This essay is premised on two assumptions: first, that concepts change their meaning; second, that the examination of the relationship between language and action - two central components of the public sphere - illuminates the process of change. Three models of conceptual change are critically discussed through their language-action axis. The first, adduced by German historian of concepts Reinhart Koselleck, assumes that conceptual change results from a gap between language and action. The second, put forward by historian of political thought Quentin Skinner, argues that conceptual change is produced by political theorists that are doing something when writing; language, according to this model is (sometimes) a form of action. The third model is derived from the American PC movement, which, it is argued here, presents us with a theory and a practice of conceptual change. According to this model, conceptual change results from a deliberate change of language by social agents. Language, as maintained by this model, is the world; action cannot be discussed separately from language since everything exists only through language. As we move from one model to the next we see that the place language assumes in both political theory and practice is increasing in relation to, and at the expense of, action. This essay argues that the mid-twentieth century "linguistic turn," coupled with the growing influence of postmodernism on political theory and practice, results in a distorted picture of the polls. This weakens the ability of political theory to make intelligible the world around us, and also its effectiveness as a guide for action. This tendency must be remedied i f political theory and practice wishes to remain relevant to the public sphere.

There is no abstract available for this thesis. / Department of Computer Science

In this thesis I show is that it is possible to give modular correctness proofs of interesting higher-order imperative programs using higher-order separation logic. To do this, I develop a model higher-order imperative programming language, and develop a program logic for it. I demonstrate the power of my program logic by verifying a series of examples. This includes both realistic patterns of higher-order imperative programming such as the subject-observer pattern, as well as examples demonstrating the use of higher-order logic to reason modularly about highly aliased data structures such as the union-find disjoint set algorithm.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. / Committee Chair: Prvulovic, Milos; Committee Member: Hughes, Christopher J.; Committee Member: Kim, Hyesoon; Committee Member: Lee, Hsien-Hsin S.; Committee Member: Loh, Gabriel H. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Submitted by MATEUS PRANZETTI PAUL GRUDA null (mateusbeatle@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-15T19:41:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mateus _exemplar final_ [jan.2016].pdf: 2782999 bytes, checksum: 597b4f0c18de10ac7445887529c27afb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-18T12:12:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gruda_mpp_dr_assis_par.pdf: 1686918 bytes, checksum: e3980756ce68b720ff6037c572481806 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-18T12:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gruda_mpp_dr_assis_par.pdf: 1686918 bytes, checksum: e3980756ce68b720ff6037c572481806 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O discurso humorístico e seus mecanismos de funcionamento têm tido presença constante nas mais distintas instâncias da vida cotidiana. Atualmente os métodos pedagógicos devem ser divertidos, a maioria das propagandas publicitárias investe em uma abordagem humorística e, dentre tantas outras modalidades, as manifestações políticas devem ser bem humoradas. Nas últimas décadas, o chamado “humor politicamente incorreto” ganhou destaque e tem gerado inúmeras discussões e conflitos acerca dos limites do humor, do que poderia ser considerado humorístico ou não e, evidentemente, os conflitos desse tipo de humor com um, por vezes suposto e por vezes factível, policiamento do politicamente correto – o qual pode ser compreendido como uma forma exagerada de regular a linguagem, pensamento e as condutas, ou como algo necessário para promover normatizações na esfera pública. Dado esse contexto, buscamos refletir sobre como o humorismo politicamente incorreto é constituído e suas dialéticas possibilidades de produzir sentidos, sobretudo pela sua capacidade de reforçar ou atacar a ordem estabelecida. Acompanhamos a ideia de Billig que o humor é paradoxal por ser: a) universal e particular; b) gregário e excludente e c) analisável e resistente a análises. Nessa perspectiva, apresentamos uma clivagem do humor politicamente incorreto em dois polos, crítico e acrítico, formalizando características e consequências comuns a ambos, bem como descrevendo e analisando exemplos a fim de dar materialidade a estes “tipos” de humor. Delineamos também os conflitos existentes entre o humor politicamente incorreto e o discurso do politicamente correto visando, principalmente, desconstruir a ideia de que vivenciaríamos uma pretensa “ditadura do politicamente correto” (capitaneada pelas chamadas minorias), vez que a efetiva ditadura é aquela “silenciosa”, porém hegemônica e dominante, fundada no regime do Capital. Destarte, enfatizamos o caráter político de tudo; o humor incluso. / Humour discourse and its mechanisms of working have been constantly presented within several instances of quotidian life nowadays. Currently the pedagogical methods should be fun; most of the advertising invests in a humorous approach; political manifestations should have good humour involved; amidst many others. In the last decades the so-called “politically incorrect humour” gained featured and has generated numerous discussions about limits of humour, what could be considered humorous or not and the conflicts between that type of humour and the political correctness, which can be comprehend as a extreme policy of language, thoughts and behaviours or as something necessary to proceed to standardisations on the public sphere. From those questions, we sought reflecting regarding how politically incorrect humour is constituted and its dialectical possibilities of producing meanings, mainly for both the abilities of reinforcing or attacking the current order. Following Billig’s idea that humour is paradoxical for being: 1) universal and particular; 2) gregarious and exclusionary; and 3) analysable and resist to analysis. We present the politically incorrect humour torn between two poles, critical and uncritical, formalising common characteristics and consequences of both, describing and analysing examples as well to give materiality of those “types” of humour. Unpacking the conflicts between the politically incorrect humour and the politically correct discourse mainly for deconstructing the idea that in the current times we are living under an alleged “dictatorship of political correctness” (commanded by the so-called minorities), since the effective dictatorship is the “silent” one, although hegemonic and dominant, founded on the regime of Capital. Hence, we stress the political character of everything; humour included. / FAPESP: 2011/14832-2 / CAPES: 99999.005605.2014-02

This diploma work deals with gender and gender stereotypes in the media, in particular in television advertisements. The thesis is written in German and is conceived as theoretical and empirical. The core of this diploma work is both centered around language and content analysis of the TV commercials in Czech and German language. An important part of this work is a cd, which contains all of the analyzed commercials. The aim of this thesis is to find out in which roles women and men are presented in the commercials. On the basis of the analyzed TV commercials it will be determined whether the gender stereotypes in commercials are strengthened or whether the TV commercials are gender-correct.

This thesis deals with gender aspects of teaching at the second grade of primary school. The impetus for the topic was our Bachelor´s thesis in which we have already dealt with gender problematic but from a different perspective. Now we have decided to focus on education and describe gender load of teaching. The main aim of the thesis is to determine whether the approach of chosen male and female teachers in educating at the second grade of primary schools is gender-correct. A partial aim is to bring the topic of gender problematic as such to the readers who are not familiar with that. The theoretical part begins with defining key terms which must be known to understand gender in general. The following chapter deals with the specific gender manifestation in the school environment such as, pedagogical communication between a male/ a female student and a male/ a female teacher, the problematic of school evaluation, gender (in)correctness of textbooks and we also focus on gender (im)balance of teaching staff. In the practical part using the method of observation we examine male and female teachers of two chosen primary schools; namely the gender sensitivity of their pedagogical approach. In the conclusion of the thesis we make a selection of gender-correct textbooks and teaching materials which can serve as a utility for beginning teachers men and women.

Esta pesquisa investiga os sentidos, valores e discursos circulantes que emergem nas páginas da imprensa em torno da categoria \"politicamente correto\", observando suas relações com a liberdade de expressão e formas de controle da produção discursiva. A partir de matérias da Folha de S. Paulo, no período de 1991 a 2014, pesquisamos as transformações do politicamente correto no Brasil e as regulações por ele estabelecidas. Embasamo-nos, nesse percurso, nas proposições de Michel Foucault sobre a arqueologia dos discursos, de modo que as matérias jornalísticas devem ser tomadas como acontecimentos discursivos, isto é, como vestígios materiais que servem de base à \"escavação\" de plataformas culturais, saberes e regras sócio-históricas que condicionam a emergência de enunciados e discursos. Nossos resultados apontam para a emergência do politicamente correto como categoria em disputa no debate público, inserida em um contexto de reposicionamentos dos saberes sobre liberdade de expressão, e para o papel decisivo do jornalismo na introdução dessa expressão nas discussões que se travam na esfera pública brasileira. O posicionamento assumido pelo jornalismo remete a um imaginário discursivo sobre a democracia, o que também tem seu papel na consolidação da legitimidade e do lugar de fala da imprensa. De modo correlato, a discussão pública sobre o politicamente correto no Brasil mostra-se profundamente polarizada. Por fim, a emergência da categoria \"politicamente correto\" como forma de denominar processos de regulação sobre a linguagem reflete - e também determina - a centralidade e a visibilidade adquiridas por esse fenômeno em nossa cultura: centralidade da linguagem, de modo amplo, como mediadora das relações sociais; centralidade do individual na condução de ações políticas; centralidade do paradigma de circulação de ideias - e, por conseguinte, visibilidade das formas de controle da expressão, entendidas cada vez mais como intoleráveis. / This research investigates the senses, values and circulating discourses that emerge in the pages of the press around the category \"political correctness\". Our goal is to understand the relationship between such category, freedom of expression and forms of control of discursive production. From journalistic texts published by Folha de S. Paulo, in the period from 1991 to 2014, we researched the transformation of political correctness in Brazil and the regulations laid down by it. In this journey, we base ourselves on Michel Foucault\'s propositions on the archeology of speeches; so that the newspaper articles should be taken as discursive events, as material evidence underpinning the excavation of cultural platforms, knowledge and socio-historical rules that constrain the emergence of statements and speeches. Our results show the emergence of political correctness as a category in dispute in the public debate, set on a repositioning context of knowledge on freedom of expression, as well as the decisive role of journalism in the introduction of the expression \"political correctness\" in the discussions which take place in Brazilian public sphere. The position assumed by journalism refers to an imaginary discourse on democracy, which also plays a role in the consolidation of legitimacy and place of speech of the press. At the same time, the public discussion of political correctness in Brazil shows up deeply polarized. Finally, the emergence of the category \"political correctness \" as a way of giving a name to processes of language regulation reflects - and also determines - the centrality and visibility acquired by this phenomenon in our culture: the centrality of language, broadly, mediating social relationships; centrality of the individual in the conduct of policy actions; centrality of the circulation of ideas - and therefore visibility of control strategies of expression, increasingly understood as intolerable.

The aim of this essay was to investigate the knowledge of, and attitudes towards unbiased English usage amongst Swedish upper secondary school students. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out at an upper secondary school in southern Sweden. In the theoretical background section, terms such as political correctness and gender-neutral language use are defined. In addition, references are made to studies in the United States and Europe on students’ awareness of these aspects of language. For the present study, a survey was carried out in which 41 students answered 13 questions in written form. The students attend their third year at four different programmes at upper secondary school. The results show that a majority of the students are very aware of the sensitivity of referring to persons of colour, and they are even afraid of being perceived as racists if they use terms such as black American. As regards non-sexist language use, the Swedish students were aware of the fact that terms such as firefighter and police officer can be used to designate both men and women. However, the students have little knowledge of the title Ms and of the neutral alternative to chairman, chair.

As computer systems become increasingly complex and diverse, so too do the architectures they implement. This leads to an increase in complexity in the tools used to design new hardware and software. One particularly important tool in hardware and software design is the Instruction Set Simulator, which is used to prototype new architectures and hardware features, verify hardware, and test and debug software. Many Architecture Description Languages exist which facilitate the description of new architectural or hardware features, and generate a tools such as simulators. However, these typically suffer from poor performance, are difficult to test effectively, and may be limited in functionality. This thesis considers three objectives when developing Instruction Set Simulators: performance, correctness, and completeness, and presents techniques which contribute to each of these. Performance is obtained by combining Dynamic Binary Translation techniques with a novel analysis of high level architecture descriptions. This makes use of partial evaluation techniques in order to both improve the translation system, and to improve the quality of the translated code, leading a performance improvement of over 2.5x compared to a naïve implementation. This thesis also presents techniques which contribute to the correctness objective. Each possible behaviour of each described instruction is used to guide the generation of a test case. Constraint satisfaction techniques are used to determine the necessary instruction encoding and context for each behaviour to be produced. It is shown that this is a significant improvement over benchmark-driven testing, and this technique has led to the discovery of several bugs and inconsistencies in multiple state of the art instruction set simulators. Finally, several challenges in ‘Full System’ simulation are addressed, contributing to both the performance and completeness objectives. Full System simulation generally carries significant performance costs compared with other simulation strategies. Crucially, instructions which access memory require virtual to physical address translation and can now cause exceptions. Both of these processes must be correctly and efficiently handled by the simulator. This thesis presents novel techniques to address this issue which provide up to a 1.65x speedup over a state of the art solution.