No disponible a texto completo / El presente documento es un breve de política, que describe la problemática referente a la responsabilidad fiscal del estado costarricense con el seguro público de salud (SEM). Respecto de lo anterior, el síntoma más evidente de la actual política fiscal, radica en el hecho de que el Estado es el principal deudor que tiene el seguro de salud, con una deuda equivalente al 1,7% del PIB1, situación que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad financiera de dicho seguro. Así, en este trabajo se inicia una exploración de lo que representa la responsabilidad fiscal, y su importancia, en particular en su relación con su contribución a la estabilidad del financiamiento de la protección social. Se definen los elementos básicos que modelan el concepto, y se relevan la importancia de la transparencia y de una administración prospectiva de las obligaciones fiscales. Adicionalmente, se hace una descripción del funcionamiento del seguro público de salud, que pone énfasis en sus características: solidaridad, y la pretensión de atender de forma integral a la personas. También, se hace una revisión del marco normativo, en busca de las obligaciones reglamentarias del Estado con el SEM y la comprensión de la intencionalidad de los legisladores. Por otra parte, utilizando la tipología de (Polackova, 1998), se determinan las obligaciones del Estado. Igualmente el trabajo aporta una proyección de la responsabilidad fiscal explícita del Estado con el seguro de salud, para el decenio: 2012-2021. Los resultados se presentan en dos perspectivas, una que incorporó al grupo de los “No asegurados”, y otro que no los consideró, en la primera la responsabilidad fiscal del Estado es del 1% del PIB, en tanto que en la segunda es del orden del 0,5% del PIB. Por todo lo anterior, se espera que el presente trabajo sea de utilidad para diferentes actores en el ámbito de las políticas públicas.

El patrimonio cultural de Valparaíso está íntimamente ligado al patrimonio arquitectónico. Las edificaciones urbanas de los siglos XVIII y XIX, constituyen un importante atractivo turístico. Así también, el poblamiento de los cerros con sus ascensores, miradores, paseos, iglesias y edificios, han creado la identidad de esta ciudad, que ha permitido su categoría de patrimonio de la humanidad.

The conflicts of the past decade in Central America have produced substantial refugee movements into neighboring nations. Costa Rica has had to cope with an influx of refugees and migrants as large as 10 percent of its population. This work presents a case study of the situation in Costa Rica, focusing on the issue of refugee integration into the host society. It draws on qualitative field research conducted in that country during 1986. The study discusses the evolution of the Costa Rican state's response to the refugee crisis and analyzes the characteristics and impact of policies undertaken by various state bureaucracies. It also describes the assistance efforts of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and private voluntary organizations, along with their interaction with the Costa Rican state. The study concludes that the government's need to maintain firm control of refugee programs has overshadowed its commitment to refugee integration. In so doing, the humanitarian purpose of refugee assistance has been compromised.

This research is an ethnographic case study of the emerging ecotourism economies in the agricultural village of San Gerardo de Rivas, Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica. Due to the village’s location as the main entry point to climb the country’s tallest mountain within Chirripó National Park, the majority of households in San Gerardo now derive some income from tourism. I conducted twenty household surveys, followed by twenty-one semi-structured interviews with male and female heads of households and representatives of local organizations and tourism businesses. Drawing on local perspectives, I found that ecotourism was a complementary income source to agriculture and that men and women were engaging differently in ecotourism employment. Local organizations were involved in the participatory management of ecotourism activities within Chirripó National Park. Ecotourism has affected environmental practices and local people are strategically negotiating the direction of tourism development, including through using environmental discourses, to optimize the benefits to their community.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Geofísica / En este trabajo se determina una metodología para corregir el corrimiento estático (SS) en el método magnetotelúrico (MT) que es adecuada para el modelamiento tridimensional (3D) de sus datos. Para ello se investigaron tres métodos, el MT/TDEM, basado en la calibración con Transiente Electromagnético (TDEM), y los modelamientos del SS con representación de Sasaki y con la Matriz Completa de Distorsión (MCD), los cuales resuelven simultáneamente el SS y la distribución de resistividad eléctrica usando el proceso de inversión conjunta de datos MT. Estos métodos fueron estudiados a través del desarrollo teórico, simulaciones con modelos y usando datos MT de la falla de Pisagua (MT Pisagua) adquiridos en una campaña de terreno para este trabajo. Para investigar los métodos de modelamiento del SS con Sasaki y MCD fue necesario implementarlos previamente. Para ello se desarrolló un algoritmo que fue aplicado al código de inversión 3D MT WSINV3DMT del autor Weerachai Siripunvaraporn. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que los métodos MT/TDEM y modelamiento del SS con Sasaki sólo pueden corregir parcialmente el SS en datos MT provenientes de una distribución de resistividad 3D del subsuelo. En cambio, el modelamiento del SS con MCD permite una corrección del SS más completa, en donde se pueden modelar, a través del proceso de inversión 3D, adecuadamente todas las componentes de los datos MT (consiguiendo buen ajuste en Zxx, Zxy, Zyx y Zyy). Debido a lo anterior, la metodología determinada con este trabajo corresponde al modelamiento del SS usando MCD. Adicionalmente, con el estudio MT Pisagua, adquirido en este trabajo, se obtiene un modelo 3D de resistividad eléctrica del subsuelo que permite investigar la falla de Pisagua. En el modelo se detecta una estructura de baja resistividad (entre 50 a 100 Ohm-m) que se extiende paralela al escarpe de la falla Pisagua (N65E°). Esta estructura indicaría la zona de mayor daño en el basamento (Intrusivo de Pisagua) asociada a la actividad de la falla. Considerando estos resultados, se infiere que la falla de Pisagua seguiría una geometría inversa, lo cual permite explicar la ubicación de la zona de daño detectada con MT y la morfología de terreno.

Orientador : Hermogenes de Freitas Leitão Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T02:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_SilasCosta_D.pdf: 56402051 bytes, checksum: ad5d661a6a4ad4f7ab3ece00d4e045ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 1983 / Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste no levantamento das espécies de gramíneas que ocorrem em diferentes ambientes naturais do município de Poços de Caldas - MG. Trata-se de parte de um projeto mais abrangente, em execução pelo Departamento de Morfologia e Sistemática Vegetais da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), resultante de convênio firmado entre a Fundação de Desenvolvimento da UNICAMP e a Companhia Geral de Minas Gerais (ALCOMINAS). Tal projeto tem, entre seus objetivos, fornecer sugestões para a recomposição da paisagem do município de Poços de Caldas, pelo uso de espécies nativas da região, tendo em vista as modificações drásticas que são causadas pela mineração de bauxita. Após 17 viagens de coletas realizadas periodicamente durante 15 meses, obteve-se, corno resultado, as descrições ilustradas de 67 espécies de gramíneas que ocorrem nos diversos ambientes naturais do município e chaves analíticas que permitem separá-las. São fornecidos dados sobre a distribuição destas espécies e informações referentes à aspectos ecológicos e agronômicos, resultantes de observações feitas no campo, consultas à bibliografia e exame de cerca de 2100 exsicatas depositadas nos 10 herbários visitados. Anthaenantiopsis fiebrigii Mez é citado pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Os gêneros que apresentam maior número de espécies são: Paspalum L., Axonopus Beauv., e Panicum L., com respectivamente 9, 8 e 7 espécies... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The present work consists of a survey of grass species occurring in different natural environments in Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. It is part of a project, originating from the linkage between the Fundação de Desenvolvimento da UNICAMP and the Companhia Geral de Minas Gerais (ALCOMINAS) being carried out by the Departamento de Morfologia e Sistemática Vegetais da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Among other objectives, this project aims to make suggestions for landscape reconstitution in Poços de Caldas, using species native to the region, taking into account the drastic modifications that are being caused by bauxite mining. After 17 périodic trips (during 15 months) for sample collection, a total of 67 grass species have been encourtered, occurring indifferent natural environments of the municipio. Analytical keys for identification, and illustrated descriptions are given. Based on field observations, bibliographic search and study of about 2100 exsicatas from 10 herbaria, data on distribution, and information relative to ecological and agronomic aspectos, are given for each species. The genera with the highest numbers of species were Paspalum L., Axonopus Beauv., Anthaenantiopsis fiebrigii and Panicum L., with 9, 8 and 7 species respectively, is cited for the first time for Brazil... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador : Carol H. Collins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T12:02:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mesquita_ReginaCleliadaCosta_M.pdf: 7376205 bytes, checksum: 64733609cb260a0a2d7b48e3dbc2b0d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Mestrado

Over the last two decades, the use of empowerment approaches to help reduce health-related vulnerabilities and violence among female sex workers has increasingly informed global health efforts directed at HIV/STD prevention. The empowerment approach to sex worker health rejects both abolitionist and narrowly conceived clinical approaches in favor of strategies that promote commercial sex as valid work, strengthen sex workers’ agency, reinforce female sexual autonomy, and support rights-based framing. A significant outcome of the empowerment approach to integrating health, social, and legal strategies has been the creation of numerous sex worker associations and NGOs, which advocate for collective mobilization and community-based HIV/STD prevention programs among sex workers. Despite numerous studies examining the efficacy of community empowerment approaches to sex worker health and the creation of civil society organizations to implement such approaches, there has been little theorization about how participation in sex worker NGO-based programming and activism shapes the personal, embodied experiences and subjectivities of sex workers. Similarly, questions of how sex worker associations and NGOs are shaped by the experiences, realities, feelings, and personal opinions of sex workers have received limited attention. Given the morally charged and highly stigmatized environments in which sex workers typically operate, studying how and which sex workers come into contact with these NGOs helps to illuminate how community and kinship relations, and individual and collective aspirations, shape sex work activism and contribute to the making (and unmaking) of related associations and NGOs. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research with female sex workers and sex work activists, this work combines medical anthropological and feminist perspectives to interpret sex worker associations and NGOs as “local moral worlds” that highlight how subjectivities, body, moral experience, kinship, care, and women’s agency relate. From the subjective experiences of older female sex worker/activist informants, I argue that sex worker associations and NGOs are best comprehended not simply as the outcomes of global health efforts to curb the spread of HIV and other STDs, but also as complex social arenas that need to be reconsidered in light of existing relationships between and among sex workers and their families and the state. This argument is informed by my yearlong engagement with Women’s Solidarity House (WSH), a pseudonym for an organized association of active and retired female sex workers in the red-light district of San José, which recently received NGO status from the Costa Rican state. One important dimension of WSH that requires careful consideration is the fact that most of the women who participate in its development and programming are over the age of 40, with an average age of about 52. This fact makes WSH an interesting and important case study, since it caters most especially to female sex workers who are generally outside of the purview of most sex worker empowerment and health-related prevention programs, which are designed and implemented by public health researchers and development specialists. While theories of gender, stigma, and social inequality have increasingly informed medical anthropological efforts to understand how structural factors shape the personal, embodied experiences of sex workers and the distribution of HIV/STDs, there has been very little effort to understand how aging and ageism factor into the making and unmaking of sex worker embodiment and subjectivity and older women sex workers’ risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and infections. Given that sex work is a profession or income-generating strategy that adult women in various stages of their lives perform, the lack of research and theorization about these aspects of female sex workers’ lives, I suggest, has prevented a broader research and programmatic response both to common risks such as HIV/STDs and violence, and to work-related health problems and occupational conditions that older sex workers may consider more important in their day-to-day lives. My research shows that a “structural approach” to sex work, which highlights the underlying social, historical, political, and economic forces that encourage and foster the economic exploitation, stigmatization, and negative health outcomes of women (and men) who sell sex, would benefit from adding a feminist anthropological perspective on aging. In this view, aging is a critical social structural inequality that society uses to devalue women’s status and which women often experience as stigmatizing and/or shameful. In Costa Rica, where recent reporting has suggested an increase in the number of older women in the local sex industry, studying women’s experiences of and responses to growing old in the sex trade reveals not only the long-term impacts of neoliberal reform polices, but also how gendered discourses about aging, increasing familial caregiving responsibilities, and growing inequality and economic pressure, together, conspire to limit older women sex workers’ employment opportunities and put them at greater risk of violence, discrimination, psychological distress, sexual assault, substance abuse, poverty, and HIV/STDs.

The genera of Tingidae of the neotropics are herein diagnosed and a key for their identification is also provided. Five new genera are described from Central America, two from Panama, two from Costa Rica, and one new genus is described from Mexico. This brings the total of neotropical genera to 74. One new species, Mexibyrsa woolleyi is described from Mexico. The Tingidae of southern Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) are reviewed in detail. There are now 153 described species spread among 43 genera. Thirty-two new species from southern Central America are described. Identification keys are provided for all species found in the study region. / NDSU Entomology Scholarship Committee / Oswald, John D. (TAMU)

Im tropischen Trockenwald im Nordwesten Costa Ricas wurde der Verlauf der Regeneration von Sekundärwäldern untersucht. Neun Sukzessionsstufen, die seit unterschiedlichen Zeiträumen ohne erkennbare anthropogene Störungen wuchsen, waren Bestandteil dieser Untersuchungen. Analysiert wurden folgende Aspekte der natürlichen Sylvigenesis degradierter Trockenwaldareale. 1. Die aktuellen Vegetationsbestände der Untersuchungsflächen umfassten 328 Gefäßpflanzenarten aus 79 Familien und 247 Gattungen. Die höchste Artenvielfalt zeigte sich nach 15 Jahren mit 140 Arten. Die Diversität der Gehölzspezies war nach 20 Jahren am Höchsten. 2. Die potentielle Vegetation wurde anhand der Diasporen- und Keimlingsbanken untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 14567 Ausbreitungseinheiten in allen Flächen angetroffen. 122 Diasporenarten waren insgesamt vertreten. Wurden die jüngeren sekundären Flächen durch Nichtgehölze geprägt, beherrschten Gehölze die älteren Waldflächen. Die Artenvielfalt der Keimlingsbanken zeigt nach 10 Jahren einen sprunghaften Anstieg, wobei die Diversität sich in den drei ältesten Flächen auf etwa 50 Gehölzspezies einstellte. 3. Vorhandene Standortfaktoren, die Einfluss auf die natürliche Sylvigenesis nehmen, wurden analysiert. Die Pflanzenbedeckung zeigte während des Sukzessionsverlaufs ein prozentuales Absinken im Bodenbereich bei gleichzeitiger Zunahme des Anteils der Baumschichten. Die Temperaturdifferenzen in der Tag- und Nachtrhythmik senkte sich von etwa 24°C in den jüngsten Flächen auf 11°C im ältesten Waldstück. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt umfassende Erkenntnisse über den komplexen Verlauf der Sylvigenesis innerhalb der Trockenwaldareale Costa Ricas zur Verfügung. Die gelieferten Ergebnisse sind ein Beitrag, die einer effektiveren Gestaltung der Renaturierungsmaßnahmen auch in anderen tropischen Waldformationen dienen können.