I conduct two experiments to examine the effects of different types of stress on individuals' willingness to cooperate. The experience of stress is characterized by the primary cognitive appraisal of threat. It activates the emotion of anxiety and induces stress coping behaviors. I posit that because different types of stress differ in terms of the secondary dimension of cognitive appraisal, the responsibility of possible failure, they lead to different stress coping behaviors in collaborative contexts. Based on the attribution of threat, I classify stress into two types, ego and external stress. Under ego stress, the possible failure is attributed to one's capabilities. Ego stressors, such as lack of skill, cause individuals to worry about their capabilities, posing a threat to goal achievement. I argue that ego stress motivates an individual to seek affiliations for joint protection. I provide experimental evidence that ego stress increases cooperation. Under external stress, on the other hand, the possible failure is attributed to factors in the environment. External stressors, such as environmental uncertainty, cause individuals to worry about threat related factors in the environment, which also may hinder goal achievement. I argue that external stress motivates people to avoid risks, including the risk of being exploited by a partner. I provide evidence that external stress reduces cooperation.

The purpose of this study was to understand how individuals from African American families process the HIV/AIDS-related bereavement of a loved one. A sample of African American adults age 18 and older who experienced the loss of a loved one to HIV/AIDS-related death were interviewed for this study. Qualitative methodology was employed for data collection and thematic analysis was used to identify central themes. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, emergent themes regarding AIDS related bereavement were expected. It was postulated that African American individuals shared experiences related to HIV/AIDS-related loss. Individuals were also expected to report unique bereavement experiences. In particular, prolonged grief and internalized coping strategies were expected to impact bereavement experiences of individuals in families acutely affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigmatization. Secrecy about a loved one’s HIV/AIDS-related death was expected to impact the ability of bereaved persons to process and effectively cope with loss; results yielded evidence of protracted states of shame or blame regarding loss. The findings of this study are useful for identifying methods for targeting bereavement resources toward individuals who are underrepresented in HIV/AIDS-related intervention programs. / text

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По мере развития идей инклюзивного образования остро встает вопрос изучения и сопровождения детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. Особое место здесь занимают дети с менее выраженными и более перспективными в части коррекции имеющихся нарушений, в первую очередь, дети и подростки с тяжелыми нарушениями речи. В статье описываются психологические особенности жизнестойкости подростков с тяжелыми нарушениями речи (ТНР). С опорой на исследования Т.Н. Волковской, В.А. Калягина, С.В. Лауткиной, Р.Е. Левиной, Т.С. Овчинниковой, Г.Х. Юсуповой и др., в статье анализируются психологические особенности детей и подростков с ТНР, которые в дальнейшем подтверждаются эмпирическими данными, собранными авторами. Исследование проводилось с применением модифицированного теста жизнестойкости С. Мадди, опросника «Способы совладающего поведения» Р. Лазаруса и С. Фолкман, личностного опросника Г. Айзенка, методики диагностики самооценки личности Дембо-Рубинштейн. Для выявления расширенного психологического содержания жизнестойкости подростков с ТНР изучались дополнительные психологические характеристики, такие как уровни самооценки и притязаний, экстраверсии-нейротизма, а также способов совладающего поведения. Анализ данных проводился с применением корреляционного и факторного анализа. На основе теоретических и эмпирических данных появляется возможность внести в содержание работы с данной категорией детей и подростков направления деятельности, позволяющие научить их преодолевать трудности, правильно относиться к получаемому опыту, накапливать уверенность в своих силах и осваивать адаптивные способы совладающего поведения. На основе материалов исследования могут быть разработаны рекомендации для педагогов и родителей. / With the development of the ideas of inclusive education is very important for study and supporting children with disabilities. A special place is occupied by children with less severe and more promising in terms of correcting existing violations, primarily children and adolescents with severe speech disorders. The article describes the psychological characteristics of resilience in adolescents with severe speech disorders (SSD). Based on the research of T. N. The Volkov, V. A. Kalyagin, S. V. Laudino, R. E. Levina, T. S. Ovchinnikova, Gulnara Yusupova, and others, the article analyzes the psychological characteristics of children and adolescents with TNR, which further confirmed the empirical data collected by the authors. The study was conducted with the use of a modified test of resilience S. muddy, questionnaire "Ways of coping" by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman, personal questionnaire G. Eysenck, methods of diagnostics of self-identity Dembo-Rubinstein. For identifying enhanced the content of the psychological resilience of adolescents with SSD studied additional psychological characteristics, such as levels of self-esteem and claims of extroversion-neuroticism, as well as ways of coping behavior. The data were analyzed using correlation and factor analysis. Based on theoretical and empirical data an opportunity to amend the content of the work with this category of children and adolescents the interventions that teach them to overcome difficulties, the right attitude to experience, to gain confidence and learn adaptive ways of coping behavior. Based on the research materials can be developed recommendations for teachers and parents.