Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker gymnasielärares inställning till begriplighet i engelskundervisning och bedömning utifrån styrdokumentens skrivning om uttal. Förhållningssätt till standarder och styrdokumentens framhållande av engelskämnets kommunikativa funktion diskuteras dels i ljuset av att engelskan har blivit ett kontaktspråk mellan talare vars modersmål inte är engelska, dels genom att fokusera på uttal generellt och på frågeintonation specifikt. Eftersom antalet icke infödda engelsktalande är vida fler än infödda och det är mycket svårt att nå upp till idealet att tala som en infödd, problematiserar forskare detta ideal, och framhåller strategier som effektiviserar kommunikation. Skolans styrdokument föreskriver en varierad internationell input och tydlig, ledig output. Därmed kan lärarens preferenser inverka på bedömningen av begriplighet så, att inföddlikt uttal ges högre betyg än uttal som färgats av elevens förstaspråk. Studien antyder att gymnasielärare som intervjuats föredrar ett inföddlikt uttal och att talängslan är ett problem. En mer pluralistisk syn på uttal skulle dels kunna sänka garden hos inlärare, dels förbereda dem på faktiska språksituationer och realistiska mål.

Beginning in October 2015, student protests erupted at many U.S. colleges and universities. This wave of demonstrations prompted an ongoing national debate over the following question: what caused this activism? Leveraging existing theoretical explanations, this paper attempts to answer this question through an empirical study of the 73 most prominent college protests from October 2015 to April 2016. I use an original data set with information collected from U.S. News and World Report to determine what factors at these 73 schools were most predictive of the protests. My findings strongly suggest that the probability of a protest increases at larger, more selective institutions. I also find evidence against the dominant argument that the marginalization of minority students exclusively caused this activism. Using my empirical results, this paper presents a new theoretical explanation for the 2015-2016 protests. I argue that racial tensions sparked the first demonstration. However, as the protests spread to other campuses, they were driven less by racial grievances and more by a pervasive culture of political correctness. This paper concludes by applying this new theoretical framework to the budding wave of 2017 protests.

The diploma thesis titled "Language Correctness and Incorrectness as an Argument Used in Online Discussions" deals with a language criticism which is used as an argument in online discussions. Firstly, the thesis frames language and speech, argumentation, rhetoric, and communication. Then it introduces online discussions and describes how they work, and how they contribute to communication. It is also focused on the users as creators of content in online discussions. The thesis analyzes the corpus of online discussions in which the argumentation based on language correctness and incorrectness is contained. According to communication situations, the thesis classifies by what language criticism is started, what arguments are used by the critics, how the critized react, and how the others perceive language criticism. The research also examines the consequence of language criticism in online discussions. The goal of the thesis is to determinate whether and how language incorrectness may affect information value of particular post, and how the arguments based on language correctness and incorrectness are used.

Esta pesquisa investiga os sentidos, valores e discursos circulantes que emergem nas páginas da imprensa em torno da categoria \"politicamente correto\", observando suas relações com a liberdade de expressão e formas de controle da produção discursiva. A partir de matérias da Folha de S. Paulo, no período de 1991 a 2014, pesquisamos as transformações do politicamente correto no Brasil e as regulações por ele estabelecidas. Embasamo-nos, nesse percurso, nas proposições de Michel Foucault sobre a arqueologia dos discursos, de modo que as matérias jornalísticas devem ser tomadas como acontecimentos discursivos, isto é, como vestígios materiais que servem de base à \"escavação\" de plataformas culturais, saberes e regras sócio-históricas que condicionam a emergência de enunciados e discursos. Nossos resultados apontam para a emergência do politicamente correto como categoria em disputa no debate público, inserida em um contexto de reposicionamentos dos saberes sobre liberdade de expressão, e para o papel decisivo do jornalismo na introdução dessa expressão nas discussões que se travam na esfera pública brasileira. O posicionamento assumido pelo jornalismo remete a um imaginário discursivo sobre a democracia, o que também tem seu papel na consolidação da legitimidade e do lugar de fala da imprensa. De modo correlato, a discussão pública sobre o politicamente correto no Brasil mostra-se profundamente polarizada. Por fim, a emergência da categoria \"politicamente correto\" como forma de denominar processos de regulação sobre a linguagem reflete - e também determina - a centralidade e a visibilidade adquiridas por esse fenômeno em nossa cultura: centralidade da linguagem, de modo amplo, como mediadora das relações sociais; centralidade do individual na condução de ações políticas; centralidade do paradigma de circulação de ideias - e, por conseguinte, visibilidade das formas de controle da expressão, entendidas cada vez mais como intoleráveis. / This research investigates the senses, values and circulating discourses that emerge in the pages of the press around the category \"political correctness\". Our goal is to understand the relationship between such category, freedom of expression and forms of control of discursive production. From journalistic texts published by Folha de S. Paulo, in the period from 1991 to 2014, we researched the transformation of political correctness in Brazil and the regulations laid down by it. In this journey, we base ourselves on Michel Foucault\'s propositions on the archeology of speeches; so that the newspaper articles should be taken as discursive events, as material evidence underpinning the excavation of cultural platforms, knowledge and socio-historical rules that constrain the emergence of statements and speeches. Our results show the emergence of political correctness as a category in dispute in the public debate, set on a repositioning context of knowledge on freedom of expression, as well as the decisive role of journalism in the introduction of the expression \"political correctness\" in the discussions which take place in Brazilian public sphere. The position assumed by journalism refers to an imaginary discourse on democracy, which also plays a role in the consolidation of legitimacy and place of speech of the press. At the same time, the public discussion of political correctness in Brazil shows up deeply polarized. Finally, the emergence of the category \"political correctness \" as a way of giving a name to processes of language regulation reflects - and also determines - the centrality and visibility acquired by this phenomenon in our culture: the centrality of language, broadly, mediating social relationships; centrality of the individual in the conduct of policy actions; centrality of the circulation of ideas - and therefore visibility of control strategies of expression, increasingly understood as intolerable.

Magister Artium - MA (Linguistics, Language and Communication) / Fairy tales have been changing continuously. From the likes of the Greek and Chinese versions of the Cinderella tale, Cinderella has been transformed into other versions. Charles Perrault and The Brothers Grimm had their way with the story of Cinderella with both parties putting their own mark on the tale. Disney made the story notorious as the consumers mostly tend to remember Disney's version and not earlier writers of the story (Zipes, 1999). Since then, various other versions in the current sphere of story-telling, especially through movie-making, have had a series of re-telling of the story. James Finn Garner's "Politically Correct Bedtime Stories" has made its mark in the world of politically correct, versions of fairy tales. He has graced readers with his satire and thereby challenged the more traditional versions of the story of Cinderella (and others) by posing a dry, humorous twist and facing the 'issues' which underlie the social problems in Cinderella such as equality, sexism and patriarchal, inappropriate gender biased terminology. Garner takes it upon himself to remediate the story of Cinderella through transformations of events and socially structured power relations, reworking the plot and characters and reformulation of gender-biased terminology. This results in a witty politically correct remodelling of the story which upholds a general moral in line with the contemporary socio-political ethos, championing usage of politically correct language.

The thesis deals with correctness of a compiler of a simple language featuring exceptions. We present formal semantics, both denotational semantics of a~high-level language and operational semantics of a low-level language for a~simple stack machine. We study the method of stack unwinding and then iteratively, improving upon a naive solution, we present a different method that is structurally recursive and thus suitable for implementation in total dependently typed languages. Finally, we provide an implementation of the compiler in the dependently typed functional programming language Agda, along with a mechanically verifiable proof of adherence of the implementation to the semantics.

This study focuses on the translation from English to Swedish of three political articles published in The Economist. The aim was to analyze problems that can occur, and strategies that can be used when translating cultural aspects in the form of proper nouns and political correctness as well as political terminology. The study began by translating the texts mentioned above. The potential areas of special interest in the analysis were also identified. During the translation process, dictionaries, parallel texts and Statsvetenskapligt Lexikon proved particularly helpful along with various Internet searches. Theoretical strategies were also consulted and Vinay and Darbelnet’s (V & D in Munday 2008) theories and procedures proved useful. The strategies discussed by Ingo (1991 and 2007) were also applied to a great extent. The results showed that Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedure of borrowing along with Ingo’s strategy of adaption were most useful for translating proper nouns and political terminology. To use parallel texts as well as Ingo’s strategy of adaption proved to be the best way to deal with political correctness when translating the particular texts used for this study.

<p>Mångkultur har idag blivit ett begrepp för att tillskriva det svenska samhället ett visst tillstånd. I den här studien så utreds artiklar, bloggforum och SOU rapporter för att belysa hur svårt det är att föra ett kritiskt samtal kring det mångkulturella samhället. Ethno-Chic är en studie inom begreppet politisk korrekthet och dess diskursiva sammanhang i migrationsdebatten. Analysen leder till resonemanget att det politiskt korrekta har blivit en konsekvens av det antirasistiska, detta i sin tur har lett till att texter ständigt står under analys för vad som kan uppfattas som främlingsfientligt.</p> / <p>Ethno-Chic is a study of the discoursive appearance of the term political correctness in the Swedish debate on migration.</p>

The aim of this study is to quantify the extent to which political correctness, understood as an implicit social convention of restraint on public expression, operates within a community. Due to a scarcity of prior experimental research in the area, a new method was developed for the purpose of the study. Using random selection, the treatment consists of exposing groups averaging 10 individuals to a survey on diversity and immigration matters. The effect is measured as the discrepancy in attitudes that is revealed between anonymous and non-anonymous responses to the treatment survey. Control groups are similarly exposed to a survey on traditional left-right matters. The discrepancies are then compared. The results are controlled for possible influence by factors including group size, sex ratio, and length of study. The general effect of the treatment is not statistically significant, possibly as a result of small sample size. Further analysis shows a significant positive correlation between the proportion of women and the extent of attitude discrepancy. On one interpretation, this means that women in the population are on average more responsive to political correctness than men. Due to the population’s skewed characteristics, the results are not generalised. Future researchers in the area are advised to draw their sample from a more representative population, to investigate additional subject matters and to collect more sophisticated data, in particular on the level of the individual.

Mångkultur har idag blivit ett begrepp för att tillskriva det svenska samhället ett visst tillstånd. I den här studien så utreds artiklar, bloggforum och SOU rapporter för att belysa hur svårt det är att föra ett kritiskt samtal kring det mångkulturella samhället. Ethno-Chic är en studie inom begreppet politisk korrekthet och dess diskursiva sammanhang i migrationsdebatten. Analysen leder till resonemanget att det politiskt korrekta har blivit en konsekvens av det antirasistiska, detta i sin tur har lett till att texter ständigt står under analys för vad som kan uppfattas som främlingsfientligt. / Ethno-Chic is a study of the discoursive appearance of the term political correctness in the Swedish debate on migration.