Film cooling is a cooling technique widely used in high-performance gas turbines to protect turbine airfoils from being damaged by hot flue gases. Film injection holes are placed in the body of the airfoil to allow coolant to pass from the internal cavity to the external surface. The ejection of coolant gas results in a layer or “film” of coolant gas flowing along the external surface of the airfoil. In this study, a new cooling scheme, mist/air film cooling is proposed and investigated through experiments. Small amount of tiny water droplets with an average diameter about 7 μm (mist) is injected into the cooling air to enhance the cooling performance. A wind tunnel system and test facilities were build. A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) system is employed to measure droplet size, velocity and turbulence. Infrared camera and thermocouples are both used for temperature measurements. Mist film cooling performance is evaluated and compared against air-only film cooling in terms of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and film coverage. Experimental results show that for blowing ratio M=0.6, net enhancement in adiabatic cooling effectiveness can reach 190% locally and 128% overall along the centerline. The general pattern of adiabatic cooling effectiveness distribution of the mist case is similar to that of the air-only case with the peak at about the same location. The concept of Film Decay Length (FDL) is proposed to quantitatively evaluate how well the coolant film covers the blade surface. Application of mist in the M=0.6 condition is apparently superior to the M=1.0 and 1.4 cases due to the higher overall cooling enhancement, the much longer FDL, and wider and longer film cooling coverage area. Based on droplet measurements through PDPA, a profile describing how the airmist coolant jet flow spreads and eventually blends into the hot main flow is proposed. A sketch based on the proposed profile is provided. This profile is found to be well supported by the measurement results of Turbulent Reynolds Stress. The location where a higher magnitude of Turbulent Reynolds Stress exists, which indicates higher strength of turbulent mixing effect, is found to be in the close neighborhood of the edge of the coolant film envelope. Also the separation between the mist droplets layer and the coolant air film is identified through the measurements. In other words, large droplets penetrate through the air coolant film layer and travel further over into the main flow. Based on the proposed air-mist film profile, the heat transfer results are reexamined. It is found that the location of optimum cooling effect is coincident with the starting point where the air-mist coolant starts to bend towards the surface. Thus the data suggests that the “bending back” film pattern is critical in keeping the mist droplets close to the surface which improves the cooling effectiveness for mist cooling.

In the modern advanced gas turbines, the turbine inlet temperature may exceed 1500°C as a requirement to increase power output and thermal efficiency. Therefore, it is imperative that the blades and vanes are cooled so they can withstand these extreme temperatures. Film cooling is a cooling technique widely used in high-performance gas turbines. However, the film cooling effectiveness has almost reached plateau, resulting in a bottleneck for continuous improvement of gas turbines' efficiency. In this study, an innovative cooling scheme, mist film cooling is investigated through experiments. A small amount of tiny water droplets with an average diameter about 10-15 µm (mist) is injected into the cooling air to enhance the cooling performance. A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) system is used for droplet measurements. Mist film cooling performance is evaluated and compared against air-only film cooling. This study continues the previous work by (a) adding fan-shaped holes and comparing their cooling performance with the round holes, (b) extending the length of the test section to study the performance farther downstream the injection holds, and (c) using computational simulation to investigate the feasibility of transporting mist to the film cooling holes through gas turbine inside passages. The results show that, with an appropriate blowing ratio, the fan-shaped holes performs about 200% better than round holes in cooling effectiveness and adding 10% (wt.) mist can further enhance cooling effectiveness 170% in average. Farther downstream away from the injection holes (X/D> 50), mist cooling enhancement prevails and actually increases significantly. PDPA measurements have shed lights to the fundamental physics of droplet dynamics and their interactions with thermo-flow fields. These experimental results lead to either using lower amount of cooling air or use fewer number of cooing holes rows. This means higher gas turbine power output, higher thermal efficiency, and longer components life which will reflect as a cheaper electricity bill. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) showed that it is feasible to transport the water mist, with initial diameters ranging from 30 µm-50 µm and mist ratio of 10-15%, to the cooling holes on the surface of the turbine vanes and rotors to provide the desired film cooling. Key words: Gas Turbines, Heat Transfer, Film / mist Cooling, Experimental Study, Mist Transport, CFD, PDPA.

Beaucoup d’expériences et d’applications utilisant des molécules froides nécessitent d’avoir un échantillon de molécules froides à la fois en translation, en vibration et en rotation. Cette thèse se situe dans la même thématique, elle a pour objectif la généralisation de la méthode du pompage optique qui a permis de refroidir la vibration des molécules de Césium par un laser large bande dont les fréquences correspondantes aux transitions partant du niveau vibrationnel fondamental ont été supprimées. Nous avons, par exemple, réalisé un transfert de la population moléculaire dans un niveau vibrationnel pré-sélectionné. Nous avons ensuite démontré que le refroidissement vibrationnel est aussi efficace avec une source de lumière non cohérente. Enfin, une technique de conversion électronique a été démontrée et qui a permis de transférer les molécules formées dans l’état électronique métastable a3Σu+ vers l’état électronique fondamental X1Σg+. Finalement, l’application de cette méthode sur la rotation a été étudié, les résultats préliminaires montrent que le processus marche efficacement ce qui ouvre des perspectives sur le refroidissement lasers des molécules. / Many experiments and applications using cold molecules need to have a sample of molecules cold in all degrees of freedom. My activity in the cold molecule experiment considered several extensions and generalizations of the vibrational cooling technique using a shaped broadband laser. The first extension realized was the transfer of the molecular population to any pre-selected vibrational level. Another extension was the realization of vibrational cooling and molecular population transfer with the use of a broadband, non-coherent, diode light source, instead of a femtosecond laser. Finally, we demonstrate an efficient technique which allows us to convert molecules initially formed in the triplet state (a3Σu+) into the ground electronic state (X1Σg+). The generalization of the vibrational cooling technique to include rotation has also been studied. Preliminary experiments considered for rotational cooling as well as more detail theoretical treatment has been performed. This open the way for more general laser technique apply to molecules.

As velocidades críticas de resfriamento necessárias à obtenção de percentuais definidos de martensita, presentes em amostras de aços temperados em óleo, foram determinadas por meio de curvas de resfriamento. As amostras constituíram-se de barras de aço AISI 4140 e 8640 com seções circulares de 25,4; 38,1 e 50,8 mm e barras quadradas com 25,4 e 38,1 mm de lado e comprimento igual a 5 vezes o diâmetro ou lado. Visando-se à obtenção de padrões de comparação para essas velocidades, foram também obtidas as curvas em U das durezas ao longo das seções transversais das barras e as curvas Jominy desses aços. Os resultados apresentaram boa coerência, o que garantiu a eficiência do processo. Os resultados concernentes ao teor específico de 50% de martensita foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de equações constantes na literatura. As equações não se mostraram diretamente adequadas, requerendo a obtenção de um fator de correção, que uma vez obtido mostrou-se eficiente na adequação dos valores empíricos de velocidade crítica aos determinados por meio das curvas de resfriamento. / The criticaI cooling velocities necessary to obtaining specific contents of martensite, present in test specimens of hardened steels in oil, were evaluated by means of cooling curves. The samples were constituted of bars of AISI 4140 and 8640 steels with 25,4; 38,1 and 50,8 mm diameter and squared bars with 25,4 and 38,1 mm in side by 5 times the diameter or side long. Aiming at obtaining comparison patterns for those velocities, they were also obtained the curves in U of the hardness along the traverse sections of the bars and the Jominy curves of those steels. The results presented good agreement, what guaranteed the efficiency of the process. The concerning results achieving a 50 pct martensitic microstructure were compared with those obtained from equations presented in the literature. The equations did not show good approaches, requesting the determination of a correction factor, that once obtained it was shown efficient in the adaptation of the empirical values of critical velocities to those determined by means of the cooling curves.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-11-13T12:25:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonatan Silva da Silva_.pdf: 2236357 bytes, checksum: f3eae6a5cb0b0488ccdd0eaa3d372692 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T12:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonatan Silva da Silva_.pdf: 2236357 bytes, checksum: f3eae6a5cb0b0488ccdd0eaa3d372692 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-17 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Com o avanço da tecnologia, os circuitos eletrônicos são fabricados em tamanhos cada vez menores e com maior potência de processamento de dados. Atualmente os chips estão sendo produzidos em pequenas áreas, com mais de 1010 transistores encapsulados, o que causa aumento de calor gerado e assim elevação da temperatura de operação. A elevada temperatura é responsável pelo aumento de falhas e ocasiona a diminuição da eficiência dos mesmos. As falhas mais frequentes causadas pelo aquecimento dos circuitos integrados são o aumento do estresse mecânico nas juntas de solda, que podem quebrar ou romper contatos por fadiga térmica; incompatibilidade de expansão térmica dos diferentes materiais; a modificação do desempenho elétrico do dispositivo; o aumento de correntes de fuga, a aceleração do processo de corrosão e a ocorrência de eletro migração. Devido a isso, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise experimental de um sistema de microcanais com escoamento de fluido monofásico, água, para a dissipação de calor e, portanto, a diminuição da temperatura de um sistema, que representa uma placa de circuito com componentes eletrônicos. Os microcanais foram desenvolvidos em uma fita adesiva e termocondutiva dupla face com uso de uma impressora de corte. O dispositivo mede 50 x 70 mm e possui 10 microcanais paralelos de seção retangular com 800 µm de largura e 400 µm de altura, resultando em um diâmetro hidráulico do canal de escoamento de 533 µm. Testes são realizados para diferentes fluxos de calor e vazões de líquido. Os resultados demonstraram que houve diminuição das temperaturas da parede comparando as velocidades mássicas, obtendo-se uma variação média de 10,2 °C quando modificado a velocidade mássica de 51,2 kg/m²s para 102,4 kg/m²s, onde o fluido refrigerante apresentou uma redução de 27,5 °C. / With the advancement of technology, electronic circuits are manufactured in ever smaller sizes and with greater data processing power. Currently chips are being produced in small areas, with more than 1010 encapsulated transistors, which causes increased heat generated and thus elevated operating temperature. The high temperature is responsible for the increase of faults and causes the decrease of their efficiency. The most frequent faults caused by the heating of the integrated circuits are the increase of the mechanical stress in the joints of weld, that can break or break contacts by thermal fatigue; Incompatibility of thermal expansion of different materials; Modifying the electrical performance of the device; The increase of leakage currents, the acceleration of the corrosion process and the occurrence of electro migration. Due to this, the present work presents an experimental analysis of a system of microchannels with single phase fluid flow, water, for the dissipation of heat and, therefore, the decrease of the temperature of a system, representing a circuit board with electronic transistors. The microchannels were developed in a double-sided thermo-conductive adhesive tape using a cut-off printer. The device measures 50 x 70 mm and has 10 parallel microchannels of rectangular section with 800 μm wide and 400 μm in height, resulting in a hydraulic flow channel diameter of 533 μm. Tests are performed for different heat flows and liquid flows. The results showed that there was a decrease of the wall temperatures comparing the mass velocities, obtaining a mean variation of 10.2 ° C when modified at a mass speed of 51.2 kg / m² to 102.4 kg / m², where the refrigerant showed a reduction of 27,5 °C.

<p>Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka vilken betydelse yttre påverkan och inre drivkrafter har haft i fyra individers karriärutvecklingsprocess inom en hårt konkurrensutsatt bransch, samt hur dessa har hanterat denna. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade mailenkäter, och det insamlade materialet bearbetades med hjälp av deduktiv tematisk analys. De teman som ligger till grund för analysen är: studie- och yrkesvägledning, cooling down, empowerment, informationsteorier, forskningslitteratur samt karriärvalsteorin SCCT. Studien visar att samtliga respondenter har utsatts för dämpande påverkan, cooling down, under sin uppväxt, både från skolpersonal, och den egna familjen, men också att de erhållit empowerment från andra håll. Respondenterna har hanterat denna yttre negativa påverkan på olika sätt, men gemensamt för dem alla är att de visat på en inre drivkraft, som trots den nämnda negativa påverkan gjort att de nått framgång inom sitt gebit. Vi drar slutsatsen att respondenternas strävan att lyckas varit starkare än påverkansfaktorerna, samt att empowerment fungerat.</p> / <p>Our aim in this essay was to examine what importance external influence and internal impulses have had in four individuals' career development process in a competitive sector, and how they have handled the situation. The gathering of facts was implemented with the use of semistructured mail-interviews, and processed, using a deductive thematic analysis. The themes were as follows: guidance counseling, cooling down, empowerment, theories of information, former research and SCCT. The study shows that all respondents have been the victims of downcooling effects in their youth, both from school personnel, and the immediate family, but that they also received empowerment from other sources. They have handled the negative impact in various ways, but they all possessed a strong internal desire to create a successful career, that has overcome the negative impact. Therefore we draw the conclusions that the endeavor to succeed has outlasted the downcooling, and that empowerment indeed works.</p>

<p>Part I of this thesis is a theoretical background to parts II and III.</p><p>Part II treats the phenomenon of decreased visibility through a glazing due to external water condensation, dew, on the external surface. Some simulations are presented where it is shown that under certain circumstances condensation can be expected. A combination of coatings on the external surface is suggested to overcome the problem of external condesation. It consists of both a coating which decreases the emissivity of the surface and a hydrophilic coating which reduces the detrimental effects to the view through the window.</p><p>Fresnel calculations of the optical properties are used to discuss the feasibility of using different coatings. A new test box was used to verify that the proposed window coatings perform as expected.</p><p>Part III is a study on the angular dependence of solar absorptance in windows. Optical properties vary with the angle of incidence of the incoming light. The variation is different from one window pane to another. </p><p>A model is proposed to approximate the angular variation of the solar absorptance in window panes. The model is semi-empirical and involves dividing the wide range of windows into nine groups. To which group a window belongs, depends on how many panes it has and on the features of the outer pane. The strength of the model is that it can be used without knowing the exact optical properties of each pane of the window. This makes it useful in the many cases when these data are not given by the manufacturer and Fresnel calculations to get the optical properties of the window are not feasible. The model is simple and can be added as an appendix to existing standards for measuring optical properties of windows.</p>

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka vilken betydelse yttre påverkan och inre drivkrafter har haft i fyra individers karriärutvecklingsprocess inom en hårt konkurrensutsatt bransch, samt hur dessa har hanterat denna. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade mailenkäter, och det insamlade materialet bearbetades med hjälp av deduktiv tematisk analys. De teman som ligger till grund för analysen är: studie- och yrkesvägledning, cooling down, empowerment, informationsteorier, forskningslitteratur samt karriärvalsteorin SCCT. Studien visar att samtliga respondenter har utsatts för dämpande påverkan, cooling down, under sin uppväxt, både från skolpersonal, och den egna familjen, men också att de erhållit empowerment från andra håll. Respondenterna har hanterat denna yttre negativa påverkan på olika sätt, men gemensamt för dem alla är att de visat på en inre drivkraft, som trots den nämnda negativa påverkan gjort att de nått framgång inom sitt gebit. Vi drar slutsatsen att respondenternas strävan att lyckas varit starkare än påverkansfaktorerna, samt att empowerment fungerat. / Our aim in this essay was to examine what importance external influence and internal impulses have had in four individuals' career development process in a competitive sector, and how they have handled the situation. The gathering of facts was implemented with the use of semistructured mail-interviews, and processed, using a deductive thematic analysis. The themes were as follows: guidance counseling, cooling down, empowerment, theories of information, former research and SCCT. The study shows that all respondents have been the victims of downcooling effects in their youth, both from school personnel, and the immediate family, but that they also received empowerment from other sources. They have handled the negative impact in various ways, but they all possessed a strong internal desire to create a successful career, that has overcome the negative impact. Therefore we draw the conclusions that the endeavor to succeed has outlasted the downcooling, and that empowerment indeed works.

Heat removal technologies are among the most critical needs for three-dimensional (3D) stacking of high-performance microprocessors. This research reports a 3D integration platform that can support the heat removal requirements for 3D integrated circuits that contain high-performance microprocessors in the 3D stack. This work shows the use of wafer-level batch fabrication to develop advanced electrical and fluidic three-dimensional interconnect networks in a 3D stack. Fabrication results are shown for the integration of microchannels and electrical through-silicon vias (TSVs). A compact physical model is developed to determine the design trade-offs for microchannel heat sink and electrical TSV integration. An experimental thermal measurement test-bed for evaluating a 3D inter-layer liquid cooling platform is developed. Experimental thermal testing results for an air-cooled chip and a liquid-cooled chip are compared. Microchannel heat sink cooling shows a significant junction temperature and heat sink thermal resistance reduction compared to air-cooling. The on-chip integrated microchannel heat sink, which has a thermal resistance of 0.229 °C/W, enables cooling of >100W/cm² of each high-power density chip, while maintaining an average junction temperature of less than 50°C. Cooling liquid is circulated through the 3D stack (two layers) at flow rates of up to 100 ml/min. The ability to assemble chips with integrated electrical and fluidic I/Os and seal fluidic interconnections at each strata interface is demonstrated using three assembly and fluidic sealing techniques. Assembly results show the stacking of up to four chips that contain integrated electrical and fluidic I/O interconnects, with an electrical I/O density of ~1600/cm².

No description available.