Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-04T14:12:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6661131 bytes, checksum: bf31aa2581701cbc36b95efe83d886e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-04T14:12:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6661131 bytes, checksum: bf31aa2581701cbc36b95efe83d886e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / From the revisionism of modernist culture, the architectural design developed in the Brazilian academic scenario came to prominence in the field of research on teaching, especially in the mid-1980s. Since then, in search of suitable methods for the teaching of design, the study and use of architectural projects as reference is regarded by authors like Mahfuz (1984), Bilodeau (1997), and Veloso (2009) as an important tool for the learning of design. Adopting this statement as a premise, this paper presents an analysis of the projects chosen as references by graduates of architecture courses in João Pessoa and outlines the relationship of the studies carried out by students and their Final Project, in order to verify pedagogical usefulness and the degree of utilization of the project’s studies as subsidies towards the design. To develop the work aiming to achieve the goals, methodological procedures were determined to win three stages of research. The first stage came from the need to clarify the terms adopted by several authors, in order to understand the above notions: correlates, project references, among other terms used both by the authors and the graduates. The second stage deals with how the students analyse the reference projects, and proposes to identify the reading level reached and the achieved learning potential. This part of the research has as a guide the principles of the method developed by the art historian Panofsky (1939) adapted from the work of art reading for the design reading. The third stage investigates the use of the learning achieved, wherein is verified the participation of the elements identified in the analysis of correlates project at the student’s Final Project. The study concatenates the stages of research and shows an overview that points to a general dissent in how students conduct the research project steps. / A partir do revisionismo da cultura modernista, o projeto arquitetônico desenvolvido no cenário acadêmico brasileiro ganhou destaque no campo de investigação sobre o ensino, principalmente em meados da década de 1980. Desde então, em busca de métodos adequados para o ensino da projetação, o estudo e uso de projetos de referência passa a ser considerado por autores como Mahfuz (1984), Bilodeau (1997), e Veloso (2009), como importante ferramenta para o aprendizado de projeto. Adotando esta afirmação como premissa, este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos projetos eleitos como correlatos pelos concluintes dos cursos de arquitetura em João Pessoa, e expõe a relação dos estudos realizados pelos estudantes e seus projetos propostos nos Trabalhos Finais de Graduação, com vistas a verificar a utilidade pedagógica e o grau de aproveitamento dos estudos dos projetos como subsídios para a projetação. Para desenvolver o trabalho visando alcançar os objetivos traçados, os procedimentos metodológicos foram determinados para vencer três etapas de investigação. A primeira etapa parte da necessidade de precisar os termos adotados por diversos autores, buscando compreender as noções de precedentes, correlatos, referências projetuais, entre outros termos empregados tanto pelos autores como pelos concluintes. A segunda etapa aborda a maneira como os estudantes analisam os projetos de referência, e propõe identificar o nível de leitura atingido e o potencial de aprendizado alcançado. Esta parte da pesquisa tem como guia princípios do método do historiador de arte Panofsky (1939) adaptados da leitura da obra de arte para a leitura de projeto. A terceira etapa investiga o aproveitamento do aprendizado alcançado, em que se verifica a participação dos elementos identificados na análise dos correlatos no projeto final do discente. O estudo concatena as etapas de investigação e revela um panorama global que aponta para um dissenso geral no modo como os estudantes procedem às etapas de investigação do projeto.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Quantum bits, or qubits, are highly fragile due to interactions with the environment. The search for good protocols for protecting quantum information from decoherence is mandatory in order to make large-scale quantum computation possible. Most of the models proposed for this assume that correlations in the environment do not exist. Correlations can induce a time dependent error probability thus seriously damaging the quantum information over the time even if a quantum correction code is avaliable. In this way, we must taking into consideration possible physical limitations to fault-tolerant quantum computing. In this work we apply the Kernel Polynomial Method (KPM) to evaluate the density of states and fidelity decay of a L = 3 toric code without taking the lattice spin dynamics into account. The Hamiltonian model is based in a free bosonic environment and a spin-boson coupling, with two decoherence channels X and Z. A long-range, anisotropic interaction between spin pairs is then proposed as a correlated model. This correlation is directly related to the interaction strengh and range between spins. We show that the fidelity decay time scale depends on these parameters. / Os bits quânticos, ou qubits, são altamente sensíveis a interações com o ambiente. O estudo de protocolos visando proteger a informação quântica da descoerência é essencial para a implementação da computação quântica em larga escala. Boa parte dos modelos propostos para esta finalidade assume as correlações no ambiente como inexistentes. Estas podem induzir uma dependência temporal na probabilidade de erro, comprometendo efetivamente a confiabilidade da informação quântica ao longo do tempo, mesmo na presença de um código de correção. Sendo assim, devemos levar em consideração possíveis limitações físicas na computação quântica tolerante a falhas. Neste trabalho aplicamos o Método Kernel Polinomial (KPM) no cálculo da densidade de estados e do decaimento da fidelidade para o código tórico L = 3 sem considerar a dinâmica entre os spins da rede. O modelo Hamiltoniano utilizado consiste em um ambiente bosônico livre e um acoplamento spin-bóson, com dois canais de descoerência, X e Z. Uma interação efetiva de longo alcance, anisotrópica, entre todos os pares de spins da rede é então proposta como um modelo correlacionado. A correlação está diretamente associada à amplitude e ao alcance da interação entre os spins. Mostramos que a escala de tempo do decaimento da fidelidade depende destes fatores.

Nous nous intéressons à l'estimation de la distribution spectrale de l'éclairement solaire au sol en tout lieu et tout instant. Etant donné le très petit nombre de stations de mesure au sol, nous nous proposons de développer une méthode numérique exploitant des estimations de la composition atmosphérique faites quotidiennement. Cette méthode doit être suffisamment rapide pour être utilisée en mode intensif de manière opérationnelle. Les domaines d'applications ciblés sont l'ultraviolet (UV), la photosynthèse et la lumière du jour, avec une limitation au cas du ciel clair. Notre première innovation est de partir paradoxalement des approches numériques très rapides et précises de calcul de l'éclairement total. Ces approches développées donnent une description de la distribution spectrale du rayonnement solaire en un nombre restreint de bandes discrètes. La plus fine et la plus récente de ces approches est la «k distribution method and the correlated k approximation» de Kato et al. (1999). Elle fournit des estimations de l'éclairement dans 32 bandes spectrales. Pour atteindre l'objectif de la thèse, nous avons tout d'abord étudié la précision de cette approche dans chacune des 32 bandes. Les résultats sont bons dans toutes les bandes excepté l'UV. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle paramétrisation de la transmittance de l'ozone, que nous avons intégré au code numérique de transfert radiatif libRadtran. Enfin, nous avons élaboré deux techniques de ré-échantillonnage permettant d'obtenir à partir des 32 valeurs discrètes, des estimations de l'éclairement dans n'importe quel intervalle spectral, y compris en prenant en compte une réponse spectrale du système éclairé. Des validations ont pu être faites à l'aide de quelques stations de mesures. Les premiers résultats sont jugés encourageants en comparaison avec la précision relevée sur les instruments de mesure de qualité. Des voies d'améliorations ont pu être recensées pour un gain de précision notable. / We are interested in the estimation of the spectral distribution of the solar irradiance on the ground in any place and time. Given the very small number of measurement stations on the ground, we suggest developing a digital method exploiting estimations of the atmospheric composition made daily. This method must be enough fast to be used in intensive mode in an operational way. The targeted fields of application are the ultraviolet (UV), photosynthesis and daylight; with a limitation in the case of the clear sky. Our first innovation is to leave paradoxically from very rapid numerical approaches of calculation of the total irradiance. These developed approaches give a description of the spectral distribution of solar irradiance in a number restricted by discrete bands. The finest and the most recent of these approaches is «k-distribution method and the correlated-k approximation» of Kato and al. (1999). It supplies estimations of the irradiance in 32 spectral bands. To achieve this PhD goal, we have first of all, studied the accuracy of the approach in each of 32 bands. The results are good in all the bands except in the UV. We proposed a novel parametrization of the transmittance of the ozone, which we integrated into the radiative transfer model libRadtran. Finally, we developed two techniques of re-sampling allowing to obtain from 32 discrete values, estimations of the irradiance in any spectral interval, including by taking into account a spectral response of the illuminated system. Experimental validations have been carried out by means of some measurement stations. The preliminary results are considered encouraging in comparison with the precision found on quality measuring instruments. Ways of improvements have been listed for a gain of notable precision.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Balasubramaniam Natarajan / Decentralized sensor networks are collections of individual local sensors that observe a common phenomenon, quantize their observations, and send this quantized information to a central processor (fusion center) which then makes a global decision about the phenomenon. Most of the existing literature in this field consider only the data fusion aspect of this problem, i.e., the statistical hypothesis testing and optimal combining of the information obtained by the local sensors. In this thesis, we look at both the data detection and the data fusion aspects of the decentralized sensor networks. By data detection, we refer to the communication problem of transmitting quantized information from the local sensors to the fusion center through a multiple access channel. This work first analyzes the data fusion problem in decentralized sensor network when the sensor observations are corrupted by additive white gaussian noise. We optimize both local decision rules and fusion rule for this case. After that, we consider same problem when the observations are corrupted by correlated gaussian noise. We propose a novel parallel genetic algorithm which simultaneously optimizes both the local decision and fusion rules and show that our algorithm matches the results from prior work with considerably less computational cost. We also demonstrate that, irrespective of the fusion rule, the system can provide equivalent performance with an appropriate choice of local decision rules. The second part of this work analyzes the data detection problem in distributed sensor networks. We characterize this problem as a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system problem, where the local sensors represent the multiple input nodes and the fusion center(s) represent the output nodes. This set up, where the number of input nodes (sensors) is greater than the number of output nodes (fusion center(s)), is known as an overloaded array in MIMO terminology. We use a genetic algorithm to solve this overloaded array problem.

No description available.

In this thesis, I present a microscopic theory of quantum circuits based on interacting electron spins in quantum dot molecules. We use the Linear Combination of Harmonic Orbitals-Configuration Interaction (LCHO-CI) formalism for microscopic calculations. We then derive effective Hubbard, t-J, and Heisenberg models. These models are used to predict the electronic, spin and transport properties of a triple quantum dot molecule (TQDM) as a function of topology, gate configuration, bias and magnetic field. With these theoretical tools and fully characterized TQDMs, we propose the following applications: 1. Voltage tunable qubit encoded in the chiral states of a half-filled TQDM. We show how to perform single qubit operations by pulsing voltages. We propose the "chirality-to-charge" conversion as the measurement scheme and demonstrate the robustness of the chirality-encoded qubit due to charge fluctuations. We derive an effective qubit-qubit Hamiltonian and demonstrate the two-qubit gate. This provides all the necessary operations for a quantum computer built with chirality-encoded qubits. 2. Berry's phase. We explore the prospect of geometric quantum computing with chirality-encoded qubit. We construct a Herzberg circuit in the voltage space and show the accumulation of Berry's phase. 3. Macroscopic quantum states on a semiconductor chip. We consider a linear chain of TQDMs, each with 4 electrons, obtained by nanostructuring a metallic gate in a field effect transistor. We theoretically show that the low energy spectrum of the chain maps onto that of a spin-1 chain. Hence, we show that macroscopic quantum states, protected by a Haldane gap from the continuum, emerge. In order to minimize decoherence of electron spin qubits, we consider using electron spins in the p orbitals of the valence band (valence holes) as qubits. We develop a theory of valence hole qubit within the 4-band k.p model. We show that static magnetic fields can be used to perform single qubit operations. We also show that the qubit-qubit interactions are sensitive to the geometry of a quantum dot network. For vertical qubit arrays, we predict that there exists an optimal qubit separation suitable for the voltage control of qubit-qubit interactions.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des phases de Mott isolantes des systèmes unidimensionnels d'atomes froids fermioniques à plusieurs composantes. La première partie de ce travail consiste en l'étude du modèle des atomes froids de type alcalinoterreux de spin nucléaire I=1/2. Ces atomes possèdent un état excité métastable offrant à ces atomes un degré de liberté orbital supplémentaire et en fait des fermions à quatre composantes. L'étude est menée au demi-remplissage, aux forts et aux faibles couplages par des moyens analytiques (théorie conforme, bosonisation, refermionisation, groupe de renormalisation); elle conduit à un diagramme de phase très riche. Il comporte sept phases isolantes de Mott dont trois sont particulièrement intéressantes, car elles présentent un ordre caché qui s'apparente à la physique de Haldane de la chaîne antiferromagnétique de spin-1. Ces conclusions sont mises en regard avec des simulations numériques exécutées avec l'algorithme du groupe de renormalisation de la matrice densité (DMRG), pour un régime de couplages intermédiaires. La comparaison montre une continuité adiabatique entre les différents régimes de couplages. Une étude similaire d'un modèle d'atomes froids de spin-3/2 met en évidence la physique de Haldane dans le secteur de charge des degrés de liberté, avec pour modèle effectif une chaîne de (pseudo-)spin-1. L'étude nous permet également l'investigation des propriétés de température nulle de la chaîne bilinéaire et biquadratique de Heisenberg SO(5). On montre qu'elle présente deux phases gappées : l'une dimerisée et l'autre possédant une symétrie cachée (Z_2xZ_2)² et des états de bords de spin-3/2, séparées par un point critique appartenant à la classe d'universalité SO(5)_1. Enfin, une étude de systèmes d'atomes froids de spins demi-entiers (à 2N composantes) généralise les résultats obtenus pour les spins-3/2. Cela nous conduit en particulier à mettre en évidence un effet pair/impair suivant N, en tout point similaire à l'effet pair/impair des chaînes de spin, découvert par Haldane en 1983. / This thesis is devoted to the investigation of the Mott insulating phases arising in onedimensionalmulticomponent fermionic cold atoms systems. The first part of this work isthe study of a model with alkaline-earth cold atoms with nuclear spin I = 1/2. Thoseatoms enjoy an additional orbital degree of freedom, due to the presence of a metastableexcited state ; they thus have a total of four components. Our investigation is carried athalf-filling, at strong and at weak couplings by means of analytic methods (conformaltheory, bononization, refermionization, renormalisation group). We found that the zerotemperature phase diagram of the system is very rich : it contains seven Mott insulatingphases, among which three are particularly interesting, since they display a hiddenorder, related to the Haldane physics of the antiferromagnetic spin-1 Heisenberg chain.Our conclusions are checked against numerical simulations, that were carried out with thedensity matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm for intermediate couplings. Thecomparison shows an adiabatic continuity between the different regimes. A similar studyfor a model of cold atoms with hyperfine spin-3/2 highlights the Haldane physics in thecharge sector of the degrees of freedom, with an effective model given by an antiferromagneticpseudo-spin-1 chain. This analysis provides us an opportunity to investigate thezero temperature properties of the SO(5) bilinear-biquadratic Heisenberg chain. We showthe presence of two gapped phases : one is dimerized, the other has a hidden symmetry(Z2 × Z2)2 and spin-3/2 edge states, and they are separated by a critical point that belongsto the SO(5)1 universality class. Finally, we investigate half-integer hyperfine spincold atoms systems with 2N components which generalized the results obtained for thehyperfine spin-3/2 model. This leads us to find an even/odd effect according to the parityof N, very similar to the even/odd effect of spin chains, discovered by Haldane in 1983.

Cluster analysis is a popular method of multivariate statistics. Based on mutual similarities between objects this method is able to classify and divide objects into several groups or clusters. The results of the clustering can be different by using different methods, measures of distance and procedures. The main aim of this thesis is to compare the results of several methods of cluster analysis with the known classification of classes from the original data file. In total, there are 15 data files, which were analyzed and each of them contained known information about the right allocation of objects in groups. The success of clustering of each method was calculated by comparing the known classification of classes and resulted clusters. In addition to the comparison of individual methods of cluster analysis was compared the impact of standardization and correlation to the success of each method. To reflect the distance betweeen the objects within each clusters, squared Euclidean distance was used. The results of this thesis point out that better success of clustering were achieved in the case of correlated variables in data file. The succes of clustering was higher about 2 percent points than in the case when correlated variables were deleted from data set. The methods divided 69,8 % objects before standardization and 70,8 % objects after standardization. The results also show a large importance of standardization in the case of Ward´s method. After standardization this method rank the most objects into correct classification classes and were more succesful, about nine percent points. In the case of correlated variables is the succes of the method 76,4 %. Standardization positively influences also centroid method and the method of farthest neighbour. Median method, nearest neighbour method and the method of average linkage achieve higher success of clustering in the case of original, nonstandardized variables (uneven variables).

Les matériaux multiferroïques, dans lesquels magnétisme et ferroélectricité coexistent, sont un intérêt majeur dans le domaine du stockage de l'information. Un couplage magnétoélectrique robuste, ainsi qu'une polarisation électrique importante, sont les conditions requises à température ambiante pour ces matériaux multifonctionnels. Ce manuscrit rend compte de travaux théoriques visant à principalement caractériser les propriétés magnétiques d'oxydes à majorité cuivrés, susceptibles de répondre à ces exigences. Une première partie vise à une présentation succincte des cuprates, et de concepts fondamentaux concernant le magnétisme et la multiferroïcité. La seconde partie expose les méthodes de modélisation employées. Le chapitre trois donne à un aperçu de techniques expérimentales, tels que le magnétomètre à SQUID ou la RPE. Ensuite, les composés AFeO₃ (A = Sc, In et Bi) et un complexe à base de chrome servent de terrain de jeu, à la mise en place de l'approche calculatoire. La complémentarité entre les méthodes ab initio et les techniques de type Monte-Carlo ou Diagonalisation Exacte, permet une description complète du diagramme de phases magnétiques, alimentée d'une discussion permanente avec l'expérience. Une stratégie similaire est utilisée dans le chapitre suivant, avec l'étude du composé SeCuO₃ et de ses fluctuations quantiques. La dernière partie consiste en la caractérisation de l'effet d'une pression physique (hydrostatique ou uniaxiale) ou chimique sur les propriétés magnétiques des composés CuO, Cu₂OX₂ et CuX₂ (X=F, Cl, Br et I). / Multiferroic materials, in which magnetism and ferroelectricity coexist, have a great interest for memory devices. A robust magnetoelectric coupling, and a high electric polarization, are required at ambient temperature for these multifunctional materials. This thesis reports theoretical works mainly devoted to characterize magnetic properties of cuprates and other oxide compounds, which could develop such skills. A first part aims at briefly discussing cuprates and fundamental concepts of magnetism and multiferroicity. The second chapter is devoted to the theoretical methods used during these works. The third chapter corresponds to a brief overview of experimental techniques, like SQUID magnetometry or EPR. In the fourth chapter, AFeO₃ (A = Sc, In and Bi) multiferroic hexaferrites and a complex based on chromium centers are considered as a "testing ground" to the establishment of the computational approach. Thanks to the complementarity between ab initio methods, using Density Functional Theory, and simulation techniques as Monte-Carlo or Exact Diagonalization procedures, the entire magnetic phase diagram can be fully described. In chapter 5, a similar strategy is considered for studying the SeCuO₃ compound, which exhibits two decoupled magnetic sub-networks and quantum fluctuations. The last chapter of this thesis focuses on the tuning of the magnetic phases diagrams of CuO, Cu₂OX₂ and CuX₂ compounds (X = F, Cl, Br, I) applying physical (hydrostatic and uniaxial) and chemical pressures.

Cette thèse traite des systèmes de Hall quantiques en deux dimensions, dans lesquels les électrons peuvent porter plusieurs degrés de liberté discrets différents. Le ferromagnétisme de Hall quantique fournit une manière de traiter ces degrés de liberté électroniques comme des spins et isospins effectifs des électrons. Les différentes phases du système correspondent alors à différents ordres de spin ou d'isospin. En exploitant cette analogie, nous explorons différents aspects des systèmes bi-dimensionnels dans le régime de Hall quantique en étudiant la structure correspondante des spins et isospins. Ce travail consiste en trois parties qui analysent différents matériaux bi-dimensionnels dans le régime de l'effet Hall quantique. Dans chaque projet, nous utilisons la théorie de Hartree-Fock pour étudier le système à plusieurs composantes de spin et d'isospin dans l'approximation de champ moyen. Toutes nos considérations sont directement stimulées par des résultats expérimentaux. Notre motivation principale est d'obtenir une compréhension plus profonde des processus physiques et des mécanismes qui déterminent les propriétés des matériaux à partir d'investigations exclusivement théoriques de modèles abstraits. Nous espérons que cela permettra par la suite de tirer des conclusions sur les expériences, de donner des explications aux phénomènes observés ainsi que de donner des perspectives pour des investigations futures. / The present thesis deals with two-dimensional quantum Hall systems in which the electrons may be endowed with multiple discrete degrees of freedom. Quantum Hall ferromagnetism provides a framework to treat these electronic degrees of freedom as effective spins and isospins of the electrons. Different orderings of the electronic spins and isospins then characterise different possible phases of the system. Using this analogy, various aspects of the two-dimensional systems in the quantum Hall regime are explored theoretically by studying the corresponding spin and isospin structure. The work consists of three parts in which different two-dimensional materials are investigated in the quantum Hall regime. In any of the three projects presented within this thesis, Hartree Fock theory is employed to study the multicomponent spin and isospin system at the mean field level. All our considerations are stimulated directly by experimental results. We draw our main motivation from the key idea that purely theoretical investigations of abstract models may us allow to obtain deeper insights into the physical processes and mechanisms that determine the properties of the materials. This, in turn, we hope to allow conclusions about the experiments by providing possible explanations of the phenomena observed, as well as prospects for future investigations.