Outdoor play is one major source of physical activity (PA) in children. In particular, parents act as gatekeepers, because they can enable their children’s outdoor play. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of parental correlates of outdoor play. A systematic literature research of six electronic databases (ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science Core Collection) was conducted with previously defined search terms, focusing on children 0–12 years old. In total, 1719 potentially publications were screened based on eligibility criteria. Included studies were scored for overall study quality. Findings were summarized using a semi-quantitative method. Twenty-one peer-reviewed publications which examined the relationship of parental correlates and outdoor play were included. Overall, five parental correlates were associated with children’s amount of outdoor play: mothers’ ethnicity, mothers’ employment status, parents’ education level, the importance parents assign to outdoor play, and perceived social cohesion in the neighborhood. Merely four studies reported sex/gender-stratified results. In summary, only parents’ encouragement/support provided evidence for girls’ amount of outdoor play. The findings are considered to be of public health relevance for developing intervention programs to increase outdoor play and for improving child’s health. More research, especially considering sex/gender of the child, is required.

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Text in English / As an external cause of death, strangulation represents an extreme and particularly pernicious form of violence. Following the evidence gap in the extant literature, the current research examined the incidence, distributions, individual and situational predictors, and structural determinants of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg for the period 2001-2010. The thesis is structured around four discrete but interrelated studies, which collectively offer an initial contribution to the body of scholarship on homicide generally, and on the characteristics and patterns of strangulation homicide specifically. The research drew on data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System and the South African National Census. Study I is a descriptive study that quantifies the extent of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg and describes its distribution by characteristics of person, time, place and alcohol consumption. The remaining studies are analytical in focus, and are aimed at explaining homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg in terms of its determinants. These studies are differentiated by their focus on individual-level and neighbourhood-level risks. Study II assesses overall homicide strangulation risk in relation to all the other leading causes of homicide. Study III undertakes further disaggregation to investigate homicidal strangulation risk by gender specifically. Study IV considers the socio-structural correlates and geographic distributions of fatal strangulation. The study engages select micro-level and macro-level theories that focus on the intersection between vulnerability and routine activities, gender and neighbourhood derivatives of violence to explain the social ecology of lethal strangulation. The research findings demonstrate that homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg is a unique phenomenon that is distinct from overall homicide. As the fourth leading cause of homicide in the City of Johannesburg, fatal strangulation exhibits a marked female preponderance in victimisation and distinctive socio-demographic, spatio-temporal, sex-specific and neighbourhood-level variation in risk. The study is aligned with the increasing trend towards disaggregating overall homicide into more defined and conceptually meaningful categories of homicide. The study may represent one of the first empirical investigations that also attempts to offer theoretically-derived explanations of homicidal strangulation in South Africa. Fatal strangulation is a multi-faceted phenomenon that requires multi-dimensional and multi-level interventions directed at several points of its social ecology. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)

Pour la plupart des gens, la lecture est une activité automatique, inhérente à leur vie quotidienne et ne demandant que peu d’effort. Chez les individus souffrant d’épilepsie réflexe à la lecture, le simple fait de lire déclenche des crises épileptiques et les personnes doivent alors renoncer à la lecture. Les facteurs responsables du déclenchement de l’activité épileptique dans l’épilepsie réflexe à la lecture demeurent encore mal définis. Certains auteurs suggèrent que le nombre ainsi que la localisation des pointes épileptiques seraient en lien avec la voie de lecture impliquée. Des études en imagerie cérébrale, menées auprès de populations sans trouble neurologique, ont dévoilé que la lecture active un réseau étendu incluant les cortex frontaux, temporo-pariétaux et occipito-temporaux bilatéralement avec des différences dans les patrons d’activation pour les voies de lecture lexicale et phonologique. La majorité des études ont eu recours à des tâches de lecture silencieuse qui ne permettent pas d'évaluer la performance des participants. Dans la première étude de cette thèse, qui porte sur une étude de cas d'un patient avec épilepsie réflexe à la lecture, nous avons déterminé les tâches langagières et les caractéristiques des stimuli qui influencent l'activité épileptique. Les résultats ont confirmé que la lecture était la principale tâche responsable du déclenchement de l’activité épileptique chez ce patient. En particulier, la fréquence des pointes épileptiques était significativement plus élevée lorsque le patient avait recours au processus de conversion grapho-phonémique. Les enregistrements électroencéphalographiques (EEG) ont révélé que les pointes épileptiques étaient localisées dans le gyrus précentral gauche, indépendamment de la voie de lecture. La seconde étude avait comme objectif de valider un protocole de lecture à voix haute ayant recours à la spectroscopie près du spectre de l’infrarouge (SPIR) pour investiguer les circuits neuronaux qui sous-tendent la lecture chez les normo-lecteurs. Douze participants neurologiquement sains ont lu à voix haute des mots irréguliers et des non-mots lors d’enregistrements en SPIR. Les résultats ont montré que la lecture des deux types de stimuli impliquait des régions cérébrales bilatérales communes incluant le gyrus frontal inférieur, le gyrus prémoteur et moteur, le cortex somatosensoriel associatif, le gyrus temporal moyen et supérieur, le gyrus supramarginal, le gyrus angulaire et le cortex visuel. Les concentrations totales d’hémoglobine (HbT) dans les gyri frontaux inférieurs bilatéraux étaient plus élevées dans la lecture des non-mots que dans celle des mots irréguliers. Ce résultat suggère que le gyrus frontal inférieur joue un rôle dans la conversion grapho-phonémique, qui caractérise la voie de lecture phonologique. Cette étude a confirmé le potentiel de la SPIR pour l’investigation des corrélats neuronaux des deux voies de lecture. Une des retombées importantes de cette thèse consiste en l’utilisation du protocole de lecture en SPIR pour investiguer les troubles de la lecture. Ces investigations pourraient aider à mieux établir les liens entre le fonctionnement cérébral et la lecture dans les dyslexies développementales et acquises. / For most people, reading is a smooth, automatic activity that is part of their everyday life. For individuals suffering from reflex reading epilepsy, this simple activity triggers seizures and these individuals have no other alternatives than to stop reading. The factors responsible for triggering epileptic activity in reflex reading epilepsy remain unspecified. Some authors suggest that the number and the localization of spikes would vary according to the reading pathway. Cerebral imaging studies conducted in populations without neurological disorders have revealed that reading involves an extensive cerebral network including the frontal, temporo-parietal and occipito-temporal regions bilaterally, with differences in activation patterns for the lexical and the phonological reading pathways. Most studies have resorted to silent reading tasks that do not allow researchers to assess the performance of the participants. In the first study in this dissertation, we determined the language tasks and characteristics of the stimuli that influenced epileptic activity in a patient with primary reading epilepsy. The results confirmed that reading was the language task responsible for triggering most of the epileptic activity in this patient. More specifically, spike frequency was significantly higher when the patient read the stimuli by resorting to the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanisms. The electroencephalography (EEG) recordings revealed that spikes were located in the left precentral gyrus for both reading pathways. The second study aimed at developing and validating a protocol using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate the neural correlates of reading aloud in competent readers. Twelve adults without reading impairments or neurological disorders read aloud irregular words and nonwords during NIRS recordings. The results showed that irregular word and nonword reading involved common bilateral cerebral regions that included the inferior frontal gyrus, the premotor and motor gyri, the somatosensory supplementary cortex, the middle and superior temporal gyri, the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and the visual cortex. The total hemoglobin concentrations (HbT) measured in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri were higher when participants read nonwords than when they read irregular words. This finding indicates that the inferior frontal gyri play a role in the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanism, mostly involved in the phonological reading pathway. This study confirms the potential of NIRS in investigating the neural correlates of the two reading pathways. A significant outcome of this dissertation is that NIRS constitutes an excellent technique in studying reading aloud. Further NIRS investigations in reading should help determine the neural correlates of reading in children and adults with developmental and acquired dyslexia.

La pharmaco-résistance est une complication évolutive fréquente de l'épisode dépressif majeur. La rTMS est une technique de stimulation cérébrale innovante dont l'efficacité antidépressive est maintenant établie.Le premier objectif de notre travail de thèse a été de caractériser les substrats fonctionnels de la dépression pharmaco-résistante à l'aide de la technique TEMP, afin d'identifier des patterns d'anomalies cérébrales qui leur sont propres. Dans un second temps, et sur la base des travaux existant sur les mécanismes d'action de la rTMS, nous avons étudié la valeur prédictive de marqueurs fonctionnels en neuro-imagerie TEMP et par EEG. Enfin, nous avons relié l'effet cérébral de la rTMS révélé par la neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle à son efficacité antidépressive, et de façon plus globale à la qualité de vie, comme recommandé actuellement.Nos résultats montrent l'existence d'un pattern de perfusion cérébrale commun aux patients pharmaco-résistants quel que soit le type de dépression, impliquant les régions fronto-temporales et le cervelet. L'étude TEMP de la perfusion cérébrale et de l'activité cérébrale en l'EEG dans sa bande alpha semble pouvoir prédire de façon satisfaisante, avant traitement, l'amélioration clinique individuelle des patients dépressifs pharmaco-résistants traités par rTMS. L'efficacité antidépressive de la rTMS apparait équivalente quel que soit le côté stimulé, entrainant des modifications de perfusion cérébrale comparables. Enfin, nos résultats ont permis d'identifier des régions cérébrales dysfonctionnelles distinctes et confirment l'interet d'une approche complémentaire de la dépression, par l'évaluation de la qualité de vie. / Treatment-resistance is a common outcome of a major depressive episode. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been put forward as a new technique to treat this debilitating illness. The first objective of our thesis was to characterize the functional substrates of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) using SPECT technique, in order to identify specific patterns of brain abnormalities. In a second part, based on existing work on the antidepressant mechanisms of rTMS, we investigated the predictive value of two neurofunctional biomarkers: SPECT and EEG. Finally, we studied brain SPECT perfusion changes underlying therapeutic efficiency and improvement of quality of life, as currently recommended. Our results showed the existence of a common pattern of brain perfusion in treatment-resistant patients involving the fronto-temporal regions and the cerebellum, regardless the type of depression. At baseline, SPECT brain perfusion and alpha EEG band power could predict individual clinical improvement in TRD-patients treated with rTMS. Regardless the stimulated side, the antidepressant efficacy of rTMS consisted in similar changes in cerebral perfusion. Finally, our results have identified distinct dysfunctional brain regions and confirm the interest of a complementary approach to depression, by assessing quality of life.

Pour la plupart des gens, la lecture est une activité automatique, inhérente à leur vie quotidienne et ne demandant que peu d’effort. Chez les individus souffrant d’épilepsie réflexe à la lecture, le simple fait de lire déclenche des crises épileptiques et les personnes doivent alors renoncer à la lecture. Les facteurs responsables du déclenchement de l’activité épileptique dans l’épilepsie réflexe à la lecture demeurent encore mal définis. Certains auteurs suggèrent que le nombre ainsi que la localisation des pointes épileptiques seraient en lien avec la voie de lecture impliquée. Des études en imagerie cérébrale, menées auprès de populations sans trouble neurologique, ont dévoilé que la lecture active un réseau étendu incluant les cortex frontaux, temporo-pariétaux et occipito-temporaux bilatéralement avec des différences dans les patrons d’activation pour les voies de lecture lexicale et phonologique. La majorité des études ont eu recours à des tâches de lecture silencieuse qui ne permettent pas d'évaluer la performance des participants. Dans la première étude de cette thèse, qui porte sur une étude de cas d'un patient avec épilepsie réflexe à la lecture, nous avons déterminé les tâches langagières et les caractéristiques des stimuli qui influencent l'activité épileptique. Les résultats ont confirmé que la lecture était la principale tâche responsable du déclenchement de l’activité épileptique chez ce patient. En particulier, la fréquence des pointes épileptiques était significativement plus élevée lorsque le patient avait recours au processus de conversion grapho-phonémique. Les enregistrements électroencéphalographiques (EEG) ont révélé que les pointes épileptiques étaient localisées dans le gyrus précentral gauche, indépendamment de la voie de lecture. La seconde étude avait comme objectif de valider un protocole de lecture à voix haute ayant recours à la spectroscopie près du spectre de l’infrarouge (SPIR) pour investiguer les circuits neuronaux qui sous-tendent la lecture chez les normo-lecteurs. Douze participants neurologiquement sains ont lu à voix haute des mots irréguliers et des non-mots lors d’enregistrements en SPIR. Les résultats ont montré que la lecture des deux types de stimuli impliquait des régions cérébrales bilatérales communes incluant le gyrus frontal inférieur, le gyrus prémoteur et moteur, le cortex somatosensoriel associatif, le gyrus temporal moyen et supérieur, le gyrus supramarginal, le gyrus angulaire et le cortex visuel. Les concentrations totales d’hémoglobine (HbT) dans les gyri frontaux inférieurs bilatéraux étaient plus élevées dans la lecture des non-mots que dans celle des mots irréguliers. Ce résultat suggère que le gyrus frontal inférieur joue un rôle dans la conversion grapho-phonémique, qui caractérise la voie de lecture phonologique. Cette étude a confirmé le potentiel de la SPIR pour l’investigation des corrélats neuronaux des deux voies de lecture. Une des retombées importantes de cette thèse consiste en l’utilisation du protocole de lecture en SPIR pour investiguer les troubles de la lecture. Ces investigations pourraient aider à mieux établir les liens entre le fonctionnement cérébral et la lecture dans les dyslexies développementales et acquises. / For most people, reading is a smooth, automatic activity that is part of their everyday life. For individuals suffering from reflex reading epilepsy, this simple activity triggers seizures and these individuals have no other alternatives than to stop reading. The factors responsible for triggering epileptic activity in reflex reading epilepsy remain unspecified. Some authors suggest that the number and the localization of spikes would vary according to the reading pathway. Cerebral imaging studies conducted in populations without neurological disorders have revealed that reading involves an extensive cerebral network including the frontal, temporo-parietal and occipito-temporal regions bilaterally, with differences in activation patterns for the lexical and the phonological reading pathways. Most studies have resorted to silent reading tasks that do not allow researchers to assess the performance of the participants. In the first study in this dissertation, we determined the language tasks and characteristics of the stimuli that influenced epileptic activity in a patient with primary reading epilepsy. The results confirmed that reading was the language task responsible for triggering most of the epileptic activity in this patient. More specifically, spike frequency was significantly higher when the patient read the stimuli by resorting to the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanisms. The electroencephalography (EEG) recordings revealed that spikes were located in the left precentral gyrus for both reading pathways. The second study aimed at developing and validating a protocol using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate the neural correlates of reading aloud in competent readers. Twelve adults without reading impairments or neurological disorders read aloud irregular words and nonwords during NIRS recordings. The results showed that irregular word and nonword reading involved common bilateral cerebral regions that included the inferior frontal gyrus, the premotor and motor gyri, the somatosensory supplementary cortex, the middle and superior temporal gyri, the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and the visual cortex. The total hemoglobin concentrations (HbT) measured in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri were higher when participants read nonwords than when they read irregular words. This finding indicates that the inferior frontal gyri play a role in the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanism, mostly involved in the phonological reading pathway. This study confirms the potential of NIRS in investigating the neural correlates of the two reading pathways. A significant outcome of this dissertation is that NIRS constitutes an excellent technique in studying reading aloud. Further NIRS investigations in reading should help determine the neural correlates of reading in children and adults with developmental and acquired dyslexia.

Compared to males in almost any social group in all affluent nations, Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men suffer from substantially more serious illnesses and early death. To date, research done by or in collaboration with Indigenous communities has revealed the extent of the problems that arise from diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, cancers, respiratory diseases, psychological disorders, accidental injuries, violence and other causes. Reproductive health, however, rarely has been studied among Indigenous men. To date, research in this field has been limited mainly to studies of sexually transmitted infections. No data has been published on Aboriginal men's symptoms of prostate disease or erectile dysfunction, nor has the clinical screening and treatment of these disorders among these men been assessed. In-depth search of the worldwide web demonstrated that little information on these issues was available from other Indigenous populations. It does appear that Indigenous men in Australia, New Zealand and North America are less likely than European-ancestry men to die from prostate cancer, or for living cases to be recorded on cancer registries. This may arise because Indigenous men genuinely have a lower risk, or because they are not captured by official statistics, or because they do not live long enough to develop severe prostate disease. We also know very little about other reproductive health problems such as sexual dysfunction and specifically erectile difficulties. One reason for our scant knowledge is that research mainly relies on self-report of sensitive information. The aim of the research study was to improve the understanding of sexual and reproductive health problems experienced by Indigenous men. This is best gathered by Aboriginal males who are inside the culture of middleaged and older Indigenous men, but until now this has not been attempted. In this study we adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions for Reproductive and Sexual Health (WHO, 2001). Thus, we consider reproductive system disorders (prostate disease, erectile dysfunction) and related health care-seeking, and also men's perceptions about a "satisfying and safe sexual life". The methodology was framed within an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research protocol that advocates respect for cultural, social and community customs. A mixed method design combined qualitative inquiry (4 focus groups and 18 in-depth interviews) and quantitative survey (n=301) involving men living in remote, rural and urban communities (Tiwi Islands, Darwin and north and south-east Queensland). Survey data were compared to recently published self-reports from 5990 randomly selected men aged over 40 years in Australia (Holden et al., 2005, The Lancet, 366, 218-224. The qualitative interviews revealed that most men were silent about reproductive health. They were unwilling to reveal their inner feelings to wives or partners, and they were unwilling to discuss such issues with doctors and other health care workers. Men's reaction to sexual difficulties included shame, denial, substance abuse and occasionally violence. On a positive note many men said they want to learn about it, so they understand how to cope with such problems. The Indigenous men reported symptoms of erectile dysfunction at least as much as non-Indigenous men in other Australian studies. Bivariate analysis showed that erectile dysfunction was correlated with many health and lifestyle variable. However multivariate analysis revealed that only three factors significantly predicted ED: presence of chronic disease, presence of pain when working, and living in a remote geographic location The quantitative survey data indicate that Indigenous men have more symptoms of prostate disease than non-Indigenous men. The syndrome appears to be poorly managed in clinical practice (e.g. rates of PSA testing and digital-rectal examination are only one-third the rate reported by non-Aboriginal men, despite equivalent likelihood of GP visits). The research study adds to the literature by providing better insight and depth into the issues impacting on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males experiencing reproductive and sexual health difficulties. It also provides a platform to undertake comprehensive research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men to explore a wider spectrum of questions in this important but neglected area. Implications for education of primary healthcare workers and community-based awareness campaigns for Indigenous males are discussed. Most of all, this study revealed "layers" of silence around sexual and reproductive health of Indigenous men. This includes silence in the scientific establishments in health services, and in the community. It is hoped that this study puts the voices of the men forward to help to break down this silence.

Text in English / As an external cause of death, strangulation represents an extreme and particularly pernicious form of violence. Following the evidence gap in the extant literature, the current research examined the incidence, distributions, individual and situational predictors, and structural determinants of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg for the period 2001-2010. The thesis is structured around four discrete but interrelated studies, which collectively offer an initial contribution to the body of scholarship on homicide generally, and on the characteristics and patterns of strangulation homicide specifically. The research drew on data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System and the South African National Census. Study I is a descriptive study that quantifies the extent of homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg and describes its distribution by characteristics of person, time, place and alcohol consumption. The remaining studies are analytical in focus, and are aimed at explaining homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg in terms of its determinants. These studies are differentiated by their focus on individual-level and neighbourhood-level risks. Study II assesses overall homicide strangulation risk in relation to all the other leading causes of homicide. Study III undertakes further disaggregation to investigate homicidal strangulation risk by gender specifically. Study IV considers the socio-structural correlates and geographic distributions of fatal strangulation. The study engages select micro-level and macro-level theories that focus on the intersection between vulnerability and routine activities, gender and neighbourhood derivatives of violence to explain the social ecology of lethal strangulation. The research findings demonstrate that homicidal strangulation in the City of Johannesburg is a unique phenomenon that is distinct from overall homicide. As the fourth leading cause of homicide in the City of Johannesburg, fatal strangulation exhibits a marked female preponderance in victimisation and distinctive socio-demographic, spatio-temporal, sex-specific and neighbourhood-level variation in risk. The study is aligned with the increasing trend towards disaggregating overall homicide into more defined and conceptually meaningful categories of homicide. The study may represent one of the first empirical investigations that also attempts to offer theoretically-derived explanations of homicidal strangulation in South Africa. Fatal strangulation is a multi-faceted phenomenon that requires multi-dimensional and multi-level interventions directed at several points of its social ecology. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)

Background: Child abuse in South Africa is a significant public health concern with severe negative outcomes for children; however, little is known about risk and protective factors for child abuse victimisation. This thesis investigates prevalence rates, perpetrators, and locations as well as predictors of physical, emotional and sexual child abuse victimisation. It also examines the influence of potential mediating and moderating variables on the relationships between risk factors and child abuse. Methods: In the first study, a systematic review of correlates of physical, emotional and sexual child abuse victimisation in Africa was conducted. The review synthesised evidence from 23 quantitative studies and was used to inform the epidemiological study. For study two to four, anonymous self-report questionnaires were completed by children aged 10-17 (n=3515, 57% female) using random door-to-door sampling in rural and urban areas in two provinces in South Africa. Children were followed-up a year later (97% retention rate). Abuse was measured using internationally recognised scales. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regressions, and mediator and moderator analyses. Results: The first study, the systematic review, identified high prevalence rates of abuse across all African countries. It identified a number of correlates which were further examined using the study data from South Africa. The second study found lifetime prevalence of abuse to be 54.5% for physical abuse, 35.5% for emotional abuse, 14% for sexual harassment and 9% for contact sexual abuse. Past year prevalence of abuse was found to be 37.9% for physical abuse, 31.6% for emotional abuse, 12% for sexual harassment and 5.9% for contact sexual abuse. A large number of children experienced frequent (monthly or more regular) abuse victimisation with 16% for physical abuse, 22% for emotional abuse, 8.1% for sexual harassment and 2.8% for contact sexual abuse. Incidence for frequent abuse victimisation at follow-up was 12% for physical abuse, 10% for emotional abuse and 3% for contact sexual abuse. Perpetrators of physical and emotional abuse were mostly caregivers; perpetrators of sexual abuse were mostly girlfriends/boyfriends or other peers. The third study found a direct effect of baseline household AIDS-illness on physical and emotional abuse at follow-up. This relationship was mediated by poverty. Poverty and the ill-person’s disability fully mediated the relationship between household other chronic illnesses and physical and emotional abuse, therefore placing children in families with chronic illnesses and high levels of poverty and disability at higher risk of abuse. The fourth study found that contact sexual abuse in girls at follow-up was predicted by baseline school drop-out, physical assault in the community and prior sexual abuse victimisation. Peer social support acted as a protective factor. It also moderated the relationship between baseline physical assault in the community and sexual abuse at follow-up, lowering the risk for sexual abuse victimisation in girls who had been physically assaulted from 2.5/1000 to 1/1000. Conclusion: This thesis shows clear evidence of high levels of physical, emotional and sexual child abuse victimisation in South Africa. It also identified risk and protective factors for child abuse victimisation which can be used to inform evidence-based child abuse prevention interventions.

This thesis deals with problems of biological and cultural determinants influencing perception of beauty. It attempts to find out if there is a common biological basis of perception of beauty or if beauty represents merely a sociocultural construct - product of a specific culture. With respect to biological determinants it concerns biological processes significantly influencing perception of beauty. In this context, these processes include probably innate evolutionary adaptations, effects of brain cognitive systems and neural correlates processing perceptions of beautiful objects. In connection with cultural determinants it presents studies emphasizing cross-cultural differences in perception of beauty. Further subject of the thesis is an aesthetic conception of subjective and objective beauty and related concept of beauty based on mathematical relations. In this connection, the creation of universally beautiful objects based on fixed mathematical rules as well as the possibility of exact measurement of beauty are discussed.