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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Effects of stress on intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking in AA2024-T3

Liu, Xiaodong 02 December 2005 (has links)
No description available.
102

Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Simulated Fuel Grade Ethanol

Cao, Liu 29 August 2012 (has links)
No description available.
103

[pt] AVALIAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA DE JUNTAS SOLDADAS CIRCUNFERENCIAIS DE AÇO API 5L X-80 À CORROSÃO SOB TENSÃO NA PRESENÇA DE SULFETOS E SUSCEPTIBILIDADE À FRAGILIZAÇÃO POR HIDROGÊNIO / [en] EVALUATION OF THE RESISTANCE TO SULPHIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF API 5L -X80 GIRTH WELDS

ADRIANA FORERO BALLESTEROS 17 January 2018 (has links)
[pt] A susceptibilidade à corrosão sob tensão em aços para dutos é dependente de uma série de eventos que vão desde a manufatura do aço, fabricação do tubo, montagem dos dutos e tipo de substância transportada pelo duto. O procedimento de soldagem envolvido na montagem dos dutos pode modificar as propriedades mecânicas do metal de base na região da zona termicamente afetada (ZTA), assim como as propriedades metalúrgicas e de resistência à corrosão, tornando potencialmente a região da junta soldada com maior probabilidade de incidência de corrosão sob tensão.Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a resistência à corrosão sob tensão em presença de sulfeto e fragilização pelo hidrogênio, em soldas circunferenciais de tubo API 5L X80. Foram realizados: -Ensaios de acordo com norma NACE TM0177/96, Método A -Ensaios de Baixa Taxa de Deformação (BTD) de acordo com a norma ASTM G129-00/2006, em solução contendo Tiossulfato de Sódio. Os resultados mostraram que o metal base foi considerado aprovado segundo os requisitos dos testes NACE TM0177/96. Porém as juntas soldadas originadas nos diferentes processos de soldagem estudados apresentaram susceptibilidade à corrosão sob tensão em presença de sulfeto e fragilização pelo hidrogênio, segundo o mesmo critério, fraturando em um período inferior a 720h. Esta susceptibilidade foi comprovada com os resultados dos ensaios de tração BTD, tendo sido constatada uma queda significativa no limite de resistência, alongamento e tempo de ruptura, em comparação aos ensaios realizados ao ar na mesma taxa de deformação. O mecanismo de fratura predominante nos ensaios foi fratura transgranular. / [en] The susceptibility of pipeline steels to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) depends on a series of factors ranging from the manufacture of the steel, the pipe fabrication, the assembly of the pipeline and the type of substances to be transported. Additionally, the welding procedures adopted during the production of the tubes and for construction of the pipelines (field welding), can modify the properties of the base metal in the heat affected zone (HAZ), potentially rendering this region susceptible to sulphide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.This study evaluates the resistance of girth welds in API 5LX80 pipes to hydrogen embrittlement and also to stress corrosion cracking in the presence of sulphides. The evaluation was performed according to NACE TM0177/96, Method A, applying the criterion of fracture/no fracture, and slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT) were undertaken using a sodium thiosulphate solution according to the ASTM G29 standard. According to the requirements of the NACE TM0177/96 test, the base metal was considered approved. The weld metal exhibited susceptibility to SCC in the presence of sulphides, failling in a period of less than 720h. The susceptibility of the welded joint to SCC in the presence of sulphides was confirmed by the results obtained with SSRT tensile tests, where a significant decrease in the ultimate tensile strength, elongation and time to fracture were observed. The mechanism of fracture for the tests was predominantly transgranular.
104

Etude comparative de différents superalliages base Ni pour ressorts de systèmes de maintien / Comparative study of different Ni-based superalloys used in fuel assembly for the hold-down springs

Ter-Onvanessian, Benoît 25 March 2011 (has links)
Les systèmes de maintien situés sur les structures assemblages-combustibles des réacteurs nucléaires à eau sous pression (REP) sont constitués d'un empilement de lames qui agissent à la fois, comme élément accommodant les incompatibilités thermiques résultant des différences de coefficients de dilatation Acier, alliages de zirconium et principalement, comme système permettant de limiter les effets hydrodynamiques induits par le passage du fluide caloporteur à travers les assemblages. Actuellement, l'alliage 718 est le matériau constitutif de ces ressorts à lames. Il présente les performances en service nécessaires et suffisantes pour répondre aux sollicitations de ces systèmes ainsi qu'aux exigences des autorités de sûreté (dans les conditions actuelles de fonctionnement des REP). Or, dans le cadre de l'augmentation des performances générales des assemblages combustibles, l'emploi d'autres matériaux, dont les propriétés de relaxation sous flux neutronique sont supérieures à celles du 718, est envisagé par AREVA. Les matériaux étudiés sont principalement des superalliages base Ni, tels que les nuances 625+ et 725 qui à l'instar de l'alliage 718 durcissent par précipitation de phases secondaires, ainsi que des nuances d'alliage 718 riche en Molybdène. Cependant, bien que ces nouveaux matériaux présentent une relaxation sous flux neutronique améliorée, ils doivent répondre également à un cahier des charges strict, propre à leur utilisation en centrale : des propriétés mécaniques équivalentes, une bonne résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte (CSC) et une bonne résistance à la fragilisation par l'hydrogène (FPH) en milieu primaire de REP. Chacune de ces propriétés a été étudiée avec attention dans le double but de comparer ces matériaux entre eux et afin de cerner les paramètres clés contrôlant leur différence de comportement aussi bien en CSC qu'en FPH / Hold-down systems used in the fuel assembly of Nuclear Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) are constituted by stiff springs. The role of the hold-down springs is to ensure the bond between the fuel assembly and the lower plate of the intern structure of the core, thus holding down the assembly on the bottom plate of the reactor, during all the exploitation and maintenance periods. Nowadays, alloy 718 is the constitutive material of these hold-down springs. Its properties in terms of mechanical behaviour, corrosion resistance… fill in the specifications required for such application in the present service conditions. However, in order to improve the common efficiency of fuel assemblies, the upgrading of their design as well as the use of new materials are advocated by the nuclear power plant company, AREVA. Though other Ni-base superalloys known for their good behaviour under neutronic radiation can be proposed as new materials, those superalloys must fill in all the application specifications in order to substitute alloy 718. So, sufficient mechanical properties, good resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and good resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) are also required to allow the replacement. All of these properties are carefully studied with the double aim to characterize and compare different superalloys, and to determine key parameters governing the SCC and HE behaviours of such alloys in primary water of PWR
105

Processus diffusionnels à l'origine de l'évolution de la composition d’un alliage au cours de l'oxydation sélective en pointe de fissures intergranulaires. Application à la CSC de l'Alliage 600 en milieu primaire des REP / Study of the chromium depletion in relation with oxidized grain boundaries ahead of the stress corrosion crack tip of Alloy 600 in PWR primary water

Nguejio Nguimatsia, Josiane 09 December 2016 (has links)
La corrosion sous contrainte (CSC) des alliages à base nickel est un des principaux phénomènes de dégradation des composants du circuit primaire des Réacteurs à Eau Pressurisée (REP). La compréhension de ce mécanisme de fissuration est un élément essentiel pour la prolongation de la durée d’exploitation des réacteurs.Des études antérieures ont permis d’établir un modèle de propagation de la CSC basé sur une oxydation sélective et dissymétrique du joint de grains en pointe de fissure qui s’accompagne d’une zone appauvrie en chrome. La cinétique de diffusion du chrome étant plus lente que celle de l’oxygène, il est supposé que la diffusion du chrome est une étape limitante de la propagation de la fissure. Si ces observations ont été validées dans la littérature, les hypothèses proposées sur l’origine de l’appauvrissement en chrome dans le grain sont encore sujettes à discussion. Comme la diffusion du chrome en volume dans les alliages base nickel à 350°C ne permet pas d’expliquer les ordres de grandeur des appauvrissements en chrome mesurés dans la littérature, il est supposé qu’il existerait un élément accélérateur de la diffusion du chrome dans l’alliage en pointe de fissure. Ainsi, deux hypothèses sont proposées dans ces travaux : la diffusion du chrome accélérée sous l’effet de la plasticité et la migration des joints de grains induite par la diffusion.L’objectif principal de la thèse a été de confronter les deux hypothèses énoncées au moyen d’essais expérimentaux et de modélisation afin de déterminer le mécanisme de formation de la zone appauvrie en chrome et d’identifier les paramètres favorisant cet appauvrissement.A cet effet, des essais de diffusion sous charge ont été réalisés dans le but d’étudier l’effet de la déformation plastique sur la diffusion du chrome. Les résultats ont permis d’établir une relation entre le coefficient de diffusion et la vitesse de déformation. Ainsi, une accélération de la diffusion en volume de l’ordre de 106 est observée à 350°C sous l’effet de plasticité. De même, des traitements thermiques visant à mettre en évidence la migration des joints de grains induite par la diffusion (DIGM) sont présentés dans ces travaux. Les caractérisations chimiques et microstructurales montrent que la DIGM est bien associée à la formation d’une zone appauvrie en chrome observée dans le sillage du joint de grains migrant. Pour finir, une discussion est proposée afin de relier ces hypothèses au modèle de propagation de la CSC. / Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) of nickel base alloys is one of the major degradation phenomena in the primary circuit of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). Understanding the SCC mechanism is a key issue for the extension of reactor lifetime.A SCC model based on a selective and asymmetrical oxidation of the grain boundary ahead of the crack tip has been proposed in previous studies. Adjacent to this oxide, a chromium-depleted area is observed exclusively in one of the two grains adjacent to the grain boundary. As oxygen transport is found to be faster than chromium diffusion in the alloy, the latter is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of crack propagation. Nevertheless, the mechanism responsible for chromium depletion is still under debate. Indeed, the lattice and the grain boundary diffusion coefficients of chromium in nickel-based alloys at 350°C are not high enough to explain the chromium depletion magnitudes measured in the literature. Accordingly, factors accelerating chromium diffusion in the alloy ahead of the SCC crack tip should exist. Thus, two assumptions have been proposed in this work: plasticity-enhanced chromium diffusion and diffusion-induced grain boundary migration (DIGM).The aim of this study is to confront these two assumptions by combining both experiments and modeling in order to explain chromium depleted areas observed at the SCC crack tip.Thus, diffusion tests under loading were performed in order to study the effect of plastic deformation on chromium diffusion. Plasticity-enhanced diffusion is evidenced. A relationship between the diffusion coefficient and strain rate has been established leading to a 106-fold increase of the diffusion coefficient at 350°C. In addition, thermal treatments and oxidation tests have shown that diffusion-induced grain boundary migration occurs in Ni-Cr alloys. DIGM leads to dissymmetric Cr-depleted areas, observed in the wake of the moving grain boundary.
106

The effect of microstructure on the performance of nickel based alloys for use in oil and gas applications

Demetriou, Velissarios January 2017 (has links)
This research focused on a comprehensive microstructural and mechanical property characterisation study of the Ni-Fe-Cr alloys 718 and 945X. The aim of the project was to better understand the relationship between performance and microstructure of existing (Alloy 718) and newly developed (Alloy 945X) high strength nickel alloys focusing on downhole applications. The main difference between the two alloys is that alloy 945X has lower Nb content than alloy 718, which may minimise the tendency to form delta when combined with correct processing. Previous studies have related the hydrogen embrittlement in alloy 718 with the collection of hydrogen by delta phase. Microstructural characterisation of the new alloy 945X after long term isothermal exposure up to 120 hours in the temperature range 650◦C to 900◦C was conducted with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to generate a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. The TTT diagram was used as a road map for designing two isothermal heat treatments of alloy 945X on tensile specimens. Then, the effect of hydrogen charging on the tensile properties and microstructure of the 'as-received' and these two variant heat treatments was investigated. Fractographic analysis showed that, in the presence of hydrogen, intergranular fracture occurred for all the heat treatments, regardless the presence of delta phase at grain boundaries. There was no simple correlation between the volume fraction of delta-phase and susceptibility to hydrogen assisted embrittlement. Rather, it was demonstrated that the morphology and distribution of delta-phase along grain boundaries plays a key role and the other precipitate phases also have an influence through their effect on the ease of strain localisation. This study also examined the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of nickel alloy 718 given four different heat treatments to obtain various microstructural states. Each heat treatment leads to differences in the precipitate morphologies of γ', γ'' and delta phases. Material characterisation and fractography of the examined heat treatments were performed using a high resolution FEG-SEM. Three specimens of each condition were pre- charged with hydrogen and tensile properties were compared with those of non-charged specimens. It was observed that hydrogen embrittlement was associated with intergranular and transgranular microcrack formation, leading to an intergranular brittle fracture. delta phase may assist the intergranular crack propagation, and this was shown to be particularly true when this phase is coarse enough to produce crack initia- tion, but this is not the only factor determining embrittlement. Other microstructural features play a role, as does the strength of the material. Finally, the evolution of delta-(Ni3Nb) phase in alloy 718 from the early stages of precipitation, with a particular focus on identifying the grain boundary characteristics that favour precipitation of grain boundary delta phase was investigated. Results showed that delta phase was firstly formed on Σ3 boundaries after 5 hours at the examined temperature (800◦C). Increasing ageing time at 800◦C was observed to lead to an increase in size and precipitation of phases γ'-γ''-delta, an increase in fraction of the special CSL boundaries and an evolution in the morphology of twins and the growth of grains.
107

Experimental study of the behavior of colonies of environmentally-assisted short cracks by digital image correlation, acoustic emission and electrochemical noise / Etude expérimentale du comportement des colonies de petites fissures environnementales par corrélation numérique d'image, émission acoustique et bruit électrochimique

Bolivar Vina, José 07 July 2017 (has links)
Ce travail s’inscrit dans le contexte d’une meilleure prédiction de la durée de vie de structures soumises au risque d’amorçage et de propagation de fissures multiples de corrosion sous contrainte (CSC). Ainsi, en développant une méthodologie expérimentale originale basée sur des mesures conjointes de corrélation d’images numériques (DIC), d’émission acoustique (EA) et de bruit électrochimique (EN), et leur analyse, ce travail vise à contribuer à l’amélioration de la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans le développement de colonies de fissures courtes de CSC qui interagissent entre elles, et à la simulation du comportement de cette colonie. Le choix de conditions optimales de traitement thermique d’un alliage base-Ni et de pH d’une solution de polythionate, a permis la maitrise des paramètres géométriques et morphologiques de colonies de fissures intergranulaires, qui ont été investiguées par DIC grâce à l’optimisation d’une préparation de surface adaptée. Les différentes phases de propagation d’une fissure unique et d’une colonie de fissures ont été identifiées, de même que les mécanismes associés, par des expérimentations et analyses réalisées en 2D et en 3D. Cette approche expérimentale innovante a permis de poser les bases d’une approche numérique puis de la valider. Un focus particulier a été porté sur l’EN au travers d’une analyse critique des perturbations engendrées par le bruit de l’instrumentation et par l’asymétrie du système d’étude. Les limitations de la technique pour son application à l’étude quantitative de la corrosion sous contrainte ont été évaluées sur la base des résultats de l’étude. Une transposition de la démarche expérimentale à hautes pressions et températures est proposée comme perspective à court terme de ce travail, qui permet également d’envisager la prise en compte de différents modes de propagation des fissures en lien avec la microstructure du matériau dans l’approche numérique. / This work concerns with the current needs of enhancing the tools used for predicting the remnant lifetime of structures subjected to the risk of initiation and propagation of multiple stress corrosion cracks (SCC). The approach consists in developing an original experimental methodology based on joint measurements of digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission (EA) and electrochemical noise (EN). The final objective is to contribute to both the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of interacting short stress corrosion cracks and to the modeling of the colony behavior. The choice of optimal conditions for the heat treatment of a Nickel-base alloy and for the pH of a polythionate solution allowed controlling the morphological parameters of intergranular cracks colonies, which were investigated by DIC owning to an optimized suitable surface treatment. The different propagation stages of a single crack and some colonies were identified, together with the involved mechanisms, through experiments and analyses performed in 2D and 3D. This innovative experimental approach allowed settling the basements of the numerical modeling and validating it. A particular attention was focused on EN measurements through a critical analysis of the perturbations generated by the instrumental noise and the asymmetry of the studied system. The limitations of the technique for its application to the quantitative study of SCC were evaluated on the basis of the present results. A transposal of the experimental approach towards high temperature and pressure conditions of test was finally proposed as a short-term prospect of this work, also allowing considering other modes of crack propagation linked to the material microstructure in the numerical approach.
108

[en] EFFECT OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC STRESS IN THE DEFECT TOLERANCE UNDER STRESS CORROSION CRACKING / [pt] EFEITO DE TENSÕES ELASTOPLÁSTICAS À TOLERÂNCIA DE DEFEITOS EM CORROSÃO SOB TENSÃO

VERONICA MIQUELIN MACHADO 24 April 2018 (has links)
[pt] Corrosão sob tensão (SCC), que consiste na iniciação e propagação de trincas devido ao efeito combinado de tensões mecânicas e o ambiente corrosivo, é um dano potencial para estruturas e componentes. Além do mais, SCC pode ser explicado por diferentes mecanismos dependendo do par material ambiente corrosivo considerado, o que dificulta o uso de um modelo geral para predizer o comportamento de trincas em SCC. Sendo assim, projetos frequentemente utilizam um critério conservativo que desqualifica materiais susceptíveis à SCC sem analisar de maneira apropriada a influência dos campos de tensão que a induzem. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito de tensões elastoplásticas na corrosão sob tensão. Esta abordagem mecânica considera que todos os efeitos corrosivos envolvidos na corrosão sob tensão podem ser apropriadamente quantificados pelas tradicionais resistências do material à iniciação e propagação de trincas para um ambiente corrosivo específico. Corpos de prova de flexão em Alumínio fragilizados por Gálio líquido serão utilizados para prever o efeito de tensões residuais induzidas por deformações plásticas na iniciação de trincas por corrosão sob tensão. Além disso, uma análise quantitativa baseada no comportamento de trincas não propagantes a partir de entalhes será usada para estimar a tensão necessária para iniciar e propagar trincas em corpos de prova entalhados em aço AISI 4140 sujeitos à corrosão por sulfeto de hidrogênio em ambiente aquoso. O comportamento de trincas curtas e a carga máxima suportada pelos corpos de prova entalhados são analisadas considerando campos de tensões lineares elástico e elastoplásticos através do modelo proposto que será validado através de dados experimentais. / [en] Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), which consist in the initiation and propagation of cracks due to the combined attack of mechanical stresses and a corrosive environment is a potential danger for structures and components. Moreover, SCC can be explained by different mechanisms depending on the metal environmental pair, what makes difficult to create a generalized analytical approach to predict the crack behavior in SCC. Therefore, projects often use an over-conservative design criteria that disqualify a material susceptible to SCC without properly evaluate the influence of the stress fields that drive them. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of elastic-plastic stress in SCC. This mechanical approach assumes that all chemical effects involved in SCC problems can be appositely described and quantified by traditional material resistances to crack initiation and propagation at under specific environment. Aluminum bending specimens in Gallium environment are used to predict the effect of the residual stress induced by plastic deformation in the crack initiation under SCC conditions. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis based on the non-propagating crack behavior departing from notch tips are used to calculate the necessary stress to initiate and propagate SCC in AISI 4140 steel notched specimens under aqueous hydrogen sulfide environment. The non-propagating crack behavior and the maximum load supported by notched specimens are analyzed under linear elastic and elastic-plastic stress field through the proposed model that will be validated by experimental data.
109

Corrosion sous contrainte et fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'alliages d'aluminium de la série 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) : identification des paramètres microstructuraux critiques pilotant l'endommagement à l'échelle locale. / Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of a 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) aluminium alloy : identification of microstructural parameters controlling the damage at a local scale.

Oger, Loïc 23 November 2017 (has links)
Dans un contexte normatif toujours plus sévère concernant les rejets automobiles polluants, la substitution des aciers par des alliages d’aluminium dans les structures des véhicules est en plein essor. Ce projet de thèse, qui s’inscrit dans un programme de développement de la société Constellium, cible plus précisément les alliages d’aluminium de la série 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) qui, malgré leurs propriétés mécaniques élevées, peuvent présenter une sensibilité à la corrosion sous contrainte (CSC) liée au phénomène de fragilisation par l’hydrogène (FPH). La compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu dans ce type d’endommagement constitue donc une première étape vers une optimisation métallurgique en vue d’une industrialisation future de ces alliages dans le secteur automobile. La première partie de ces travaux est consacrée à l’étude de l’influence de l’état métallurgique de l’alliage 7046 sur son comportement en CSC et à l’identification des mécanismes de dégradation. Un lien direct a pu être mis en évidence entre l’abattement des propriétés mécaniques et les modes de rupture actifs et la quantité d’hydrogène dans l’alliage. Les deux modes d’endommagement observés, intergranulaire-fragile et transgranulaire-fragile, ont respectivement été attribués à un enrichissement en hydrogène aux joints de grains et au piégeage de l’hydrogène au niveau des précipités intragranulaires. Les interactions entre l’hydrogène et les précipités fins d’une part et les dislocations d’autre part, identifiés comme deux hétérogénéités microstructurales critiques vis-à-vis de la FPH, ont été étudiées à une échelle plus locale dans la seconde partie du travail de thèse. Les essais ont été réalisés sur des échantillons modèles, chargés en hydrogène en milieu H2SO4 sous polarisation cathodique et la profondeur de pénétration de l’hydrogène a été évaluée par SKPFM (Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy). L’ensemble des résultats obtenus met en évidence : 1/ un effet « barrière » des précipités fins et des dislocations sur la diffusion de l’hydrogène en relation avec un abattement des propriétés mécaniques moins important, 2/ un transport possible de l’hydrogène par les dislocations et 3/ l’efficacité du SKPFM pour déterminer précisément des coefficients de diffusion apparents de l’hydrogène. Ces résultats ouvrent ainsi de nouvelles pistes vers la compréhension des mécanismes de CSC dans les alliages Al-Zn-Mg. / Automotive industry is increasingly affected by standards requiring a major cut of polluting emissions, leading R&D policies to focus on replacing steel by aluminum alloys. This thesis project, initiated by the manufacturer Constellium, focuses on 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) aluminum alloys known to have high mechanical properties but also to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) partly attributed to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Understanding the mechanisms involved would be a first step towards a metallurgical optimization and a future industrialization of these alloys. The first part focuses on the SCC behavior of the 7046 aluminum alloy, related to its microstructure, and the identification of degradation mechanisms involved. A hydrogen amount – loss of mechanical properties relationship was highlighted. The damage observed was explained by the presence of hydrogen in the grain boundaries and by a trapping effect of the intragranular hardening precipitates, limiting the hydrogen diffusion to the grain boundaries. Interactions between hydrogen and hardening precipitates and dislocations, both identified as critical microstructural heterogeneities for HE, are studied at a local scale in a second part. The hydrogen effect was characterized by penetration depth measurements made by SKPFM (Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy) on “model” samples cathodically charged in H2SO4. The whole results finally highlight: 1/ a “shielding” effect of fine precipitates and dislocations on hydrogen diffusivity related to a lower susceptibility to HE, 2/ hydrogen transport by dislocations and 3/ the efficiency of SKPFM to precisely measure effective diffusion coefficients of hydrogen. These results lead to new opportunities to understand SCC mechanisms in Al-Zn-Mg alloys.
110

Caractérisation du couplage mécano-électrochimique en pointe de fissure lors de la fissuration assistée par corrosion sous contrainte : cas du Zircaloy-4 en milieu aqueux halogéné / Mecano-electrochemical study of stress corrosion crack tip area : Case of Zircaloy-4 in halide solution

Durif, Emilien 02 May 2012 (has links)
La corrosion sous contrainte (CSC) est un phénomène synergique d'endommagement qui résulte d'un processus de corrosion (dissolution, adsorption) et d'une rupture mécanique (fissuration). Les mécanismes de couplage mécano-électrochimique en pointe de fissure nécessaires à la compréhension du phénomène sont encore mal connus puisqu'ils dépendent du système d'étude (métal/milieu agressif) et font intervenir de nombreux facteurs mécaniques et électrochimiques. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d'étudier les interactions réciproques entre la dissolution et l'état de contrainte mécanique en pointe de fissure (facteurs d'intensité des contraintes) pour le cas du Zircaloy-4 en milieu aqueux halogéné. Les éprouvettes sont d’abord pré-fissurées par fatigue à l’air avec la technique du Load-Shedding, ce qui permet alors de maîtriser le facteur d’intensité des contraintes résiduel de pré-fissuration par fatigue. Ensuite, une pré-oxydation thermique est réalisée pour produire une couche de film passif sur les surfaces de l’éprouvette. Les réactions électrochimiques sont alors concentrées en pointe de fissure qui induit également une concentration des effets mécaniques. Des techniques de corrélation d'images sont développées dans le but d'identifier les facteurs d'intensité des contraintes et d'estimer la longueur de fissure en temps réel. Ainsi des essais originaux de CSC, permettant d'imposer les facteurs d'intensité en pointe de fissure, sont conduits et les résultats montrent alors clairement les effets synergiques entre l'évolution des mesures mécaniques et des courants de dissolution. D'autre part, l'existence d'un facteur d'intensité des contraintes seuil de propagation en CSC, présentant une forte dépendance à l'histoire de chargement et à la variation de l'état de contrainte locale en pointe de fissure (variation des facteurs d'intensité des contraintes), est mise en évidence. Ceci montre alors que la plasticité doit évoluer pour que la dissolution se produise. Ainsi, le temps caractéristique d'arriver de nouvelles dislocations en pointe de fissure ne doit pas dépasser la durée caractéristique des réactions de passivation. Enfin sur la base des résultats expérimentaux, un modèle de loi de propagation phénoménologique de fissure en CSC est proposé et ses paramètres sont identifiés et validés à partir de différents essais de CSC. / Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a damage phenomenon which results from the synergy between corrosion process (dissolution, adsorption) and mechanical fracture (crack propagation). Although this phenomenon is well known, its modelling is still a challenging issue, especially concerning mechano-electrochemical coupling mechanisms at crack tip, because it depends on model system (metal/aggressive media) and large number of mechanical and electrochemical factors. In this thesis, mutual interactions between dissolution and the stress state around the crack tip (stress intensity factor) are studied in the case of Zircaloy-4 in aqueous halide solution. Samples are first pre-cracked in air by using fatigue load-shedding procedure to control the stress intensity factor. Then, pre-oxidization is used to produce a thin protective passive layer on their surface. The electro-chemical reactions are thus concentrated at the crack tip which also induces a concentration of the mechanical effect. During the test, digital images of the sample surface are acquired. Digital Image Correlation is performed a posteriori in order to obtain the evolution of the crack length and the stress intensity factors. Further, a specific procedure is developed in order to perform the DIC analysis while the test is running. This allows to control the load so that a given value of the stress intensity factor is prescribed. With this innovative experimental technique, we perform experimental tests that allow to discriminate the effects between different stress corrosion cracking mechanisms. It is suggested that once a critical anodic polarization is exceeded, the crack growth rate depends on the stress intensity factor but also on its time derivative. Indeed, a threshold effect is obtained on the stress intensity factor, meaning that plasticity must increase for the dissolution reaction to occur, but also on its rate meaning that time for plasticity to produce new dislocations must not exceed the characteristic duration of the passivation reaction. A phenomenological crack propagation model is proposed and its parameters are then identified and validated from the experimental measurements during SCC tests.

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