in the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences (CHS). The Parental Psychological Control (Barber, 1996) and the Anti-Social Behaviour (Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1987) questionnaires were used to collect the data. The data were analysed by means of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results show a significant positive relationship between perceived psychologically controlling parenting and antisocial behaviour of emerging adults. Furthermore, antisocial behaviour is also positively predicted by both mother and father psychological control, with mothers being significantly more psychologically controlling than fathers. When comparing males and females, males engaged significantly more in antisocial activities than females / males also found fathers to be more psychologically controlling. Implications for further research are suggested.</p>

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / L’adversité socioéconomique, définie comme l’expérience de conditions sociales et économiques défavorables, engendrerait des répercussions majeures sur la vie familiale. Un vaste courant de recherche a notamment lié l’adversité socioéconomique à des comportements parentaux sous-optimaux pour le développement des enfants, dont des pratiques plus hostiles, moins structurantes et soutenant moins l’autonomie des enfants, en plus d’être davantage contrôlantes. Toutefois, les études précédentes ont pu surestimer l’association entre l’adversité socioéconomique et les pratiques parentales sous-optimales en omettant de prendre en considération (1) les mécanismes explicatifs sous-tendant cette relation et (2) l’influence d’autres facteurs de risque dont dépend celle-ci. En se basant sur l’approche dimensionnelle des pratiques parentales mise de l’avant par la théorie de l’autodétermination, le modèle du stress familial et le modèle des déterminants des pratiques parentales, la présente thèse a pour objectif de revisiter la relation entre l’adversité socioéconomique, opérationnalisée à l’aide du statut socioéconomique (SSE), et les pratiques parentales en examinant le rôle médiateur des stresseurs contextuels dans cette relation (Étude 1), ainsi qu’en considérant l’influence potentielle des caractéristiques de l’enfant au sein de la relation parent-enfant (Étude 2). Les deux études de la thèse mettent à profit des méthodologies variées et complémentaires. Entre autres, les résultats de l’Étude 1 sont basés sur un échantillon diversifié et une approche multi-répondants, alors que l’Étude 2 examine des données prospectives et des mesures observationnelles des pratiques parentales. L’Étude 1 a examiné, auprès de 156 dyades mère-enfant (M âge = 11 ans) issues de la classe faible à moyenne, le rôle médiateur potentiel des stresseurs contextuels dans la relation entre le SSE et le soutien à l’autonomie (vs les pratiques contrôlantes). Précisément, les mères rapportaient leur SSE et leurs stresseurs contextuels, alors que les enfants rapportaient leur perception générale des pratiques parentales de leurs mères. L’Étude 2 avait plutôt pour objectif d’examiner le rôle respectif du SSE des mères et des facteurs de risque liés aux caractéristiques de l’enfant (son tempérament et son niveau de compétence) dans l’estimation des pratiques parentales, cette fois observées dans un contexte plus circonscrit, c.-à-d. le domaine de l’apprentissage guidé. Un échantillon de 192 mères et leur enfant de 4 ans, recrutés dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche longitudinal, ont participé à une tâche d’apprentissage guidé durant laquelle leurs interactions furent filmées puis codées. Le SSE et les caractéristiques de l’enfant furent mesurés avant la tâche de résolution de problème, créant ainsi un devis prospectif. Les analyses acheminatoires de l’Étude 1 n’ont pas soutenu le modèle de médiation proposé lorsque les stresseurs contextuels étaient considérés dans leur ensemble, sans distinction concernant leur nature ou leur gravité. Toutefois, des analyses exploratoires ont suggéré que certains stresseurs contextuels plus sérieux, menaçant les besoins de base des parents, étaient liés au SSE et, qu’en retour, ces stresseurs contextuels plus spécifiques étaient négativement associés au soutien parental à l’autonomie, tout en étant positivement liés aux pratiques parentales contrôlantes. Les analyses acheminatoires de l’Étude 2, quant à elles, ont révélé que certaines relations entre le SSE et les pratiques parentales en contexte d’apprentissage guidé s’avèrent plus faibles que ce que la documentation antérieure permettait de présager lorsque celles-ci sont évaluées en ajustant pour des facteurs de risque plus proximaux. Certaines pratiques parentales sous-optimales semblent donc plus fortement liées aux caractéristiques de l’enfant (c.-à-d., un tempérament difficile ou des niveaux de compétence moindres) qu’au SSE, suggérant que ces défis supplémentaires pourraient affecter ces pratiques parentales de manière plus directe que le SSE. Une analyse des profils de risque de notre échantillon a également suggéré que la présence simultanée des facteurs de risque était généralement associée à des pratiques parentales sous-optimales. En somme, les résultats de la thèse soulignent l’importance de décrire avec plus de nuances l’expérience des parents vulnérables notamment en spécifiant la nature des stresseurs avec lesquels ils composent, mais également en contrôlant pour d’autres facteurs de risque pouvant survenir de façon concomitante à l’adversité socioéconomique. Les implications théoriques et pratiques de cette thèse pour les relations parent-enfant en contexte d’adversité, de même que ses limites et des directions pour des recherches futures, sont discutées. / Socioeconomic adversity, defined as the experience of disadvantageous social and economic conditions, carries major implications for family life. A vast body of research has indeed linked socioeconomic adversity to suboptimal parenting practices that may thwart children’s development, including less warm, structuring, and autonomy-supportive practices, along with more controlling ones. However, past studies may have overestimated this association by omitting to consider (1) its underlying explanatory mechanisms and (2) the role of other, potentially confounding, risk factors. Grounded in the dimensional approach to parenting put forth by self-determination theory, the family stress model, and models on parenting determinants, this thesis aims at revisiting the relation between socioeconomic adversityoperationalized as socioeconomic status (SES)and parenting practices, by examining the mediating role of contextual stressors (Study 1) as well as considering the potential influence of child characteristics on parenting practices (Study 2). Two studies using varied and complementary research designs are proposed. Notably, Study 1 was conducted among a diversified sample and adopted a multi-informant approach, whereas Study 2 relied on prospective and observational data. Study 1, which included 156 mother-child dyads (M age = 11), examined the potentially mediating role of contextual stressors in the relation between SES and autonomy-supportive vs. controlling parenting practices. Specifically, mothers reported their SES and contextual stressors, while their children reported their general perceptions of their mothers’ practices. Study 2 assessed the unique role of SES and child characteristics (i.e., temperament and competence level) in estimating parenting practices, based on observations of parent-child interactions in a more specific context (i.e., guided learning domain). To do so, a sample of 192 mothers and their 4-year-old children, recruited through a longitudinal research project, engaged in a guided learning task during which their interactions were filmed and later coded. SES and child characteristics were assessed before these interactions, yielding a prospective design. First, path analyses from Study 1 did not confirm the proposed mediational model when contextual stressors were aggregated without distinction in terms of their nature or intensity. However, exploratory analyses suggested that more serious contextual stressors, such as those threatening parents’ basic physical and psychological needs, were linked to SES and, in turn, were negatively associated with autonomy support, while being positively linked to controlling parenting. Path analyses from Study 2 then showed that relations between SES and parenting practices in the guided learning domain may be more modest than previously reported when they are adjusted for more proximal risk factors. Some suboptimal parenting practices were indeed more strongly linked to child characteristics (i.e., difficult temperament and lower level of competence) than to SES, suggesting that these additional risk factors may affect some parenting components more directly. Latent profile analyses also suggested the co-occurrence of SES and demanding child characteristics, which could then lead to suboptimal parenting practices. Altogether, the present results underline the importance of describing the experience of vulnerable parents with more nuance, particularly by specifying the nature of the stressors they encounter, but also by controlling for other risk factors they might be facing. Theoretical and practical implications of this thesis for parent-child relationships in the context of socioeconomic adversity are discussed, as well as limitations and future research directions.