Este trabalho investiga os pressupostos e fundamentos da Teoria das Cores de Goethe (Farbenlehre) como parte dos seus empenhos enquanto cientista da natureza. Apresenta a tradução de um texto seu sobre o método científico (Kautelen des Beobachters) e de um segundo texto sobre experimentos prismáticos (Beitrag zur Optik), no qual ele lança as bases do seu trabalho de mais de 30 anos sobre as cores. Estes textos, até então inexistentes em português, fornecem os subsídios para um entendimento mais amplo da Farbenlehre. E a pesquisa como um todo se orienta no sentido de contribuir para um resgate da fenomenologia goetheana para o ambiente cultural da atualidade. / This work investigates the principles and bases of Goethe\'s Theory of Colours (Farbenlehre\") as part of his studies as a Natures scientist. A translation of Goethe\'s essay on scientific methods (\"Kautelen des Beobachters\") and another on prismatic experiments (\"Beitrag zur Optik\"), where he sets the bases of his 30 years work on colours studies, are presented in this work too. The papers translated here were never before available in Portuguese, and they represent relevant subsidies for a comprehensive understanding of the \"Farbenlehre\". This research aims to contribute to the recovery of the Goethean\'s Phenomenology for the cultural enviroment of our days.

Submitted by JACIARA CRISTINA ALMEIDA DO AMARAL (jaciaramaral@ufpa.br) on 2018-06-12T18:29:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese de doutorado - Letícia Miquilini de Arruda Farias.pdf: 2377468 bytes, checksum: 84052add9cbe478d87a53d130d820f21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JACIARA CRISTINA ALMEIDA DO AMARAL (jaciaramaral@ufpa.br) on 2018-06-12T18:30:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese de doutorado - Letícia Miquilini de Arruda Farias.pdf: 2377468 bytes, checksum: 84052add9cbe478d87a53d130d820f21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T18:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese de doutorado - Letícia Miquilini de Arruda Farias.pdf: 2377468 bytes, checksum: 84052add9cbe478d87a53d130d820f21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As imagens naturais são um conjunto complexo de padrões de contraste de cor e de luminância que quando combinados na cena visual ajudam a criar a discriminação de objetos em relação ao ambiente visual ao seu redor. Diversas propostas têm sido feitas para estudar como o sistema visual processa estímulos que combinam contrastes de cor e luminância. Esta tese tem como proposta principal apresentar um novo estímulo para ser usado em tarefas de discriminação de luminância sob o mascaramento de um ruído de cor. Sendo assim, cinco experimentos foram executados utilizando como foco principal esse novo paradigma com o intuito de explorar questões básicas e aplicadas de seu uso. O estudo 1 investigou o efeito da saturação do ruído de cor sobre a discriminação limiar do contraste de luminância. O estudo 2 investigou como o arranjo de mosaico contribuiu para os valores de contraste limiares de luminância sob o mascaramento do ruído de cor. O estudo 3 investigou a influência do conteúdo cromático do ruído espacial de cor sobre a discriminação limiar de luminância. O estudo 4 investigou a influência da polaridade do contraste de luminância sob o mascaramento do ruído espacial de cor sobre os contrastes limiares estimados. O estudo 5 comparou os valores de contrastes limiares de luminância sob o mascaramento de cor em duas populações ribeirinhas de diferentes bacias hidrográficas da Amazônia paraense e sob diferentes níveis de exposição alimentar ao mercúrio. O principal achado desta tese foi que os contrastes limiares de luminância variaram em função do comprimento do vetor do ruído espacial cromático. Quanto mais elevado fosse o comprimento do vetor do ruído espacial cromático, maior seria o contraste limiar de luminância. O contraste limiar estimado pelo estímulo sem mosaico exibiu valores significativamente menores que os estimados com estímulos com mosaico (p <0,01). Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os contrastes limiares estimadas em torno das cinco cromaticidades de referência nas distintas condições de saturação (p> xi 0,05). Os contrastes limiares de luminância estimados no protocolo de decremento de luminância foram significativamente menores em todos os níveis de saturação quando comparados aos estimados por meio do protocolo de incremento de luminância (p <0,05). Não há diferença estatística entre os limiares de discriminação de luminância estimados entre as comunidades ribeirinhas que foram diferentemente expostas ao mercúrio (p> 0,05). Os contrastes limiares de luminância estimados através do novo estímulo, descrito nesta tese, foram influenciados pelo ruído espacial cromático, ruído espacial de tamanho, e pela polaridade do contraste de luminância do estímulo. No entanto, as distintas composições do ruído espacial cromático não exibiram nenhuma influência sobre a discriminação de luminância. A presença de uma ou mais vias visuais sensíveis a cores e à luminância pode ser o substrato fisiológico do mecanismo que está subjacente à percepção de contraste de luminância desse novo estímulo. / Natural images are a complex set of color and luminance contrast that when combined in visual scene helps to create the discrimination of objects from the surrounding visual environment. A series of neural streams transmits the color and luminance information from the retina to the higher cortical centers. Several proposals have been made to study how the visual system processes the stimuli that combining color and luminance contrasts. This thesis has as main proposal to introduce a new stimulus to be used luminance discrimination task under chromatic noise masking. Thus, five experiments were carried out with focus this new paradigm to explore basic and applied questions about its use. Study 1 investigated the effect of color noise saturation on the threshold discrimination of luminance contrast. Study 2 investigated how the mosaic arrangement contributed to the contrast values of luminance contrast thresholds under the chromatic noise masking. Study 3 investigated the influence of the color content of the noise on the threshold discrimination of the luminance contrast. Study 4 investigated the influence of the polarity of the luminance contrast under the chromatic noise masking on the estimated threshold contrasts. Study 5 compared the values of threshold luminance contrasts under chromatic noise masking of two riverine populations of different Amazonian regions of the Pará State and exposed to different levels of mercury by feeding. The main finding of this thesis was that the luminance contrast thresholds varied as a function of the vector length of the chromatic noise values. The higher chromatic noise length, the higher luminance contrast threshold. The contrast threshold estimated by the non-mosaic stimulus exhibited significantly lower values than those estimated with mosaic stimuli (p <0.01). No statistical difference was observed between the contrasts threshold estimated around the five reference chromaticities at different saturation conditions (p> 0.05). The luminance contrasts thresholds estimated in the luminance decrement protocol were xiii significantly lower at all saturation levels than those estimated using the luminance increase protocol (p <0.05). There is no statistical difference between the thresholds of estimated luminance discrimination among riverine communities that were differently exposed to mercury (p> 0.05). The luminance contrasts threshold estimated by the new stimulus, described in this thesis, were influenced by chromatic and spatial noise, and by the polarity of the stimulus of luminance contrast. However, the different chromatic noise compositions did not exhibit any influence on the luminance discrimination. The presence of one or more color-sensitive visual pathways and luminance may be the physiological substrate of the mechanism underlying the luminance contrast perception of this new stimulus.

Human skin is made of a stack of different layers, each of which reflects a portion of impinging light, after absorbing a certain amount of it by the pigments which lie in the layer. The main pigments responsible for skin color origins are melanin and hemoglobin. Skin segmentation plays an important role in a wide range of image processing and computer vision applications. In short, there are three major approaches for skin segmentation: rule-based, machine learning and hybrid. They differ in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Generally, machine learning and hybrid approaches outperform the rule-based methods but require a large and representative training dataset and, sometimes, costly classification time as well, which can be a deal breaker for real-time applications. In this work, we propose an improvement, in three distinct versions, of a novel method for rule-based skin segmentation that works in the YCbCr color space. Our motivation is based on the hypotheses that: (1) the original rule can be complemented and, (2) human skin pixels do not appear isolated, i.e. neighborhood operations are taken into consideration. The method is a combination of some correlation rules based on these hypotheses. Such rules evaluate the combinations of chrominance Cb, Cr values to identify the skin pixels depending on the shape and size of dynamically generated skin color clusters. The method is very efficient in terms of computational effort as well as robust in very complex images. / A pele humana é constituída de uma série de camadas distintas, cada uma das quais reflete uma porção de luz incidente, depois de absorver uma certa quantidade dela pelos pigmentos que se encontram na camada. Os principais pigmentos responsáveis pela origem da cor da pele são a melanina e a hemoglobina. A segmentação de pele desempenha um papel importante em uma ampla gama de aplicações em processamento de imagens e visão computacional. Em suma, existem três abordagens principais para segmentação de pele: baseadas em regras, aprendizado de máquina e híbridos. Elas diferem em termos de precisão e eficiência computacional. Geralmente, as abordagens com aprendizado de máquina e as híbridas superam os métodos baseados em regras, mas exigem um conjunto de dados de treinamento grande e representativo e, por vezes, também um tempo de classificação custoso, que pode ser um fator decisivo para aplicações em tempo real. Neste trabalho, propomos uma melhoria, em três versões distintas, de um novo método de segmentação de pele baseado em regras que funciona no espaço de cores YCbCr. Nossa motivação baseia-se nas hipóteses de que: (1) a regra original pode ser complementada e, (2) pixels de pele humana não aparecem isolados, ou seja, as operações de vizinhança são levadas em consideração. O método é uma combinação de algumas regras de correlação baseadas nessas hipóteses. Essas regras avaliam as combinações de valores de crominância Cb, Cr para identificar os pixels de pele, dependendo da forma e tamanho dos agrupamentos de cores de pele gerados dinamicamente. O método é muito eficiente em termos de esforço computacional, bem como robusto em imagens muito complexas.

Muitas atividades da rotina humana são codificadas por cor. Disfunções na percepção das cores podem ocorrer por um grande número de causas, sejam elas congênitas ou adquiridas. A ênfase sobre o mais preciso levantamento de dados confirma que a prevalência de deficiência de indivíduos do sexo masculino caucasianos europeus é de cerca de 8% e que a prevalência em populações asiáticas é entre 4% e 5%. No ano de 2015, Bastos desenvolveu um questionário para avaliação do impacto da discromatopsia entre indivíduos adultos. Medir aspectos psicossociais, processos psíquicos e comportamentais envolve uma série de conteúdos matemáticos e caracterizações que podem ajudar a mostrar a validade e confiabilidade de perguntas e respostas por mais simples que pareça esse processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a fidedignidade desse questionário e adequá-lo a uma futura análise fatorial. Pudemos observar que o constructo QUESTIONÁRIO PILOTO DE AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO DA DISCROMATOPSIA CONGÊNITA é multidimensional. A ferramenta que foi escolhida para avalia-lo demonstra que seu item tem objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, relevância, precisão, variedade, modalidade, tipicidade e credibilidade. Esses critérios foram avaliados por juízes com desempenho habitual em interpretação de textos. O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach demonstra uma congruência sólida entre os itens do questionário. Mesmo quando esse foi avaliado em suas dimensões, os coeficientes continuaram significantemente relacionados mostrando que essa é uma ferramenta de qualidade. Os resultados demonstram que o constructo apresenta boa fidedignidade e é de fundamental importância pois os métodos psicofísicos não correlacionam a suas análises ao real impacto que a alteração de visão de cores pode causar nesse grupo populacional / Many human routine activities are color-coded. Dysfunctions in the perception of colors can occur for a great number of causes, whether they are congenital or acquired. The emphasis on the most accurate data collection confirms that the prevalence of European Caucasian male deficiency is approximatedely 8% and that the prevalence in Asian populations is between 4% and 5%. In 2015, Bastos developed a questionnaire to assess the impact of dyschromatopsia among adult subjects. Measuring psychosocial aspects, psychic and behavioral processes involves a series of mathematical content and characterizations that can help show the validity and reliability of questions and answers as simple as this process may seem. The objective of this study was to analyze the reliability of this questionnaire and to adapt it for future factorial analyses. We could observe that the construct \"PILOT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF CONGENITAL DISCROMATOPSY\" is multidimensional. The tool that has been chosen to evaluate it demonstrates that its items have objectivity, simplicity, clarity, relevance, precision, variety, modality, typicity and credibility. These criteria were evaluated by judges with a permissive performance in the interpretation of texts. Cronbach\'s Alfa coefficient demonstrates a solid congruence between the items in the questionnaire. Even when it was evaluated in its dimensions, the coefficients continued to be significantly related, showing that this is a quality tool. The results demonstrate that the construct presents good reliability and is of fundamental importance since the psychophysical methods do not correlate their analyses with the real impact that the alteration of color vision can cause in this population group

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-09-18T18:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPsicofisicaVisao.pdf: 8135129 bytes, checksum: 13f5f614ea3e9e85901f3f1c54f91ff8 (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Aguardar as orientações on 2017-10-10T16:48:48Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-17T17:38:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPsicofisicaVisao.pdf: 8135129 bytes, checksum: 13f5f614ea3e9e85901f3f1c54f91ff8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-11-22T18:20:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPsicofisicaVisao.pdf: 8135129 bytes, checksum: 13f5f614ea3e9e85901f3f1c54f91ff8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T18:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoPsicofisicaVisao.pdf: 8135129 bytes, checksum: 13f5f614ea3e9e85901f3f1c54f91ff8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-01 / Os aneurismas intracranianos saculares constituem a principal causa de hemorragia meníngea ou subaracnóidea espontânea. As complicações derivadas do surgimento de aneurismas saculares e de hemorragia meníngea, classificadas como sensoriais (acuidade e campo visual), motoras (motilidade do músculo extraocular), e perceptuais, são consideradas como bem estudadas na neurocirurgia devido à relativa semelhança entre casos. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre possíveis alterações perceptuais e cognitivas pós-operatórias. No presente estudo foi avaliada a sensibilidade visual de pacientes em condição pós-operatória de aneurisma intracraniano do sistema carotídeo a estímulos espaciais acromáticos e cromáticos. A sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância foi medida em 11 freqüências espaciais (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, e 30 ciclos/grau). A capacidade de discriminação de cores foi medida por uma versão do teste de Farnsworth-Munsell com 85 matizes, divididas em quatro séries apresentadas seqüencialmente, sendo uma com 22 estímulos e três com 24 estímulos. Para a medida dos limiares de discriminação de cores, foram determinadas 5 elipses de discriminação de cores de MacAdam e, para cada uma delas, foram medidos os limiares de discriminação de cores em 20 direções no espaço de cor CIE 1976, através do teste de Mollon-Reffin. As variáveis estudadas foram comparadas às normas estatísticas de controle, pareadas em idade. Os resultados mostram que, em geral, não houve perdas individuais de sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância. Entretanto, perdas individuais da capacidade de discriminação de cores e alterações individuais dos limiares de discriminação de cores em todos os eixos de confusão (protanópico, deuteranópico e tritanópico) foram detectadas. Deste modo, conclui-se que a visão de cores é um parâmetro sensorial cuja medida pode ser útil na avaliação do estado pós-cirúrgico dos pacientes acometidos com aneurisma intracraniano do sistema carotídeo. / The intracranial saccular aneurysms constitute the main cause of spontaneous meningeal or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The complications derived from the sprouting of such aneurysms hemorrhage, classified as sensorial (acuity and visual field), motor (motility of extra-ocular muscle), and perceptual, are considered as well studied by neurosurgery due to relative similarity between cases. However, little is known about possible postoperative perceptual and cognitive alterations. In the present study, the visual sensitivity of patients in postoperative condition of intracranial aneurysm of the carotid system to achromatic and chromatic spatial stimuli was evaluated. The contrast sensitivity to luminance spatial gratings was measured in eleven spatial frequencies (0,2, 0,5, 0,8, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 30 cycles/degree). The color discrimination ability was measured by a version of the Farnsworth- Munsell test with 85 hues, divided in four series of stimuli presented sequentially, being one serie with 22 stimuli and three series with 24 stimuli. For the measure of color discrimination thresholds, 5 MacAdam’s ellipses were determined and, for each one of them, discrimination thresholds had been measured in 20 directions of the CIE 1976 color space, through the test of Mollon-Reffin. The studied variables were compared with the statistical norms of agematched control subjects. The results show that, individually, there are not significant losses of spatial contrast sensitivity. However, individual losses in color discrimination ability and individual alterations in color discrimination thresholds in all color confusion axis (protanopic, deuteranopic and tritanopic) were detected. Thus, it can be concluded that color vision have sensorial parameters which measurement can be useful in the evaluation of patients postoperative of intracranial aneurysm of the carotid system.

Darbo idėja kilo, stebint architektūrinio urbanistinio komplekso dešiniajame Neries krante plėtrą. Šis kompleksas yra realizuotas vadinamosios aštuntojo dešimtmečio „architektūrinių kalvų“ idėjos fragmentas. Nepaisant skeptiško ar net priešiško paveldosaugininkų požiūrio į šį kompleksą, akivaizdu, kad tai yra sėkminga didelio užmojo urbanistinės koncepcijos realizacija. Kita vertus, rezultatas seniai neatitinka pirminės idėjos, nes užima kelis kartus didesnį plotą miesto topografijoje, t.y. išsidėstęs abipus Konstitucijos prospekto, be to, realizuota iš principo kitokia aukštybinių akcentų sistema ir t.t. Vis aiškiau pradedamos identifikuoti miesto urbanistinių branduolių vizualinio dominavimo zonos užduoda klausimą, ar minėtieji branduoliai sudaro bendrą kompozicinę sistemą, ar jų plėtra paremta tik lokalios kompozicinės idėjos principais. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – pateikti metodinius urbanistinės struktūros tobulinimo principus, įvertinus nagrinėjamos teritorijos erdvinės kompozicinės sistemos specifiką. Darbas yra tam tikro tyrimo rezultatas, kurio metu buvo įvertinti nagrinėjamos teritorijos urbanistinės struktūros pasikeitimai, nagrinėjamos teritorijos kompozicinė reikšmė miesto vizualiniam identitetui bei suformuota perspektyvinė teritorijos urbanistinės plėtros strategija. darbą sudaro: darbo pradžia, parengiamasis etapas, koncepcijos rengimo etapas, išvados, koncepcija, detalizacija, išvados. / The idea of an article emerged of an observation of architectural – urban complex developement in the right coast of river Neris. This complex is partly materialized 70’s idea of “architectural hills”. Despite of sceptical or even opponential heritage guard’s attitude about this complex, evident that it is successful realization of considerable dimension urban conception. On the other hand, the result contravene primary idea, because it takes considerably bigger area of cities topography, i.e. situated on both sides of Konstitucijos avenue, thuthermore, practical realized changed system of altitude accents, and so on. Distinctly identified visual zones of urban cores in the city raise a question if the mentioned cores organize common compositional system, or if it’s development is based only on local principles of compositional idea. The main aim of this article – suggest methodical development principles of urban structure, considered on territories spatial compositional systems particularity. An article is the result of certain research, in which were evaluated transformations of territories urban structure, compositional importance to visual identity of a city, and structurised perspective strategy of territories urban development. The article consists of: start, the preparatory phase, concept development phase, the findings, design, detailing, and conclusions.

Les systèmes temps-réels modernes ont tendance à obtenir la criticité mixte, dans le sens où ils intègrent sur une même plateforme de calcul plusieurs applications avec différents niveaux de criticités. D'un côté, cette intégration permet de réduire le coût, le poids et la consommation d'énergie. Ces exigences sont importantes pour des systèmes modernes comme par exemple les drones (UAV). De l'autre, elle conduit à des complications majeures lors de leur conception. Ces systèmes doivent être certifiés en prenant en compte ces différents niveaux de criticités. L'ordonnancement temps réel des systèmes avec différents niveaux de criticités est connu comme étant l’un des plus grand défi dans le domaine. Les techniques traditionnelles nécessitent une isolation complète entre les niveaux de criticité ou bien une certification globale au plus haut niveau. Une telle solution conduit à un gaspillage des ressources, et à la perte de l’avantage de cette intégration. Ce problème a suscité une nouvelle vague de recherche dans la communauté du temps réel, et de nombreuses solutions ont été proposées. Parmi elles, l'une des méthodes la plus utilisée pour ordonnancer de tels systèmes est celle d'Audsley. Malheureusement, elle a un certain nombre de limitations, dont nous parlerons dans cette thèse. Ces limitations sont encore beaucoup plus accentuées dans le cas de l'ordonnancement multiprocesseur. Dans ce cas précis, l'ordonnancement basé sur la priorité perd des propriétés importantes. C’est la raison pour laquelle, les algorithmes d'ordonnancement avec différents niveaux de criticités pour des architectures multiprocesseurs ne sont que très peu étudiés et ceux qu’on trouve dans la littérature sont généralement construits sur des hypothèses restrictives. Cela est particulièrement problématique car les systèmes industriels temps réel cherchent à migrer vers plates-formes multi-cœurs. Dans ce travail nous proposons une approche différente pour résoudre ces problèmes. / Modern real-time systems tend to be mixed-critical, in the sense that they integrate on the same computational platform applications at different levels of criticality. Integration gives the advantages of reduced cost, weight and power consumption, which can be crucial for modern applications like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). On the other hand, this leads to major complications in system design. Moreover, such systems are subject to certification, and different criticality levels needs to be certified at different level of assurance. Among other aspects, the real-time scheduling of certifiable mixed critical systems has been recognized to be a challenging problem. Traditional techniques require complete isolation between criticality levels or global certification to the highest level of assurance, which leads to resource waste, thus loosing the advantage of integration. This led to a novel wave of research in the real-time community, and many solutions were proposed. Among those, one of the most popular methods used to schedule such systems is Audsley approach. However this method has some limitations, which we discuss in this thesis. These limitations are more pronounced in the case of multiprocessor scheduling. In this case priority-based scheduling looses some important properties. For this reason scheduling algorithms for multiprocessor mixed-critical systems are not as numerous in literature as the single processor ones, and usually are built on restrictive assumptions. This is particularly problematic since industrial real-time systems strive to migrate from single-core to multi-core and many-core platforms. Therefore we motivate and study a different approach that can overcome these problems.A restriction of practical usability of many mixed-critical and multiprocessor scheduling algorithms is assumption that jobs are independent. In reality they often have precedence constraints. In the thesis we show the mixed-critical variant of the problem formulation and extend the system load metrics to the case of precedence-constraint task graphs. We also show that our proposed methodology and scheduling algorithm MCPI can be extended to the case of dependent jobs without major modification and showing similar performance with respect to the independent jobs case. Another topic we treated in this thesis is time-triggered scheduling. This class of schedulers is important because they considerably reduce the uncertainty of job execution intervals thus simplifying the safety-critical system certification. They also simplify any auxiliary timing-based analyses that may be required to validate important extra-functional properties in embedded systems, such as interference on shared buses and caches, peak power dissipation, electromagnetic interference etc..The trivial method of obtaining a time-triggered schedule is simulation of the worst-case scenario in event-triggered algorithm. However, when applied directly, this method is not efficient for mixed-critical systems, as instead of one worst-case scenario they have multiple corner-case scenarios. For this reason, it was proposed in the literature to treat all scenarios into just a few tables, one per criticality mode. We call this scheduling approach Single Time Table per Mode (STTM) and propose a contribution in this context. In fact we introduce a method that transforms practically any scheduling algorithm into an STTM one. It works optimally on single core and shows good experimental results for multi-cores.Finally we studied the problem of the practical realization of mixed critical systems. Our effort in this direction is a design flow that we propose for multicore mixed critical systems. In this design flow, as the model of computation we propose a network of deterministic multi-periodic synchronous processes. Our approach is demonstrated using a publicly available toolset, an industrial application use case and a multi-core platform.

La contraction des muscles striés est sous la dépendance du Complexe de Relâchement du Calcium (CRC). Ce complexe protéique est constitué principalement de deux canaux calciques, le récepteur des dihydropyridines, un canal sensible au voltage localisé dans la membrane des tubules-T et le récepteur de la ryanodine (RyR) situé dans la membrane du RS. Le CRC comprend également de nombreuses protéines régulatrices comme la triadine, la calséquestrine, la junctine et FKBP. Des mutations dans les gènes codant les protéines du CRC conduisent à des pathologies rares et souvent sévères. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques induits par quelques unes de ces mutations pour décrypter les mécanismes pathologiques mis en œuvre mais également pour comprendre le fonctionnement global du CRC dans les muscles squelettique et cardiaque. La première partie de cette étude concerne RYR1, le gène codant l'isoforme squelettique du RyR qui est une cible importante de mutations chez des patients atteints de myopathies congénitales à cores. L'effet fonctionnel de ces mutations, réparties sur toute la séquence de RYR1, est peu connu. Ces mutations pourraient modifier la fonction canal de RyR1 mais également son adressage à la triade ou sa régulation par d'autres protéines du CRC. Parmi ces hypothèses, la modification de la localisation de RyR1 et sa régulation par une protéine régulatrice (la cavéoline-3) ont été révélées par l'étude de deux mutations de RyR1. La deuxième partie de cette étude concerne la tachycardie ventriculaire polymorphe catécholaminergique (TVPC), une pathologie liée à des défauts du CRC cardiaque, pour laquelle des recherches de mutations sont effectuées sur l'isoforme cardiaque du RyR, RYR2, puis dans les autres protéines du complexe. Nous avons identifié au laboratoire les premières mutations dans le gène de la triadine chez un de ces patients. L'impact d'une de ces mutations sur le fonctionnement du complexe a été étudié et nous avons pu caractériser le mécanisme physiopathologique mis en œuvre et conduisant à la TVPC chez ces patients. / The calcium release complex (CRC) plays a central role in both skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. The composition of the complex is quite similar in both tissues, and differs only by tissue specific isoforms. The core of the complex is composed of the dihydropyridines receptor, a voltage sensor channel of the T-tubule and the ryanodine receptor, the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channel. A number of proteins are associated to this calcium channel like calsequestrin, triadin, junction and FKBP. Mutations in the skeletal CRC are responsible for rare and often severe diseases. This thesis work focuses on the study of physiopathological mechanisms induced by some of these mutations to decipher pathological mecanisms but also to understand the overall CRC functioning in skeletal and cardiac muscles. The first part of this study concerns RYR1, the skeletal RyR isoform coding gene. This gene is mostly the target of mutations resulting in core myopathies. The functional effect of these mutations spred on the entire RYR1 sequence is little known. These mutations could directly alter the calcium channel function but also its targeting to the triad or its regulation by other CRC proteins. Among these hypotheses, the modification of RyR1 localisation and regulation by a protein, Caveolin-3, have been highlighted with the study of two RyR1 mutations. The second part of this study concerns the catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a rare fatal arrhythmia caused in part by mutations in RYR2 and CASQ2, both belonging to the cardiac CRC,. Recently, we have identified the first mutations in the human triadin gene, TRDN, in a CPVT patient. The goal of this project was to study the molecular and physiological consequences of one of these TRDN mutations allowing the analysis of the pathological mechanisms of this disease, but also a better understanding of the normal function of the cardiac CRC.

Human skin is made of a stack of different layers, each of which reflects a portion of impinging light, after absorbing a certain amount of it by the pigments which lie in the layer. The main pigments responsible for skin color origins are melanin and hemoglobin. Skin segmentation plays an important role in a wide range of image processing and computer vision applications. In short, there are three major approaches for skin segmentation: rule-based, machine learning and hybrid. They differ in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Generally, machine learning and hybrid approaches outperform the rule-based methods but require a large and representative training dataset and, sometimes, costly classification time as well, which can be a deal breaker for real-time applications. In this work, we propose an improvement, in three distinct versions, of a novel method for rule-based skin segmentation that works in the YCbCr color space. Our motivation is based on the hypotheses that: (1) the original rule can be complemented and, (2) human skin pixels do not appear isolated, i.e. neighborhood operations are taken into consideration. The method is a combination of some correlation rules based on these hypotheses. Such rules evaluate the combinations of chrominance Cb, Cr values to identify the skin pixels depending on the shape and size of dynamically generated skin color clusters. The method is very efficient in terms of computational effort as well as robust in very complex images. / A pele humana é constituída de uma série de camadas distintas, cada uma das quais reflete uma porção de luz incidente, depois de absorver uma certa quantidade dela pelos pigmentos que se encontram na camada. Os principais pigmentos responsáveis pela origem da cor da pele são a melanina e a hemoglobina. A segmentação de pele desempenha um papel importante em uma ampla gama de aplicações em processamento de imagens e visão computacional. Em suma, existem três abordagens principais para segmentação de pele: baseadas em regras, aprendizado de máquina e híbridos. Elas diferem em termos de precisão e eficiência computacional. Geralmente, as abordagens com aprendizado de máquina e as híbridas superam os métodos baseados em regras, mas exigem um conjunto de dados de treinamento grande e representativo e, por vezes, também um tempo de classificação custoso, que pode ser um fator decisivo para aplicações em tempo real. Neste trabalho, propomos uma melhoria, em três versões distintas, de um novo método de segmentação de pele baseado em regras que funciona no espaço de cores YCbCr. Nossa motivação baseia-se nas hipóteses de que: (1) a regra original pode ser complementada e, (2) pixels de pele humana não aparecem isolados, ou seja, as operações de vizinhança são levadas em consideração. O método é uma combinação de algumas regras de correlação baseadas nessas hipóteses. Essas regras avaliam as combinações de valores de crominância Cb, Cr para identificar os pixels de pele, dependendo da forma e tamanho dos agrupamentos de cores de pele gerados dinamicamente. O método é muito eficiente em termos de esforço computacional, bem como robusto em imagens muito complexas.

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