A determination of corrosion inhibitors in engine coolants represent a difficult analytical problem due to their different physicochemical properties. Nowadays a lot of instrument methods are needed to determine them. The aim of this work was the development of methods for their determination using only one instrumentation. Capillary zone electrophoreses was chosen as a suitable technique. Three electrophoretic methods for three groups of corrosion inhibitors were developed. Firstly, method for determination of inorganic anions was developed in range from 5 to 50 ppm with limit of detection around 1 ppm. Background electrolyte contains sodium chromate, CTAB and CHES solution. Analytes were detected indirectly at 450 nm. Another method was for determination of organic acids anions. They were determined in range from 5 to 500 ppm. Limit of detection for each analyte was around 1 ppm. Measurement was made with PDC a CTAC water solution. Indirect detection was used for this determination at 350 nm. Last developed method can be use for determination of aryltrizoles in range from 5 to 500 ppm. Limit of detection was around 1 ppm. As a background electrolyte was used sodium tetraborate solution. The developed methods were validated and their suitability for determination of corrosion inhibitors in real...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06864.pdf: 11106654 bytes, checksum: 851c7803db872d59fc1f49dc465fa8af (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06864.pdf: 11106654 bytes, checksum: 851c7803db872d59fc1f49dc465fa8af (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

In this diploma thesis, a method of routine analysis of commercial coolants was developed, focused on the simultaneous determination of inorganic anions - phosphates and borates - as corrosion inhibitors in fresh mixtures and the markers of recycling quality. The method was developed for the instrumental technique of capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect detection at 254 nm. The following were optimized: background electrolyte (its composition, concentration, pH), measured samples (coolant dilution, suitable internal standard) and measurement conditions (capillary length, sample dosing). The influence of the sample matrix on the measurement results, the robustness of the calibration line (or the agreement of the response with the actual analyte concentration) and also the repeatability of the method were tested. Optimizations and tests resulted in a method based on a standard addition with the following parameters: background electrolyte of pH = 11.50 containing sodium chromate at 10 mmol l-1 concentration and CTAB at 1 mmol l-1 concentration; dilution of the coolant sample 20-50×, addition of internal standard MES at 0,1 mmol l-1 concentration, electrokinetic sample injection at -5 kV for 10 s, capillary length 50.0 cm, inner diameter 75 μm. The repeatability of the method expressed as a...

Att använda stora mängder skärvätskor vid en bearbetningsprocess har potentiellt negativ inverkan inte bara för operatören men också på miljön. Utöver detta tillkommer ökade kostnader för tillverkningsprocessen. För att minska skärvätskekonsumtionen under maskinbearbetning införs en teknik som kallas minimalsmörjning(MQL=Minimum Quantity Lubrication) som använder mycket mindre mängd skärvätska men ändå är effektivare än standard kylspolning med skärvätska. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att bestämma konvektionen över ett skär med en konstant värmekälla placerad inuti ett kvadratiskt hölje och beräkningsdomänen för den CFD-modell som presenteras, vilken består av flytande och fasta domäner och interaktion mellan dessa. Möjligheten att använda MQL då lågtemperatur- och högtryckskylmedel appliceras undersöks och hur temperaturen sjunker efter applicering av kylmedel/kylvätskor observeras genom att simulera förhållandena i ANSYS flytande arbetsbänk. Denna tekniks effektivitet bestäms med avseende på huruvida högtrycks- och lågtemperaturkylvätska kan avleda värme och transportera bort spånor från ingreppszonen. Slutligen sammanställs resultaten och därpå dragna slutsatserna. / Employing huge amount of cutting fluids in machining process has potential negative impacts not only to the operator but also to the environment along with increased cost of manufacturing process. To reduce the cutting fluid consumption during machining, a technique called Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is introduced which uses very less amount of cutting fluid yet being effective than flood cooling. This thesis focuses on determining the convection over a cutting insert with a constant heat source inside a square enclosure and the computational domain of the CFD model presented consists of fluid and solid domains with fluid-solid interaction. The feasibility of MQL using low temperature and high-pressure coolant and observing how temperature is dropping after the application of coolant/coolants by simulating the conditions in ANSYS fluent workbench. The effectiveness of this technique is determined in terms of whether high pressure and low temperature coolant can dissipate heat and remove chips from the cutting interface. Finally drawing conclusion based on results.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama problema – dideli energijos poreikiai vėsinimui biurų pastatuose, dėl vis didėjančių mikroklimato kokybės reikalavimų, didesnių šilumos pritekėjimų į patalpas ir šilumos išsiskyrimų dėl naudojamos įrangos. Problemos sprendimui darbe suprojektuotos keturios oro kondicionavimo sistemos su skirtingais šilumnešiais: oru, vandeniu ir freonu. Atsižvelgiant į šilumnešio tipą suprojektuotos ventiliatorinių konvektorių, aktyviųjų šalčio sijų, freoninė ir orinė vėsinimo sistemos. Oro kondicionavimo sistemos analizuojamos remiantis realaus tipinio administracinio pastato pavyzdžiu. Lyginamoms sistemoms buvo atlikti hidrauliniai ir aerodinaminiai skaičiavimai, įvertintos sistemų pradinės investicijos, apskaičiuotos energijos sąnaudos ir eksploatacijos išlaidos. Ekonominio skaičiavimo metu buvo įvertintas sistemų atsipirkimo laikas ir atlikta elektros kainų jautrumo analizė. Šio tyrimo rezultatai parodo, kokia sistema iš visų darbe nagrinėtųjų sistemų yra tinkamiausia biurų pastatams, pagal efektyvų elektros energijos naudojimą ir pradines investicijas. / The final master's work deals with the problem of high energy needs for cooling in office buildings, due to the growing of higher quality requirements for microclimate, higher heat gains in premises and equipment heat emissions used in. To solve the problem four different types of cooling systems with different coolants: air, water and refrigerant are designed at work. Depending on the type of coolant were designed fan coil units, active chilled beams, variable refrigerant volume system and air cooling systems. Air conditioning systems are analyzed on the basis of an example of the real typical office building. The hydraulic and aerodynamic calculations were made, initial investments, energy expenditures and operating costs were estimated for the compared systems. The pay-back time of the systems was assessed and the sensitivity analysis of electricity prices was carried out by economic calculations. The results of this investigation show, which system of all analysed systems at work is the most appropriate for office buildings, according to the efficient use of electricity and the initial investments.