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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Experimental and numerical investigations of bone drilling for the indication of bone quality during orthopaedic surgery

Lughmani, Waqas A. January 2016 (has links)
Bone drilling is an essential part of many orthopaedic surgical procedures, including those for internal fixation and for attaching prosthetics. Drilling into bone is a fundamental skill that can be both very simple, such as drilling through long bones, or very difficult, such as drilling through the vertebral pedicles where incorrectly drilled holes can result in nerve damage, vascular damage or fractured pedicles. Also large forces experienced during bone drilling may promote crack formation and can result in drill overrun, causing considerable damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of bone material quality on the bone drilling forces to select favourable drilling conditions, and improve orthopaedic procedures.
52

Predicting bone strength with ultrasonic guided waves / Prédiction de la résistance osseuse à partir de la mesure d’ondes guidées ultrasonores

Vallet, Quentin 15 December 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement d'une sonde ultrasonore afin d'obtenir des nouveaux biomarqueurs de l'os cortical et améliorer la prédiction du risque de fracture. Notre approche se base sur la mesure des ondes guidées ultrasonores dans l'os cortical. La technique de transmission axiale bidirectionelle a été utilisée pour mesurer les modes guidées se propageant dans l'enveloppe corticale des os longs (i.e., le radius). Les propriétés matérielles et structurelles liées à la résistance osseuse ont été obtenues à partir des courbes de dispersion en utilisant un schéma d'inversion. Ainsi, un problème inverse totalement automatique, basé sur une optimisation par algorithmes génétiques et un modèle 2D de plaque libre transverse isotrope, a été développé. Cette procédure d'inversion a d'abord été testée sur des matériaux contrôlés avec des propriétés connues. Puis, la faisabilité d'obtenir des propriétés corticales sur des radii ex vivo a été montrée. Ces estimations ont été validées par comparaison avec des valeurs de référence obtenues avec des techniques indépendantes telles que la micro-tomodensitométrie par rayons X (épaisseur, porosité) et la spectroscopie par résonance ultrasonore (élasticité). Un bon accord a été trouvé entre les valeurs de référence et les estimations d'épaisseur, de porosité et d'élasticité. Enfin, la méthode a été étendue à des mesures in vivo. La validité du modèle en présence de tissus mous a d'abord été démontrée. Puis, les propriétés osseuses ont été obtenues sur des sujets sains. Un bon accord a été trouvé entre l'épaisseur estimée et les valeurs de référence obtenues par tomodensitométrie périphérique haute résolution. / We aimed at developing new ultrasound-based biomarkers of cortical bone to enhance fracture risk prediction in osteoporosis. Our approach was based on the original concept of measuring ultrasonic guided waves in cortical bone. The bi-directional axial transmission technique was used to measure the guided modes propagating in the cortical envelope of long bones (i.e., the radius). Strength-related structural and material properties of bone were recovered from the dispersion curves through an inversion scheme. To this goal, a fully automatic inverse problem based on genetic algorithms optimization, using a 2-D transverse isotropic free plate waveguide model was developed. The proposed inverse procedure was first tested on laboratory-controlled measurements performed on academic samples with known properties. Then, the feasibility of estimating cortical properties of ex vivo radius specimens was assessed. The inferred bone properties were validated by face-to-face comparison with reference values determined by a set of independent state-of-the art technologies, including X-ray micro-computed tomography (thickness, porosity) and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (stiffness). A good agreement was found between reference values and estimates of thickness, porosity and stiffness. Lastly, the method was extended to in vivo measurements, first, by ensuring the validity of the waveguide model in presence of soft tissues to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring experimental dispersion curves in vivo and infer from them bone properties. Estimated cortical thickness values were consistent with actual values derived from high resolution peripheral computed tomography.
53

Resistencia mecanica e tenacidade a fratura do osso cortical bovino / Mechanical strength and fracture toughness of cortical bovine bone

Loffredo, Maria de Castro Monteiro 27 July 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Itamar Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T07:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Loffredo_MariadeCastroMonteiro_M.pdf: 4723408 bytes, checksum: 22a5230741a7e90d0484c7bbd9f21129 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: As fraturas de ¿stress¿ são fraturas causadas pela fadiga óssea em pessoas jovens e saudáveis e que fazem treinamentos físicos rigorosos, como os chamados atletas de elite. Por essa razão, as causas para ocorrerem tais fraturas ainda são indefinidas. Sabe-se que sua fisiopatologia é caracterizada pela nucleação e propagação de micro-trincas na cortical óssea. Dessa forma, foi proposto neste estudo identificar algumas propriedades mecânicas do osso cortical que se aproximem das condições de tensão geradas nas atividades físicas. Foi, então, estudado o comportamento de uma barra retangular de osso cortical bovino no ensaio de flexão em três pontos para identificar o módulo de ruptura e o módulo de elasticidade do osso. O ensaio de tenacidade à fratura também foi conduzido por meio do ensaio de flexão em três pontos em corpos-de-prova com um entalhe usinado transversalmente ao eixo longitudinal dos espécimes. Os resultados mostraram que apesar do osso cortical ser um material mecanicamente resistente, com módulo de ruptura (MOR) médio de 227,5 MPa, ele possui níveis razoavelmente baixos de tenacidade à fratura, KIc médio de 9,6 MPa.m1/2. A análise fractográfica dos espécimes ensaiados mostrou que o osso apresenta alguns mecanismos de fratura característicos e que suas microestruturas estabelecem funções na nucleação e propagação da trinca, tornando o osso mais ou menos tenaz / Abstract: Stress fractures are caused by fatigue exercising in bones that occur in young health people who are submitted to rigorous physical training. It¿s known that its path physiology is characterized by initiation and propagation of microcracks. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify some of the mechanical properties of cortical bone that approach to the tension conditions originated in physical activities. A rectangular beam of bovine cortical bone was then tested in three-point bending to determine the values of modulus of rupture and Young¿s modulus of bone. Fracture toughness tests were conducted in single-edge-notched specimens. Results showed that bone is a strength material, with averaged modulus of rupture of 227.5 MPa, and a low value of fracture toughness averaged in 9.6 MPa.m1/2. The fractographic analyses of tested specimens showed that bones have some characteristic fracture mechanisms during failure and its microstructures influence the initiation and propagation of cracks, making it more or less resistant to crack propagation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
54

Reparo ósseo em mandíbula de coelho após osteotomia vertical: análise histomorfométrica e tomográfica / Bone repair in rabbit mandible after intra-oral vertical osteotomy: Histomorphometric and tomographic analysis

Fernando Kendi Horikawa 23 March 2017 (has links)
As osteotomias mandibulares são procedimentos consagrados para o tratamento de prognatismo e para outros reposicionamentos cirúrgicos mandibulares. As técnicas mais utilizadas são: a osteotomia sagital de mandíbula (OSM) e a osteotomia vertical de ramo mandibular (OVRM), cada técnica tem suas indicações e limitações. A OVRM é considerada efetiva devido ao sucesso clínico e análise imaginológica, entretanto não existem estudos que descrevam seu processo de reparação óssea, pois nesta técnica o osso mandibular fica sobreposto num contato cortical sobre cortical. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reparação óssea cortical-cortical da técnica de osteomia vertical de ramo mandibular em mandíbulas de coelho. Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa em Animais da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Protocolo: 014/2014) foram utilizados 12 animais, divididos em quatro grupos de três. Os animais foram submetidos a osteotomia em -L? invertido no ângulo mandibular bilateralmente, este fragmento ósseo obtido foi deslizado anteriormente e fixado com parafuso sobre a basal mandibular anterior, num dos lados de um animal de cada grupo foi realizada somente a osteotomia, sendo este utilizado como controle cirúrgico; um dos grupos foi submetido a processo de infiltração de marcadores fluorcromáticos. Os animais foram divididos em G1 (eutanasiados em 15 dias), G2 (eutanasiados em 30 dias), G3 (eutanasiados em 45 dias) e G4 (protocolo de marcadores fluorocromáticos e eutanasiados com 56 dias). Após a realização dos procedimentos cirúrgicos, os animais foram mantidos em biotério padrão, nos tempos determinados foram eutanasiados, as mandíbulas foram dissecadas, tomografadas em tomógrafo de feixe cônico e analisadas sob microscopia de fluorescência. Na análise tomográfica observou-se que existe correlação entre os valores de densidades nas áreas operadas e na região do controle, e que há correlação significativa entre as áreas de sobreposição óssea e onde foi realizado somente a osteotomia (controle cirúrgico). Com relação a análise de microscopia de fluorescência, observa-se que as proporções do marcador alizarina são superiores a calceína no osso neoformado, tanto na área operada, quanto na região onde foi feita somente a osteotomia (controle cirúrgico). Concluímos que houve consolidação óssea quando da sobreposição cortical-cortical, e que os valores de densidades tomográficas quando da sobreposição óssea ou não, são similares, e que há maior formação óssea no primeiro mês no processo de reparação. / Mandibular osteotomy is a well-established intervention for the treatment of prognathism and other conditions requiring mandibular repositioning. The most commonly used osteotomy techniques are intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO), each of which has particular indications and limitations. Although IVRO is considered effective owing to observations of clinical success and imaging analyses, there are no studies describing the bone repair processes that follow IVRO because, in this technique, the mandibular bone is overlaid at a cortical-cortical contact site. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cortical-cortical bone repair in rabbit mandibles following IVRO. After approval of the Ethics and Research Committee on Animals of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (Protocol: 014/2014), 12 rabbits, divided into four groups of three, were used. The four groups, G1, G2, G3, and G4, were euthanized 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, and 56 days post-IVRO; the animals in G4 were also infused with fluorochemical markers. All 12 animals were submitted to a bilateral inverted \"L\" osteotomy at the mandibular angle. On one side, the released bone fragment was advanced anteriorly and fixed with a screw onto the anterior mandibular basal bone; on the other side, only the osteotomy was performed to serve as a within-animal control site. After the operations, the animals were kept in a standard room until they were euthanized at the group-designated time points. Upon euthanasia, the mandibles were dissected, imaged digitally by conical beam tomography, and analyzed under fluorescence microscopy. The tomographic analysis results revealed a correlation between density values in the operated IVRO sites of bone overlap and the contralateral osteotomy-only surgical control sites. Fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed the presence of elevated alizarin marker (above calcein levels) in the neoformed bone, both in the operated side and in the osteotomy-only control side. Bone growth was greater at the 15-day and 30-day time points than at the later time points. In conclusion, bone consolidation occurred at cortical-cortical overlap sites, tomographic densities were similar between bone overlapping and nonoverlapping (control) sides, bone formation was maximal during the first month of repair.
55

Comportamento bimodular em osso cortical e novo método para calcular o módulo de elasticidade (E) em resinas compostas / Bimodular behavior in cortical bone and a novel method for measuring elastic modulus (E) of composite resins

Lucas Vinicius Sansana Pabis 29 January 2015 (has links)
O objetivo principal foi investigar se o osso cortical apresenta comportamento bimodular, ou seja, se os valores de módulo de elasticidade (E) dependem do tipo de carregamento que o método utiliza. Para alcançá-lo foi preciso: (1) \"calibrar\" os diferentes métodos em um material conhecidamente unimodular, para afastar a possibilidade de erros ligados à execução de um método. (2) Depurar os métodos já calibrados para torná-los exequíveis em osso cortical. O que foi feito em espécimes de resina composta, que é um material unimodular e com E parecido com o do osso cortical. Foi investigado se o método de medida interfere no valor do E obtido neste material (pois, pelas informações da literatura, existia uma dúvida consistente). Finalmente, (3) foi avaliado se o método de medida, a região anatômica e o indivíduo interferem nos valores de E em espécimes de osso cortical. Adicionalmente, (4) verificou-se a possibilidade de se encontrar e validar uma correlação entre E e dureza Knoop (KH), para medir o E de resinas compostas indiretamente. Espécimes de latão (n = 5) tiveram o seu E calculado por quatro métodos estáticos diferentes (flexão em três pontos; tração; compressão e método de Marshall), que foram calibrados até que todos medissem o valor esperado; os valores de cada método foram comparados por análise de variância de medidas repetidas (o método foi o fator vinculado e o nível de significância foi de 5%). Espécimes (n = 4) de cinco marcas diferentes de resina composta, também foram submetidos aos quatro métodos, fazendo as adaptações pertinentes (depuração), e tiveram o seu E calculado. Estes valores foram submetidos à análise de variância de medidas repetidas (o método foi o fator vinculado e o nível de significância foi de 5 %). Espécimes (n = 48) obtidos em diferentes regiões (periósteo, endósteo e \"transversal\") de fêmures de quatro bois diferentes tiveram seu E calculado através dos métodos devidamente depurados (flexão em três pontos, tração indireta e compressão). Os valores de E foram submetidos a análises de variâncias (nível de significância de 5 %) para avaliar a influência do método, da região e do indivíduo (bois diferentes) sobre os valores de E. O método experimental de tração não foi utilizado para analisar o comportamento bimodular, porque durantes os ensaios com osso cortical, ele apresentou valores com viés. Por isso, os valores de tração foram calculados de forma indireta (Eti) através de uma equação e dos valores experimentais de flexão em três pontos (Eb) e compressão (Ec). Para validar o uso de valores de Eti, eles foram comparados com os respectivos valores de tração experimental (Et) calculados previamente nos espécimes de resinas compostas por análise de variância de medidas repetidas, e não foram achadas diferenças significantes (p > 0,05). Para encontrar e validar a correlação entre E e KH, os valores médios de E em cada espécime de resina (média do E obtido nos 4 métodos em cada espécime) foram submetidos ao teste de correlação de Pearson (nível de significância de 5%) com os respectivos valores experimentais de dureza Knoop (KH) e foi obtida uma equação de regressão linear. Para validar a equação foi confeccionado um segundo grupo de espécimes de resina (de marcas diferentes das utilizadas anteriormente) que teve seu E calculado pelo ensaio de flexão (Eb) e pela equação de regressão proposta previamente (Er); verificou-se então se a correlação entre estes valores (Eb x Er) era significante (nível de significância de 5 %), e se a nova reta de regressão apresentava coeficiente angular não diferente de 1, e coeficiente constante não diferente de zero (critérios de validação). A análise de variância não apontou diferença significante (p > 0,05) entre os valores de E calculados para o metal pelos 4 métodos, e os valores obtidos não diferiram do E conhecido do latão (ao redor de 100 GPa). As depurações necessárias foram realizadas e com elas os diferentes métodos calcularam o E dos espécimes de resina composta de modo consistente: a análise de variância encontrou diferenças significantes (p < 0,05) entre marcas (cujos E médios cobriram a faixa entre 3 e 20 GPa) e não significantes entre os 4 métodos (p > 0,05). Nos espécimes de osso cortical o valor de E foi significantemente dependente (p < 0,05) do método de obtenção (Eti > Eb > Ec). O E dos espécimes obtidos na região \"transversal\" foi menor que o E dos espécimes obtidos na região do endósteo (p < 0,05); no entanto, não houve diferença significante (p > 0,05) entre o E dos espécimes obtidos nas regiões do endósteo e periósteo e entre o E dos espécimes obtidos nas regiões do periósteo e \"transversal\". Ao considerar somente os valores obtidos no ensaio de compressão (Ec), um dos indivíduos apresentou valores de E maiores que os demais (p < 0,05). As médias de E (dos quatro métodos) em cada espécime de resina apresentaram correlação significante com os respectivos valores de KH (p < 0,05) e a equação de regressão linear: E = 0,1602 KH. Também foi significante (p < 0,05) a correlação dos valores de Eb com os respectivos valores de Er (calculados pela regressão E = 0,1602 KH); além disso, a reta de regressão linear desta nova correlação (Eb = 1,0088Er + 0,0475) apresentou coeficiente angular não diferente de 1 e coeficiente constante não diferente de zero. Pode-se concluir que: (1) Quatro métodos de medir o E apresentaram resultados semelhantes em um material metálico. (2) Estes mesmos métodos foram depurados com sucesso para sua utilização em espécimes de osso cortical ao constatar que também não interferiram no valor do E obtido em espécimes semelhantes aos de osso, confeccionados com resinas compostas. (3) Os valores de E de osso cortical dependem do método de medida, o que demonstra seu comportamento bimodular. A região anatômica e o indivíduo também afetam os valores de E dos espécimes de osso cortical (o indivíduo só foi um fator significante ao considerar somente os valores obtidos no ensaio de compressão). (4) Foi encontrada e validada uma correlação entre E e KH em resinas compostas, que permite calcular o E deste material através da regressão E = 0,1602 KH. / The main objective was to investigate whether the cortical bone has a bimodular behavior, that is, if the values of elastic modulus (E) depend on the load type used by the method. To achieve this, it was necessary: (1) \"calibrate\" the different methods in a material with well-known unimodular behavior, for excluding the possibility of systematic errors in the execution of the methods. (2) Depurate the calibrated methods to make them executable in cortical bone. This was made on specimens of composite resin, which is a unimodular material and has an E similar to that of cortical bone. It was also investigated if the method of measuring the E influences the obtained value in this material (because there was a consistent doubt in the literature). Finally (3), we assessed whether the E values in cortical bone are influenced by the measurement method, by the anatomical region and by the individual. Additionally, (4) it was verified if it would be possible suggesting and validating a correlation between E and Knoop hardness (KH), to indirectly measure the E of composite resins. Brass specimens (n = 5) had their E calculated by four different static methods (three point bending, tensile, compression and Marshall\'s method), which were calibrated until all the methods were capable of measuring the expected value; the E values of each method were compared by analysis of variance of repeated measures (the method was the linked factor and the significance level was 5%). Specimens (n = 4) of five different composite resins were also subjected to the four methods, making the relevant adjustments (depuration), and had their E calculated. These values were subjected to analysis of variance of repeated measures (the method was the linked factor and the significance level was 5%); Specimens (n = 48) obtained in different regions (periosteum, endosteum and \"transverse\") of bovine femurs from four different individual had their E calculated using the depurated methods (three point bending, indirect tensile and compression). The E values were subjected to analyzes of variance (significance level of 5%) to evaluate the influence of the method, of the region and of the individual (different cattle) in the E values. The experimental tensile method was not used to analyze the bimodular behavior because during tests on cortical bone, this method showed values with bias. Therefore, the tensile values were indirectly calculated (Eti) by a formula and by the experimental values of E calculated by three point bending (Eb) and compression (Ec). To validate the use of Eti values, they were compared with the corresponding tensile experimental values (Et) previously measured in the composite resins specimens by analysis of variance (repeated measures), and no significant difference was found (p > 0.05). For suggesting and validating the correlation between E and KH, the average values of E of each composite specimen (mean of E obtained considering the values of the four methods in each specimen) were submitted to the Pearson\'s correlation test (significance level of 5 %) with the corresponding experimental KH values and it was obtained the linear regression equation. To validate this equation, it was made a second group of composite resins specimens (with different brands of the previously used) in which the E was calculated by three point bending test (Eb) and by regression equation previously proposed (Er); then it was checked whether the correlation between these values (Eb x Er) was significant (significance level of 5 %), and if the new regression line showed angular coefficient no different from one, and constant coefficient no different from zero (validation criteria). The analysis of variance showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the E values calculated for the metal specimens by the four methods; the obtained values did not differ from the known E of the brass (about 100 GPa). The necessary adjustments (depuration) were made and then the different methods calculated the E of the composite resin specimens consistently: the analysis of variance found significant difference (p < 0.05) between composite brands (whose E mean covered the range between 3 and 20 GPa) and no significant difference among the four methods (p> 0.05). In the specimens of cortical bone, the E values were significantly dependent (p < 0.05) of the obtainment method (Eti > Eb> Ec). The E values of the \"transversal\" specimens were lower than the endosteum specimens (p < 0.05); but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the E of endosteum specimens and periosteum specimens and between the E of periosteum specimens and \"transversal\" specimens. When considering just E values of the compression method, one cattle showed higher E values than the others (p < 0.05). The mean of the four methods for each specimen composite resin exhibited a significant correlation with the respective KH values (p < 0.05) and the linear regression equation: E = 0.1602 KH. It was also significant (p < 0.05) the correlation between Eb and the respective Er values (calculated by the regression E = 0.1602 KH); furthermore, the linear regression of this new correlation (Eb = 1.0088Er + 0.0475) presented angular coefficient no different from 1, and constant coefficient no different from zero. It can be concluded that: (1) Four methods of E measuring showed similar results in a metallic material. (2) The same methods were successfully depurated for their execution in cortical bone specimens, since the measurement method did not affect the obtained E value in resin composites (that is a material with E value similar to cortical bone); (3) The E values of cortical bone depend on the measurement method, which demonstrates its bimodular behavior. The anatomical region and the individual also affect the E values of the cortical bone specimens (the individual was a significant factor only when considering just the E values obtained in the compression test). A correlation between E and KH that allows the E estimation by the regression E = 0.1602 KH was suggested and validated in composite resins.
56

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for the viscoelastic characterization of cortical bone / Spectroscopie par résonance ultrasonore pour la caractérisation viscoélastique de l'os cortical

Bernard, Simon 03 December 2014 (has links)
Une meilleure compréhension des relations entre la structure complexe de l'os cortical et ses propriétés mécaniques est nécessaire à l'évaluation de la qualité osseuse. Les méthodes conventionnelles ex vivo de mesure de l'élasticité à l'échelle du millimètre ont des limitations liées à l'anisotropie du tissu, à son inhomogénéité et à la petite taille des échantillons. Au contraire, la spectroscopie par résonance ultrasonore (RUS) est bien adaptée à la mesure de petits échantillons anisotropes. Cette méthode estime l'élasticité à partir des fréquences de résonance de l'échantillon, et l'amortissement à partir de la largeur des pics de résonance. Son application à l'os était considérée difficile, du fait de l'amortissement important des modes de vibration, qui induit un recouvrement des pics de résonance et complique la mesure des fréquences. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, des adaptions de la méthode - dans la mesure, le traitement du signal et l'estimation des propriétés du matériau - ont été proposées. Elles ont été validées sur de l'os cortical et sur des échantillons de polymère et de matériau composite imitant l'os. La précision de la méthode a été démontrée, ainsi que sa capacité à mesurer tous les termes du tenseur d'élasticité à partir d'un seul échantillon. De plus, une nouvelle formulation Bayésienne de l'inversion apporte une solution automatique à un problème qui nécessitait une stratégie fastidieuse d'essai-erreur ou de complexes modifications du dispositif expérimental. Finalement, l'application à une grande collection d'échantillons de tibias humains démontre que la méthode RUS pourrait être utilisée en routine pour la mesure de la viscoélasticité de l'os. / Deep understanding of the structure-function relationships of cortical bone in the context of bone quality assessment is still missing. Currently available methods to measure millimeter-scale elasticity ex vivo have limitations arising from theanisotropy of the tissue, its heterogeneity, and the small size of the specimens.Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy is particularly suitable for the measurement of small anisotropic specimens. This method estimates elasticity from the free resonant frequencies of a specimen, and damping from the width of the resonant peaks. Its application to cortical bone was considered challenging because of the high damping of the vibrations modes, which causes overlapping of the resonant peaks and prevents a direct measurement of the resonant frequencies. To overcome the difficulty,adaptations of all the steps of RUS – measurement, signal processing and inverse estimation of the material properties – have been introduced. Validation of each step of the procedure has been achieved by application to several test samples, including a cortical bone specimen and bone-mimicking composite and polymer specimens.RUS was shown to be precise and accurate, with the advantage of providing the complete stiffness tensor from the measurement of a single specimen. Additionally, an original Bayesian formulation of the inversion provides an automated solution toa problem that was previously solved by tedious trial-and-error procedures or complex additions to the basic experimental setup. Finally, the application to a large collection of human tibiae specimens demonstrates that RUS can be considered a routine method to characterize the viscoelasticity of bone.
57

Comportamento mecânico e análise dimensional de parafusos corticais de aço inoxidável e liga de titânio submetidos a ensaios de torção / Mechanical behavior and dimensional analysis of the stainless steel and titanium alloy córtex screws, undergone torsion testing

Suraya Gomes Novais Shimano 21 December 2005 (has links)
Parafusos corticais são uns dos implantes mais utilizados na prática cirúrgica e são normalmente compostos por ligas metálicas como o aço inoxidável F-138 e a liga de titânio 6Al-4V e, quando inseridos no organismo humano, são submetidos a diversos esforços mecânicos. Assim, é necessário avaliar as propriedades mecânicas desses implantes. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento mecânico de parafusos corticais de aço inoxidável e de liga de titânio, de fabricação nacional, em ensaio de torção. Vinte parafusos de aço inoxidável foram divididos em quatro grupos (1,2,3,4) e o mesmo foi feito com os parafusos de liga de titânio. Primeiramente, suas medidas-padrão foram analisadas de acordo com a Norma Brasileira NBR ISO 5835:1996. Nos dois grupos 1 (de aço inoxidável e de liga de titânio), o ângulo de rotação foi mensurado por um goniômetro e o ensaio de torção foi manual. Já os parafusos dos dois grupos 2 foram ensaiados em uma máquina de torção. Os parafusos dos grupos 3, primeiramente, foram inseridos em cortical óssea suína e, posteriormente submetidos à torção. Nos dois grupos 4, os parafusos foram submetidos à torção sucessiva e, posteriormente submetidos à torção na máquina. Na análise estatística das propriedades mecânicas, os resultados apresentaram diferença significativa no torque no limite de proporcionalidade entre o grupo 1 e os demais grupos de aço inoxidável e entre o grupo 1 e os demais grupos de liga de titânio, sugerindo um possível erro metodológico no ensaio de torção manual. No torque no limite máximo houve diferença significativa entre o grupo 4 de liga de titânio e os grupos 2 e 3, mostrando que a torção sucessiva pode comprometer esta propriedade. Na rigidez torcional, foi demonstrada diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos 1 e 3 de liga de titânio. Na tenacidade torcional, houve diferença significativa entre o grupo 1 e os demais grupos de liga de titânio, entre o grupo 2 e os grupos 3 e 4 de aço inoxidável e entre todos os grupos de aço inoxidável e todos os grupos de liga de titânio. Conclui-se que, em geral, os parafusos de aço inoxidável apresentaram tenacidade torcional superior aos parafusos de liga de titânio, mas nas demais propriedades estes dois biomateriais apresentaram resultados semelhantes / Cortical bone screws are one of the most used implants in the surgical practice and the stainless steel (ASTM F-138) and titanic (6Al-4V) are the most common alloys used to manufacture them. When inserted into the bone such implants undergo several types of mechanical stress and, therefore, it is very useful to know their mechanical behavior. The purpose of the present study was to compare the mechanical properties of cortical bone screws made up of stainless steel and titanic alloy as tested in torsion. Twenty stainless steel screws were divided into four groups (1,2,3,4) and the same was made for the titanic alloy screws. First, the screw dimension were checked in accordance to the brazilian standard regulations. In groups 1 (either stainless steel or titanic alloy) the angle of rotation was measured with a goniometer and the torsion test was manual. For groups 2 the screws were tested in torsion in a testing machine. In groups 3, firstly, the screws were inserted into suine bone and, later, removed and submitted to torsion. In groups 4 the screws were tested in successive loading and unloading cycles in torsion and, later, submitted to torsion. The results showed statistically significant difference for the yield torque among the group 1 and the other groups of stainless steel and among the group 1 and the other groups of titanic alloy, which suggest a possible methodological error in manual torsion. For the ultimate torque there was difference among titanic groups 4, 2 and 3, showing that repeated torsion can affect such property. For the torsional stiffness there was statistical difference between titanic groups 1 and 3. The torsional tenacity was different among the 1 and the other titanic groups, also there was difference among stainless steel groups 2, 3 and 4. Finally, there was statistical difference among all stainless steel and titanic alloy groups, that, in general, the stainless steel screws showed greater torsional tenacity in comparison with the titanic alloy screws, but for the other torsional properties they displayed a similar behavior
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Comportamento mecânico e análise dimensional de parafusos corticais de aço inoxidável e liga de titânio submetidos a ensaios de torção / Mechanical behavior and dimensional analysis of the stainless steel and titanium alloy córtex screws, undergone torsion testing

Shimano, Suraya Gomes Novais 21 December 2005 (has links)
Parafusos corticais são uns dos implantes mais utilizados na prática cirúrgica e são normalmente compostos por ligas metálicas como o aço inoxidável F-138 e a liga de titânio 6Al-4V e, quando inseridos no organismo humano, são submetidos a diversos esforços mecânicos. Assim, é necessário avaliar as propriedades mecânicas desses implantes. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento mecânico de parafusos corticais de aço inoxidável e de liga de titânio, de fabricação nacional, em ensaio de torção. Vinte parafusos de aço inoxidável foram divididos em quatro grupos (1,2,3,4) e o mesmo foi feito com os parafusos de liga de titânio. Primeiramente, suas medidas-padrão foram analisadas de acordo com a Norma Brasileira NBR ISO 5835:1996. Nos dois grupos 1 (de aço inoxidável e de liga de titânio), o ângulo de rotação foi mensurado por um goniômetro e o ensaio de torção foi manual. Já os parafusos dos dois grupos 2 foram ensaiados em uma máquina de torção. Os parafusos dos grupos 3, primeiramente, foram inseridos em cortical óssea suína e, posteriormente submetidos à torção. Nos dois grupos 4, os parafusos foram submetidos à torção sucessiva e, posteriormente submetidos à torção na máquina. Na análise estatística das propriedades mecânicas, os resultados apresentaram diferença significativa no torque no limite de proporcionalidade entre o grupo 1 e os demais grupos de aço inoxidável e entre o grupo 1 e os demais grupos de liga de titânio, sugerindo um possível erro metodológico no ensaio de torção manual. No torque no limite máximo houve diferença significativa entre o grupo 4 de liga de titânio e os grupos 2 e 3, mostrando que a torção sucessiva pode comprometer esta propriedade. Na rigidez torcional, foi demonstrada diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos 1 e 3 de liga de titânio. Na tenacidade torcional, houve diferença significativa entre o grupo 1 e os demais grupos de liga de titânio, entre o grupo 2 e os grupos 3 e 4 de aço inoxidável e entre todos os grupos de aço inoxidável e todos os grupos de liga de titânio. Conclui-se que, em geral, os parafusos de aço inoxidável apresentaram tenacidade torcional superior aos parafusos de liga de titânio, mas nas demais propriedades estes dois biomateriais apresentaram resultados semelhantes / Cortical bone screws are one of the most used implants in the surgical practice and the stainless steel (ASTM F-138) and titanic (6Al-4V) are the most common alloys used to manufacture them. When inserted into the bone such implants undergo several types of mechanical stress and, therefore, it is very useful to know their mechanical behavior. The purpose of the present study was to compare the mechanical properties of cortical bone screws made up of stainless steel and titanic alloy as tested in torsion. Twenty stainless steel screws were divided into four groups (1,2,3,4) and the same was made for the titanic alloy screws. First, the screw dimension were checked in accordance to the brazilian standard regulations. In groups 1 (either stainless steel or titanic alloy) the angle of rotation was measured with a goniometer and the torsion test was manual. For groups 2 the screws were tested in torsion in a testing machine. In groups 3, firstly, the screws were inserted into suine bone and, later, removed and submitted to torsion. In groups 4 the screws were tested in successive loading and unloading cycles in torsion and, later, submitted to torsion. The results showed statistically significant difference for the yield torque among the group 1 and the other groups of stainless steel and among the group 1 and the other groups of titanic alloy, which suggest a possible methodological error in manual torsion. For the ultimate torque there was difference among titanic groups 4, 2 and 3, showing that repeated torsion can affect such property. For the torsional stiffness there was statistical difference between titanic groups 1 and 3. The torsional tenacity was different among the 1 and the other titanic groups, also there was difference among stainless steel groups 2, 3 and 4. Finally, there was statistical difference among all stainless steel and titanic alloy groups, that, in general, the stainless steel screws showed greater torsional tenacity in comparison with the titanic alloy screws, but for the other torsional properties they displayed a similar behavior
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Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité des propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical diaphysaire d'un os porteur (fémur) et non-porteur (humérus) / Contribution to the study of the variability of the mechanical properties of the cortical diaphyseal bone of a bearing bone (femur) and non bearing bone (humerus)

Bry, Régis 15 July 2015 (has links)
Dans le but d’enrichir la modélisation virtuelle d’êtres humains et de mieux comprendre la biomécanique de certaines parties du squelette, ce travail propose une analyse comparative des propriétés histologiques et mécaniques de deux os appendiculaires fonctionnellement opposés : l’humérus et le fémur. La campagne a été réalisée à partir d’échantillons provenant de quatre SHPM embaumés (Sujet Humain Post-Mortem), de sexe masculin. Une étude géométrique en 3D a débuté l’expérimentation. Elle a été suivie par une analyse histomorphométrique de 153 photographies réalisées à partir de la face antéromédiale du cortex diaphysaire, à quatre niveaux de hauteur et à trois niveaux de profondeur. Des essais mécaniques ont ensuite été effectués sur 28 éprouvettes d’os cortical non congelé, provenant du même site anatomique. L’expérimentation s’est déroulée sur machine conventionnelle de traction. Elle comportait des essais en traction/compression et des essais de cyclage en traction dans le domaine élastique, à la vitesse de 0,05 mm/mn, jusqu’à rupture. Une loi d’endommagement a également été élaborée. Ces travaux ont montré que ces deux os offrent un comportement différent. L’humérus s’avère être moins résistant et plus raide que le fémur. Son endommagement intervient plus rapidement. Les valeurs mécaniques relevées sont en rapport avec la densité et la taille des ostéones actifs, ainsi qu’avec les caractéristiques de la porosité Haversienne. Les différences de comportement mécanique relevées s’expliquent par l’adaptation microscopique du tissu osseux cortical aux contraintes subies par un os porteur ou non-porteur. Les variations interindividuelles observées sont fonction de son état physiologique. / With the aim of enriching the virtual modelisation of human beings and understanding better the biomechanics of some parts of the skeleton, this work proposes a comparative analysis of histological and mechanical attributes of two functionally opposed appendicular bones: femur and humerus. The campaign has been done with samples coming from four embalmed PMHS (post mortem human subjects) of the male gender. A 3D geometric study started the experiment. It was followed by an histomorphometric analysis of 153 pictures carried out on the anteromedial face of the diaphyseal cortex at four levels of height and three levels of depth. Mechanical tests were then done on 28 specimens of non frozen cortical bone coming from the same anatomic site. The experiment took place on a conventional traction machine. It consisted of traction/compression tests and cycling tests under traction in the elastic zone, at the speed of 0.05 mm/mn until yield point. A damage law has also been elaborated. These studies have shown that these two bones offer a different behaviour. The humerus bone turns out to be less resistant and stiffer than the femur. It is damaged more quickly. The mechanical values noted are related to the density and the size of active osteons and also to the characteristics of Haversian porosity. The difference of mechanical behavior noticed can be explained by the microscopic adaptation of the cortical bone tissue to the stresses undergone by the bearing and non bearing bones. The inter-individual variations observed are linked to the physiological state of this tissue.
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Traitement et analyse du signal ultrasonore pour la caractérisation de l'os cortical / Signal processing and analysis of ultrasound dedicated to cortical bone characterization

Sasso, Magali 14 February 2008 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’analyse et le traitement des signaux ultrasonores pour la caractérisation de l’os cortical. La première partie est dédiée à l’analyse des signaux acquis par un prototype de sonde de transmission axiale à 1 MHz. Nous montrons qu’une contribution arrivant après le premier signal présente un intérêt pour la caractérisation ultrasonore de l’os cortical. En effet, cette contribution évaluée sur des radius humains in vitro est associée à une onde de flexion propagée dans l’os qui est dépendante de l’épaisseur corticale. L’analyse de cette contribution a nécessité le développement d’une technique de séparation d’ondes. Cette contribution étant plus basse fréquence que le premier signal et associée à un mode de propagation différent, nous montrons ainsi qu’une analyse plus poussée du signal peut permettre une approche multi-modes/multi-fréquences. Dans une seconde partie, nous montrons l’intérêt de l’évaluation de l’atténuation ultrasonore pour la caractérisation de l’os cortical. Lors d’une étude expérimentale in vitro sur des échantillons corticaux bovins, nous montrons la dépendance d’un paramètre d’atténuation aux propriétés osseuses et à la micro-structure. De plus, ce paramètre semble plus sensible aux propriétés osseuses que ne l’est la vitesse de l’onde longitudinale. Ainsi, l’atténuation évaluée en complément de la vitesse pourrait permettre de caractériser de manière plus complète l’os cortical / This work deals with the ultrasonic characterization of cortical bone. In a first part, the signals acquired with a 1-MHz axial transmission device are analyzed. A later contribution occuring after the first arriving signal is studied after the application of a wave separation procedure. This contribution is shown to be of interest for the ultrasonic characterization of cortical bone. Indeed, experiments performed in vitro on human radii show that this contribution is associated with a flexural wave guided which is dependent on the cortical thickness. In addition, this contribution has a lower frequency content than the first arriving signal and is associated with a different propagation mode. Therefore, a more thorough analysis of the ultrasonic signals enables a multi-modal/multi-frequency approach. In a second part, the ultrasonic attenuation is evaluated in an in vitro experimental study on bovine cortical bone samples. Ultrasonic attenuation is shown to be dependent on bone properties and micro-structure. Furthermore, this parameter seems to be more sensitive than the longitudinal wave velocity to bone parameters. Attenuation, in combination with ultrasonic wave velocity, is of interest and may provide a more comprehensive characterization of cortical bone

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