Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:58:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_CarlaFernandaBarbosa_M.pdf: 5638005 bytes, checksum: 9a53dab8a270c161717fe41b2ab388d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O Brasil possui a maior parte de suas terras em clima tropical. Sendo a cobertura o elemento construtivo mais exposto à radiação solar direta, toma-se um desafio aos pesquisadores e projetistas, atenuar as temperaturas nas coberturas das edificações e contribuir para o uso racional de energia. O objetivo desta pesquisa é monitorar o desempenho térmico de coberturas de fibrocimento em_ células-teste na cidade de Campinas, SP, com aplicação de técnicas passivas de resmamento. Utilizaram-se quatro células-teste: uma célula-teste de referência, e outras três com os sistemas: evaporativo, radiante e reflexivo, respectivamente, e monitoramento das temperaturas superficiais internas das telhas (TT' s) e temperaturas do ar dos áticos (T AA' s), no período de 21 de janeiro a 9 de fevereiro de 2006. Para o sistema de resmamento evaporativo foram utilizados ciclos de aspersão com diferentes intervalos no período todo. Entre as técnicas monitoradas, o melhor comportamento térmico foi verificado no 2° período (de 26 a 30/jan com aspersão contínua) na temperatura da superficie interna da telha do sistema evaporativo (TTevap = 23,2°C) apresentando um decréscimo de 1,3°C em relação a célulateste de referência e um acréscimo de 0,1 °C em relação as médias da temperatura do ar para o período. Nas médias da temperatura do ar dos áticos, o 2° período apresentou os menores valores para os sistemas: reflexivo (TAArefl =23,4°C) e evaporativo (TAAevap = 23,5°C), apresentando uma atenuação de 0,5°C e 0,4°C em relação a célula de referência respectivamente, além de uma elevação de 0,3°C em relação as médias da temperatura do ar externo. Os resultados, analisados através de tratamento estatístico, demonstram a viabilidade do uso do sistema evaporativo em condições climáticas de elevada umidade relativa do ar, contribuindo para atenuar os efeitos das hostilidades climáticas em coberturas das edificações / Abstract: In Brazil, the tropical climate is predominant in most of regions. Roofing is the building component with the highest exposition to direct solar radiation. The challenge for researchers and designers is to achieve cornfort in the built environrnent and to contribute to energy saving, proposing roofing systems with good thermal insulation, and consequently lesser internal surface temperatures. The objective of this research is to monitor the thermal behavior of fiber-cement roofing and to present a discussion about the results obtained in cell-tests in the city of Campinas, SP, through passive cooling techniques. Four cell-tests were used: one cell-test was adopted as reference, and the other three were analyzed with evaporative, radiative and reflective systems, respectively. The evaporative system was tested with different aspersion cycles through spraying systems and intervals. The monitored parameters were the internal surface temperatures of the roofing tiles (TT s) and attic air temperatures (TAA's) in the period of January 21st to February 9th of2006. Among the monitored passive techniques, the best thermal behavior was observed in the 2nd period (iTom January 26th to 30th, corresponding to continue spraying), related to the internal surface temperature with the evaporative system (TTevap = 23,2°C). A reduction of 1,3°C was observed, as compared to the reference test-cell and and an increase of 0,1 °C in comparison with the average air temperature. In relation to the average of attic air temperature, the 2nd period presented the lowest temperature for reflexive system (T AArefl = 23,4°C) and evaporative system (TAAevap = 23,5°C); a reduction of 0,5°C and 0,4°C in relation of the reference test-cell respectively was observed; also, it showed an increase of 0,3°C as compared with air temperature. The results presented through statistical analyses demonstrated that the use of the evaporative system in climatic conditions with high relative humidity is viable, contributing, therefore, to attenuate the effects of climatic hostilities in the roofing buildings / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientadores: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz, Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pilarski_Emmanuelle_D.pdf: 13352787 bytes, checksum: 0ecea335c03bb27966c47554b420caee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de (i) micropartículas lipídicas contendo bicarbonato de sódio pelo processo de spray cooling e de (ii) aglomerados de bicarbonato de sódio, utilizando-se do processo de melt agglomeration em leito vibrofluidizado. Essas tecnologias foram aplicadas com o intuito de melhorar a estabilidade desse material, uma vez que o mesmo se decompõe na presença de umidade/ou temperaturas mais elevadas. Uma mistura lipídica composta por gordura de palma totalmente hidrogenada (GPTH) e óleo de palma refinado (OP) foi empregada como material de parede/ligante que atendeu ao requisito de ponto de fusão de 55 ºC, com a proporção de 57,5 e 42,5 %, respectivamente. No processo de spray cooling, foi realizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), com 11 ensaios, para cada um dos três diâmetros de abertura de bico atomizador estudados (??igual a 1,0; 1,2 e 1,5 mm), totalizando 33 experimentos, a fim de se avaliar o efeito da temperatura de entrada da dispersão (Te) (65 a 85 ºC) e da pressão de atomização (Pat) (1,0 a 2,0 kgf/cm2) sobre as seguintes variáveis dependentes: (i) eficiência de microencapsulação (EM, % de CO2), (ii), quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial (BSS, % de CO2) e (iii) rendimento (R, em %). As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e estrutura de superfície irregular para os ensaios realizados. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que para ??= 1,0 mm, um aumento nos níveis da Te e da Pat ocasionou um decréscimo da EM; para o ??= 1,2 mm, o aumento da Te ocasionou uma melhoria nessa resposta, entretanto, a Pat quando aumentada acarretou na sua diminuição. Para o ??= 1,5 mm, essas duas variáveis apresentaram menores efeitos, onde o aumento da Pat favoreceu a EM e o aumento da Te, a sua diminuição. A Te exerceu efeito positivo no R para o ??= 1,0 mm, sem influência nessa resposta para os diâmetros 1,2 e 1,5 mm, enquanto que a Pat teve efeito positivo para ??igual a 1,0 e 1,5 mm (termo linear) e negativo para o termo quadrático deste último. Pela combinação das respostas obtidas, verificou-se que o ensaio 4, diâmetro de bico atomizador (??= 1,5 mm), altas temperatura de entrada e de pressão de atomização (Te = 82 ºC e Pat = 1,85 kgf/cm2) apresentou o melhor desempenho (eficiência 3,18 %; quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial 0,17 % e rendimento 80,0 %) quando comparado com os outros diâmetros de abertura. No processamento em leito vibrofluidizado, foi realizado um DCCR, totalizando 17 ensaios, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das variáveis: (i) pressão de atomização (5,0 a 15,0 Psig), (ii) frequência de vibração (186 a 354 rpm) e (iii) amplitude de vibração (0,40 a 2,00 cm), sobre as variáveis dependentes (i): rendimento R (%), (ii) eficiência da aglomeração Eagl (% CO2), para as frações granulométricas de 300, 600 e 840 µm, (iii) crescimento de partícula C3,3 (%) e (iv) índice de torrões Itor (%). O material aglomerado apresentou ampla distribuição de tamanho e a nucleação dos aglomerados ocorreu pelo mecanismo de imersão. Os aglomerados apresentaram Eagl diferentes para as frações avaliadas, sendo que a maior eficiência foi observada para a fração 840 µm, seguida das frações 600 e 300 µm. Contudo, através da comparação entre a Eagl e o C3,3, observou-se que a proteção não depende somente do tamanho da partícula, mas mais importante que isso é o mecanismo de formação do aglomerado, demonstrando a complexidade do processo. Com relação à proteção do material (avaliada pela Eagl), o efeito da pressão, da frequência e da amplitude foi positivo para as frações de 300 µm e 600 e 840 µm (termos quadráticos). Pela combinação das respostas, o ensaio que apresentou melhor desempenho no leito vibrofluidizado foi a de fração 840 µm, cujos parâmetros estavam fixados em baixos valores de pressão e frequência e alta amplitude. Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu a proteção do bicarbonato de sódio contra a liberação de CO2 para ambos os processos estudados. As técnicas demonstraram grande potencial na produção desses materiais (bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado e bicarbonato de sódio aglomerado), que se mostram viáveis para serem utilizados na formulação de um novo fermento químico, constituído pelo bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado ou aglomerado e pelo componente ácido, sem a necessidade do agente inerte (amido) como separador físico / Abstract: This work had the objective of developing: (i) lipid microparticles containing sodium bicarbonate obtained by spray cooling process, and (ii) sodium bicarbonate agglomeration, obtained by melt agglomeration process in a vibrofluidized bed. These technologies were applied with the objective of improving the material stability, since it decomposes in the presence of humidity and/or higher temperatures. A lipid mixture composed of 57.5 % fully hydrogenated palm fat and 42.5 % refined palm oil, whose melting point is 55 ºC, was used. In the spray cooling process, a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied, with 11 trials for each of the three nozzle atomizer diameters (?) studied (??= 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 mm). Thirty three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating inlet temperature on the dispersion (65 to 85 ºC) and pressure atomization (1.0 to 2.0 kgf/cm2) on the following dependent variables: (i) microencapsulation efficiency (% CO2), (ii) amount of sodium bicarbonate on the surface (% CO2) and (iii) yield (%). The microparticles presented spherical shape and irregular surface. Statistical analysis showed that for ??= 1.0 mm and increases in levels of temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, the microencapsulation efficiency dropped. For ??= 1.2 mm, an increase in temperature on the dispersion led to an improvement in this response, however, when pressure atomization was increased, the microencapsulation efficiency fell. For ??= 1.5 mm, these two variables presented smaller effects, on the other hand, an increase in pressure atomization favored the microencapsulation efficiency. Increasing temperature on the dispersion, reduced the microencapsulation efficiency. Temperature on the dispersion presented a positive effect on yield for ??= 1.0 mm (this had no effect on the response for 1.2 and 1.5 mm diameters), while pressure atomization had a positive effect for d = 1.0 and 1.5 mm (linear term), its quadratic term had a negative effect on yield. By combining of dependent variables, it was found for ??= 1.5 mm, test 4, higher temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, presented the best performance (3.18 % higher efficiency, 0.17 % lower amount of surface sodium bicarbonate pressure and 80.0 % yield) when compared with the other diameters. In the vibrofluidized bed process, a CCRD was conducted, totaling 17 trials, to assess the effect of these independent variables: (i) atomization pressure (5.0 to 15.0 Psig), (ii) vibration frequency (186 to 354 rpm) and (iii) vibration amplitude (0.40 to 2.00 cm) on the dependent variables: (i) yield (%), (ii) agglomeration efficiency (% CO2), for the particle size fractions of 300, 600 and 840 µm (iii) particle growth (%) and (iv) lump. The agglomerated material presented ample size distribution and the nucleation mechanism occurred by immersion. The agglomeration efficiency presented different values for each fractions tested (300 µm <600 µm <840 µm). However, a comparison of agglomeration efficiency and particle growth, demonstrated that protection depends not only on particle size, but more on the formation mechanism of agglomeration particles, demonstrating its complexity. With regard to the protection of the material (assessed by agglomeration efficiency), the effect of pressure was positive for 300, 600 µm, and 840 µm fractions (quadratic terms), while the frequency had a positive effect for the three fractions. With respect to amplitude, the effect was positive on the larger particle size fractions. Considering all answers, the test that produced the best performance in the vibrofluidized bed was 840 µm fraction, whose parameters were set at low pressure and frequency values and high amplitude. The results showed that there was protection of sodium bicarbonate against the release of CO2 for both processes studied. The techniques demonstrated great potential in the production of these materials (microencapsulated sodium bicarbonate and agglomerated sodium bicarbonate particles), thus demonstrating its viability for use in the formulation of a new baking powder. A new baking soda, consisting of microencapsuled sodium bicarbonate or agglomerated and another acid compound, without the need for an inert agent (starch) as physical separator / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

The increasing globalization of elite soccer match-play means that soccer players are likely to compete in hot, hypoxic and hot-hypoxic environments over a season. Soccer match-play studies have identified a marked decline in soccer-specific physical performance in the heat and hypoxia due to increasing body temperatures and a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), respectively. As hot environments are more prevalent in elite soccer match-play, cooling strategies have been assessed within the literature in an attempt to alleviate these heat-induced- decrements. However, utilising a soccer match-play design makes environmental and interventional inferences difficult to ascertain, as a plethora of match factors and adaptive pacing strategies cause high variability in key physical performance measures within soccer match-play. Therefore, the three experiments within thesis aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a non-motorised treadmill (NMT) based soccer-specific simulation [intermittent Soccer Performance Test - (iSPT)], to enable the reliable investigation of environmental stress on soccer performance and the efficacy of pre- and half-time-cooling to attenuate any heat- induced-decrements. The purpose of experiment 1 was to investigate the reliability and validity of iSPT which utilised a novel speed component called a ‘variable run’. This speed component quantified the distance covered at a self-selected speed above the second ventilatory threshold (VT2speed), which attempted to delimit a ‘high-intensity’ threshold. Twenty male University soccer players completed one maximal oxygen (O2) uptake (V̇ O2max ) test, three familiarisation (FAM) sessions and one peak speed assessment (PSA) on the NMT, before completing the iSPT twice (iSPT1 and iSPT2). The total distance, sprint distance and high-speed distance covered were 8,952 ± 476 m, 1,000 ± 74 m and 2156 ± 140 m, respectively. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between repeated trials of the iSPT for all physical performance measures and physiological responses. Reliability measures between iSPT1 and iSPT2 showed good agreement [Coefficient of variation: <4.6%; Intraclass correlation: >0.80] compared with statistical guidelines. Furthermore, the variable run phase showed high speed running capacity was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the last 15 min compared to the first 15 min, showing parity with previous match-play data. Experiment 1 validated the iSPT as a NMT based soccer- specific simulation compared to previous match-play data, and is a reliable tool for assessing and monitoring the physical performance and physiological responses in soccer players. Successfully completing the aim of experiment 1 facilitated the quantification of hot (HOT), hypoxia (HYP) and hot-hypoxia (HH) mediated decrements on maximal soccer-specific performance in experiment 2. Twelve male University soccer players completed three FAM sessions, one PSA and four randomised crossover experimental trials of the intermittent Soccer Performance Test (iSPT) in normoxic-temperate (CON: 18oC 50% rH), HOT (30oC; 50% rH), HYP (1,000m; 18oC 50% rH) and HH (1,000m; 30oC; 50% rH). Physical performance and its performance decrements, body temperatures [rectal (Tre), skin (Tsk) and estimated muscle temperature (Tmu)], heart rate (HR), arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2), perceived exertion, thermal sensation (TS), body mass changes, blood lactate (Bla) and plasma volume were all measured. Performance decrements were similar in HOT and HYP [total distance (-4%), high- speed distance (~-8%) and variable run distance (~-12%) covered] and exacerbated in HH [total distance (-9%), high-speed distance (-15%) and variable run distance (-15%)] compared to CON. A 4% increase in peak sprint speed was present in HOT compared with CON and HYP and 7% greater in HH. The sprint distance covered was unchanged (p > 0.05) in HOT and HYP and only decreased in HH (-8%) compared with CON. Body mass (-2%), temperatures (+2- 5%) and TS (+18%) were altered in HOT. Furthermore, SaO2 (-8%) and HR (+3%) were changed in HYP. Similar changes in body mass and temperatures, HR, TS and SaO2 were evident in HH compared to HOT and HYP, however, Bla (p < 0.001) and plasma volume (p <0.001) were only significantly altered in HH. Perceived exertion was elevated (p < 0.05) by 7% in all conditions compared with CON. Regression analysis identified that absolute TS and absolute rise in Tsk and estimated Tmu (r = 0.82, r = 0.84 r = 0.82, respectively; p <0.05) predicted the hot-mediated-decrements in HOT. The hot, hypoxic and hot-hypoxic environments impaired physical performance during iSPT. Future interventions should address the increases in TS and body temperatures, to attenuate these decrements in physical performance. Experiment 3 of this thesis aimed to identify three pre- and half-time-cooling strategies to attenuate the heat-induced-decrements previously seen in experiment 2. Eight male University soccer players completed four randomised experimental trials of iSPT, three with cooling and one control (i.e. No pre- or half-time cooling: CON). The pre- and half-time-cooling interventions involved were 30-min or 15 min in duration, respectively. Ice slurry ingestion (SLURRY), ice packs (PACKS) covering the upper legs and mixed-methods (MM: PACKS and SLURRY) were utilised as the three cooling interventions. Physical performance and its performance decrements, body temperatures (Tre, Tsk and estimated Tmu), HR, perceived exertion, TS, body mass changes and Bla were all measured. Compared with CON, both PACKS and SLURRY pre-cooling significantly reduced (p > 0.05) central (Tre) and peripheral (Tsk and estimated Tmu) body temperatures prior to iSPT, respectively. However, body temperature and physical performance were unchanged during the first half of PACKS and SLURRY compared with CON. The MM pre-cooling significantly reduced all body temperatures and TS both prior to and during the first half which coincided with an improvement in total distance (+3%), high-speed distance (+4%) and variable run distance (+5%) covered. Half-time-cooling via PACKS, SLURRY and MM had no ergogenic effect (p> 0.05) upon physical performance in the second half, compared with CON. The 30 min of mixed-method pre-cooling, via ice packs placed upon the upper legs and ice slurry ingestion, significantly improved simulated soccer performance during the first half, however, future research should identify a valid half-time-cooling strategy to offer further improvements to physical performance in the second half. The main findings within this thesis revealed that the iSPT showed validity with previous soccer match-play data and strong reproducibility between two tests (iSPT1 and iSPT2). Furthermore, the variable run component showed efficacy as sensitive measure of the decrements in high-speed running capability. As the iSPT demonstrated low test-retest error compared with the statistical guidelines and previous NMT based soccer-specific simulations, any changes to physical performance can be attributed to an intervention and not the variability of the measure, unlike in soccer match-play situations. No difference was seen for all physical performance measures in both HOT and HYP, however, the heat and hypoxic-induced- decrements stem from increasing body temperatures and changes to both SaO2 and HR, respectively. Such decrements may have a detrimental effect upon the match outcome. These heat-induced-decrements were attenuated in the first half after 30 min of mixed-methods pre- cooling, however, the 15 min of mixed-methods half-time-cooling did not significantly improve any physical performance measure in the second half. The mixed-method pre-cooling strategy tested within this thesis could go some way in maintaining physical performance during the first half of soccer match-play in hot environments (~30oC). However, future laboratory based research within a controlled environment should look to assess different combinations, times and strategies of cooling which may be applicable to the time constraints associated with elite soccer.

No description available.

As velocidades críticas de resfriamento necessárias à obtenção de percentuais definidos de martensita, presentes em amostras de aços temperados em óleo, foram determinadas por meio de curvas de resfriamento. As amostras constituíram-se de barras de aço AISI 4140 e 8640 com seções circulares de 25,4; 38,1 e 50,8 mm e barras quadradas com 25,4 e 38,1 mm de lado e comprimento igual a 5 vezes o diâmetro ou lado. Visando-se à obtenção de padrões de comparação para essas velocidades, foram também obtidas as curvas em U das durezas ao longo das seções transversais das barras e as curvas Jominy desses aços. Os resultados apresentaram boa coerência, o que garantiu a eficiência do processo. Os resultados concernentes ao teor específico de 50% de martensita foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de equações constantes na literatura. As equações não se mostraram diretamente adequadas, requerendo a obtenção de um fator de correção, que uma vez obtido mostrou-se eficiente na adequação dos valores empíricos de velocidade crítica aos determinados por meio das curvas de resfriamento. / The criticaI cooling velocities necessary to obtaining specific contents of martensite, present in test specimens of hardened steels in oil, were evaluated by means of cooling curves. The samples were constituted of bars of AISI 4140 and 8640 steels with 25,4; 38,1 and 50,8 mm diameter and squared bars with 25,4 and 38,1 mm in side by 5 times the diameter or side long. Aiming at obtaining comparison patterns for those velocities, they were also obtained the curves in U of the hardness along the traverse sections of the bars and the Jominy curves of those steels. The results presented good agreement, what guaranteed the efficiency of the process. The concerning results achieving a 50 pct martensitic microstructure were compared with those obtained from equations presented in the literature. The equations did not show good approaches, requesting the determination of a correction factor, that once obtained it was shown efficient in the adaptation of the empirical values of critical velocities to those determined by means of the cooling curves.

This study experimentally investigated the effect of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces characteristics on nucleate boiling heat transfer performance for the application of direct immersion cooling of electronics. A dielectric liquid, HFE – 7100 was used as the working fluid in the saturated boiling tests. Twelve types of 1-cm2 copper heater samples, simulating high heat flux components, featured reference smooth copper surface, fully and patterned hydrophobic surface and fully and patterned hydrophilic surfaces. Hydrophobic samples were prepared by applying a thin Teflon coating following photolithography techniques, while the hydrophilic TiO2 thin films were made through a two step approach involving layer by layer self assembly and liquid phase deposition processes. Patterned surfaces had circular dots with sizes between 40 – 250 μm. Based on additional data, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces improved nucleate boiling performance that is evaluated in terms of boiling incipience, heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux (CHF) level. The best results, considering the smooth copper surface as the reference, were achieved by the surfaces that have a mixture of hydrophobic/hydrophilic coatings, providing: (a) early transition to boiling regime and with eliminated temperature overshoot phenomena at boiling incipience, (b) up to 58.5% higher heat transfer coefficients, and (c) up to 47.4% higher CHF levels. The studied enhanced surfaces therefore demonstrated a practical surface modification method for heat transfer enhancement in immersion cooling applications.

This thesis deals with the adiabatic cooling air. Adiabatic cooling is a possible kind of cooling and air humidification with low energy requirements. Experimentally, evaporative cooler is tested with different types of material in order to find out the most efficient and practically useful filling for adiabatic cooling that could be used as part of the air-conditioning equipment in practice. The results are used in the practical part. The project compares the application of air-conditioning equipment with/without adiabatic cooling in the possible design of the air-conditioning equipment for the shopping center. The use of the air conditioning system with adiabatic cooling, as a more efficient variant, is then applied to the design itself.

The aim of this master’s thesis was to create cooling unit which will became part of project Barman. Thesis describe process from definition of requirements, proposal, selection of components, PI and D diagram and in the last chapter the construction work. In the second part describe design of cooling unit’s model and simulation of cooling process. The last part of the thesis is describing software of the cooling unit and tis results.

This thesis deals with simulation of cooling of rail during its passing through cooling device which has been designed by the heat transfer and fluid flow laboratory. Inputs of the computational model have been set up to get best possible correspondence between outputs of the computational model and results of experimental measurement. The solution with using of model of austenitic stainless steel is provided in first part of the thesis. The solution with considering model of carbon steel is performed in next part. Using of model of carbon steel allows including evolution of latent heat during phase changing. A fields of residual stress has been calculated for different cooling conditions in the last part of this thesis.

Over the last two decades, most developed countries have reached a consensus that greener energy production is necessary for the world, due to the climate changes and limited fossil fuel resources. More efficient turbine is desirable and can be archived by higher turbine-inlet temperature (TIT). However, it is difficult for nozzle guide vane (NGV), which is the first stage after combustion chamber, to withstand a very high temperature. Thus, cooling methods such as film cooling have to be implemented. Film-cooled NGV of an annular sector cascade (ASC) is studied in this thesis, for getting comprehensive calculation of vorticity, and analyzing applicability of existing loss models, namely Hartsel model and Young &amp; Wilcock model. The flow-field calculation methods from previously published studies are reviewed. Literatures focusing on Hartsel model and Young &amp; Wilcock model are studied. Measurement data from previously published studies are analyzed and compared with the loss models. In order to get experience of how measurements take place, participation of a test run experiment is involved. Calculation of flow vector has been evaluated and modified. Actual flow angle is introduced when calculating velocity components. Thus, more exact results are obtained from the new method. Calculation of vorticity has been evaluated and made more comprehensive. Vorticity components as well as magnitude of total streamwise vorticity are calculated and visualized. Vorticity is higher and more extensive for fully cooled case than uncooled case. Highest vorticity is found at regions near the hub, tip and TE. Axial and circumferential vorticities show similar patterns, while the radial vorticity is relatively simpler. Compressibility is introduced as a new method when calculating circumferential and radial vorticities, resulting more extensive and higher vorticities than results from incompressible solutions. Hartsel model and Young &amp; Wilcock model have been evaluated and compared to the ASC to see the applicability of the models. In general, Hartsel model cannot agree with the ASC to a satisfactory level and thus cannot be applied. Coolant velocity is found to be the dominant factor of Hartsel model. Young &amp; Wilcock model may match SS1 and SS2 cases, or even PS and SH4 cases, but cannot match TE case. The applicability of Young &amp; Wilcock model is much dependent on the location of cooling rows.