The scholarly tradition in urban policy analysis holds that a variety of economic, social and political background factors influence the nature and amount of output by the policymaking system. Here a number of these factors such as elections and parties, structure of the national economy and age and sex composition of the population are examined to determine their effect on public housing and local government revenue policy in two Central American urban centers. San Jose, Costa Rica and San Salvador, El Salvador were chosen for the study because they are in the same size range, both are capital (and primate) cities and both have been growing rapidly in recent years. Moreover, the cities exist in radically different sociopolitical milieux. With such characteristics as size and primacy held constant, it was felt that variations in policy output could be linked to and at least partially explained by the political, social and economic differences. For a variety of systemic and historical reasons, urban public housing is provided in both countries by autonomous agencies of the national governments. Their operational policies and programs are compared. Two major activities in the field of municipal revenue are traced through the policymaking process from their genesis: a successful effort to install parking meters in San Jose, and an unsuccessful attempt at overall tax reform in San Salvador. In neither policy area, public housing nor municipal revenue, was the original hypothesis sustained. No important differences in policy output between San Jose and San Salvador could be identified. Consequently, there were no variations to be explained by the diversity in social, economic and political background factors. Nonetheless, these factors are considered in detail, along with the nature of the policymaking process in the two cities. Finally, some suggestions are offered as to why San Jose and San Salvador exhibit these similarities in policy product in spite of their many social, political and economic dissimilarities.

Worldwide, coastal wetlands are currently threatened by human activities such as agriculture, infrastructure development, resource exploitation, and urban sprawl. Pressures on these ecosystems disturb their morphology, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles, thus resulting in the degradation of ecosystem services quality. However, little has been done to understand the coastal wetland response to identify the most efficient conservation and mitigation strategy. Along the Peruvian coast, wetlands present a diversity of landscapes and features. Even though threats and pressures would be similar, the ecosystem response in each environment may be different. In this context, this study describes a methodology to assess the impacts of human activities on ecosystem services based on the understanding of geomorphic features and current state of the Eten coastal wetland, located in northern Peru. The methodology combines the application of open-source GIS-tools and collection of field data to characterize the geomorphic settings and the ecosystem services provided and also to analyze the changes in river morphology, land use, water quality, and aquatic biota. Data were then processed to define the main threats and pressures on the Eten wetland and how they impact on ecosystem services, using a cause-effect DSPIR (Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses) model. The main results indicated that the river plays a vital role in defining the landscape and wetland features such as vegetation cover and habitats. Moreover, the biological diversity of aquatic habitats is disturbed by the hydraulic structures and agricultural activities. Changes in land use modified the natural landscape, thus affecting supporting and regulation services such as groundwater recharge and water regulation. By combining remote sensing applications and field surveys, this study presents an approach to improve coastal wetlands management through the identification of the most affected functions and services. / En todo el mundo, los humedales costeros están actualmente amenazados por actividades humanas como la agricultura, el desarrollo de infraestructura, la explotación de recursos y la expansión urbana. Las presiones sobre estos ecosistemas alteran su morfología, hidrología y ciclos biogeoquímicos, lo que da como resultado la degradación de la calidad de los servicios de los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, poco se ha estudiado para comprender la respuesta de los humedales costeros, a fin de identificar la estrategia de conservación y mitigación más eficiente. A lo largo de la costa peruana, los humedales presentan una diversidad de paisajes y características. Aunque las amenazas y presiones son similares entre ellos, la respuesta en cada entorno puede ser diferente. En este contexto, este estudio describe una metodología para evaluar los impactos ambientales sobre los servicios ecosistémicos basada en la comprensión de las características geomorfológicas y el estado actual del humedal costero de Eten, ubicado en el norte de Perú. La metodología combina la aplicación de herramientas SIG de código abierto y estudios de campo para caracterizar los entornos geomórficos y los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados, y también para analizar los cambios en la morfología de los ríos, el uso de la tierra, la calidad del agua y la biota acuática. Luego se procesaron los datos para definir las principales amenazas y presiones sobre el humedal Eten y cómo impactan en los servicios del ecosistema, utilizando un modelo DSPIR (impulsores, presiones, estados, impactos, respuestas) de causa-efecto. Los principales resultados indicaron que el río juega un papel vital en la definición del paisaje y las características de los humedales, como la cubierta vegetal y los hábitats. Además, la diversidad biológica de los hábitats acuáticos está influenciada por las estructuras hidráulicas y las actividades agrícolas. Asimismo, los cambios en el uso del suelo perturbaron el paisaje natural, afectando los servicios ecosistémicos como la recarga de aguas subterráneas y la regulación del agua. Al combinar aplicaciones de teledetección y estudios de campo, este estudio presenta un enfoque para mejorar el manejo de los humedales costeros a través de la identificación de las funciones y servicios más afectados.

ALVES, Gilson Fernando. Avaliação da cidadania participativa no PRODETUR/NE-II: o caso do Conselho de Turismo do pólo Costa das Dunas. 2009. 297f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2009 / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-27T13:19:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009-DIS-GFALVES.pdf: 11037268 bytes, checksum: 035b27aca51bbbb58d3ac950b092c8bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-27T14:47:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009-DIS-GFALVES.pdf: 11037268 bytes, checksum: 035b27aca51bbbb58d3ac950b092c8bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009-DIS-GFALVES.pdf: 11037268 bytes, checksum: 035b27aca51bbbb58d3ac950b092c8bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Participative citizenship is an investigation subject under the Dunes Coast Tourism Council, a public tripartite environment of discussion and deliberation which is part of the institutional structure of Northeast’s Tourism Development Program - Prodetur/NE, in its second phase. Through a study case methodology, there has been made an exploratory research that, in the attempt to understand how communitarian participation is built in that space and in which way it is influenced by the limits and potentialities of Prodetur/NE, it has relied on the hypothesis that, in the context of local tourism development, social capital is essential and determining the direction and the definition of this, especially with the use of all resources as endogenous factor of competitiveness of tourist destination. Accordingly, it is understood that the more consistent the social capital, the better the results achieved in the institutions of representation, and therefore will be more effective citizenship participation. A revealed confirmation as from the result’s analysis of the opinions expressed by 74 interviewed people, from different segments and representatives of the Dunes Coast Tourism Council. Based on these answers, it has been concluded that the Council’s space can be revealed inclusive and participative, if its weaknesses are worked out and its social capital is strengthened as from the divulgation, training (also for the council’s members) and development of local integrator spaces, that potentizes a participant citizen in the inner individuals. / A cidadania participativa é tema de investigação junto ao Conselho de Turismo do Pólo Costa das Dunas, esfera pública tripartite de discussão e deliberação que faz parte da estrutura institucional do Programa de Desenvolvimento do Turismo do Nordeste – Prodetur/NE-II. Através do método estudo de caso, realizou-se pesquisa exploratória, que na tentativa de entender como é construída a participação comunitária naquele espaço e de que modo ela é influenciada pelos limites e potencialidades do Prodetur/NE, amparou-se na hipótese de que no contexto do desenvolvimento turístico local, o capital social é elemento indispensável e determinante nos rumos e na definição deste, sobretudo quanto ao uso de todos os recursos endógenos como fator de competitividade do destino turístico. Neste sentido, entende-se que quanto mais consistente o capital social, melhores serão os resultados alcançados nas instituições de representação, e, portanto, mais efetiva será a participação cidadã. Constatação revelada a partir da análise dos resultados das opiniões expressadas por 74 entrevistados, de diferentes segmentos e representatividades do turismo do Pólo Costa das Dunas. Com base nessas respostas, conclui-se que o espaço do Conselho poderá revelar-se inclusivo e participativo se trabalhadas suas fraquezas e fortalecido seu capital social a partir da divulgação, da capacitação (inclusive para conselheiros) e desenvolvimento de espaços locais integradores, que potencializem no indivíduo um cidadão participante.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Florianópolis, 2012 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-25T23:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 313541.pdf: 887672 bytes, checksum: 0b7b0562939c698daa705641bcb52e0f (MD5) / Esta etnografia analisa as concepções e práticas relacionadas à formação da criança, na localidade da Costa da Lagoa, Florianópolis, estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil). Como ferramentas metodológicas, utilizou-se a observação participante e conversas informais com os moradores sobre as experiências e interdições, desde a descoberta da gravidez ao puerpério, e ao longo da infância, relacionadas à "formação" da criança. Ao longo do estudo notou-se que a criança, ao mesmo tempo em que é um ser individual, é também um membro representante de família e formadora de uma rede relacional. Neste sentido, sua individualização ocorre na relação, pela lógica do convívio ou do contato metonímico. Desse modo, o corpo da criança é atravessado por canais de reciprocidade que também foram canais de coparticipação.<br> / Abstract : This ethnography analyzes conceptions and practices related with the child formation in the locality of Costa da Lagoa, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state (Brazil). As methodological instrument are used participant observation and informal conversations with the dwellers about experiences and interdicts from pregnancy to puerperium, and along childhood related to child's "formation". Along the study was noted that the child at the same time that is an individual being, is a familiar representative and a relational net former. In this sense, its individuation occurs in relation, by the familiarity and metonymic logic. Thereby, the child's body is crossed by reciprocity channels that are also co-participation channels.

Tropische Nebelwälder gehören zu den am meisten bedrohten Ökosystemen der Erde. Neben dem Schutz ist für den Erhalt des Lebensraumes tropischer Nebelwald dringend die Restauration ehemaliger, degradierter Nebelwaldflächen nötig. Leider sind die bisher erprobten Verfahren zu allgemein gehalten, um am jeweiligen Restaurationsstandort erfolgreich angewendet werden zu können. Zudem ist das derzeitige wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisvermögen über den Sukzessionsablauf und die Wuchseigenschaften der vorkommenden Baumarten unbefriedigend. Ziel der Untersuchung war daher eine Bewertung der Eignung von Baumarten und waldbaulichen Verfahren zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas. Das Untersuchungsgebiet lag in den Waldungen des Cloudbridge Reservates nahe dem Ort San Gerardo de Rivas. Als Versuchsflächenstandort wurde eine 1,05 Hektar große, auf einer Höhe von 1.828 bis 1.891 Meter gelegene, um 35 Grad geneigte Hangfläche mit einer Ausrichtung von Nordost bis Nordwest ermittelt. Es wurden 20 quadratische Parzellen mit einer Seitenlänge von 18 Metern errichtet, auf denen vier waldbauliche Verfahren und zwölf Baumarten mit Hilfe der statistischen Verfahren Regressionsanalyse und Kruskal-Wallis-Test bewertet wurden. Nach Feststellen der Degradationsstufe wurden die Restaurationsverfahren Framework Species (Verfahren 1) und Nurse Trees (Verfahren 2) ausgewählt. Weiterhin wurde eine Kombination der beiden Verfahren (Verfahren 3) und die natürliche Sukzession (Verfahren 0) untersucht. Datengrundlage bildeten die in den Jahren 2008, 2009, 2010 und 2012 aufgenommenen Werte für Baumhöhe, Wurzelhals- und Brusthöhendurchmesser, Kronenradius, Bodenbedeckung, Stammfußposition, Beschattung und Vitalität. Die Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 weisen bereits in den ersten vier Wuchsjahren gute Bedingungen für die natürliche Etablierung von Baumarten auf. In Verfahren 0 siedelten sich keine naturverjüngten Baumarten an. Verfahren 0, in dem die natürliche Sukzession ablaufen kann, ist für eine zügige Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet aufgrund fehlender Naturverjüngung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten ungeeignet. Die Verfahren 1 bis 3 sind zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen unterschiedlich gut geeignet. In Verfahren 2 werden die höchsten Wuchsleistungen erreicht. Es ist aber aufgrund der hohen Individuensterblichkeit und geringen Verdrängung von Gräsern und Farnen am wenigsten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Weniger Individuensterblichkeit, bessere Beschattungswirkung und höhere Anziehungskraft auf samenverbreitende Tierarten wurden bei Verfahren 1 beobachtet. Verfahren 3 kombiniert die guten Eigenschaften von Verfahren 1 und 2, weswegen es für die Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet am besten geeignet ist. Gräser und Farne werden ausreichend verdrängt, eine hohe vertikale Bestandesstruktur wird erreicht und die Individuensterblichkeit ist geringer als in Verfahren 2, so dass mit diesem Verfahren eine gute Grundlage für die natürliche Etablierung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten geschaffen wird. Voraussetzung für eine gelungene Restauration ist bei den Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 die Beachtung der Ansprüche der jeweiligen Baumarten an die Exposition und die Wasserversorgung. Bis auf die Baumart Gordonia fruticosa sind alle weiteren untersuchten Baumarten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Vorteilhaft ist in jedem Fall die Pflanzung in Baumartenmischung. Die Baumart Cecropia polyphlebia sollte gruppenweise in Mischpflanzungen eingebracht werden. Alle weiteren Baumarten bevorzugen oder vertragen eine einzelbaumweise Mischung. Alnus acuminata und Inga oerstediana sind selbst schattenunverträglich und müssen daher mit langsamer wachsenden Baumarten, wie Quercus rapurahuensis oder Billia hippocastanum, kombiniert werden. Für die Position Senke sind alle Baumarten, mit Ausnahme von Alnus acuminata und der oben genannten Baumart Gordonia fruticosa, geeignet. Einschränkungen gibt es für die Positionen Nordosthang und Nordhang, an denen nur die Baumarten Alnus acuminata, Billia hippocastanum, Inga oerstediana, Quercus rapurahuensis und Ulmus mexicana gepflanzt werden sollten. Viburnum costaricanum kann ebenfalls am Nordhang eingesetzt werden. Unter sehr hohem Pflegeaufwand ist auch die Pflanzung von Sapium pachystachis an Nordost- und Nordhang möglich. Um Restauration im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas in Zukunft zielführend umzusetzen, wurden Pflanzschemata entwickelt, die auf Verfahren 3 basieren und die die Ansprüche der einzelnen Baumarten an Exposition und Wasserversorgung berücksichtigen. Die Pflanzung nach diesen Schemata bewirkt möglichst geringe Individuensterblichkeiten, hohe Wuchsleistungen und Vitalitäten. Ebenfalls wird dadurch eine hohe vertikale Struktur und Kronenüberdeckung des Bodens erreicht, um gute Voraussetzungen für das Anwachsen von Naturverjüngung zu gewährleisten.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre, dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, pourquoi et comment les États-Unis affirment continuellement leur leadership et leur influence dans la lutte globale contre la traite des personnes. Forte d’un corpus varié mêlant rapports internationaux, archives gouvernementales et non gouvernementales ou encore entretiens, cette étude postule que les États-Unis manifestent, depuis la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, leur capacité à exercer un leadership et une influence dans la lutte globale anti-traite. Cette recherche montre que la motivation des États-Unis à fabriquer et à diffuser ses propres normes anti-traite sur la scène internationale a toujours eu (de 1920 à nos jours) pour corollaire la promotion de valeurs socio-morales, notamment celles ayant trait aux politiques de genre et à la sexualité. Cependant, pour atteindre cet objectif, le style de leadership ainsi que les outils d’influence mobilisés diffèrent d’une période à une autre. Cette thèse permet d’examiner les vives querelles et compétitions institutionnelles entre le Congrès et le département d’État, particulièrement sur la façon dont les États-Unis devraient exercer leur puissance en matière en lutte globale anti-traite. L’étude met en évidence que c’est au tournant du siècle que les revendications du pouvoir législatif s’imposent, soit le rôle de vecteur et de leader du pays dans cette cause à l’échelle internationale, en privilégiant l’approche unilatérale. L’enjeu qui pousse les États-Unis à adopter l’approche du carrot-and-stick vis-à-vis des pays qui ne s’engagent pas dans cette lutte selon les standards étasuniens se situe dans le droit et la norme : il s’agit d’imposer l’adoption de leur propre législation fédérale aux autres pays, soit le TVPA (Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Loi 2000 relative à la protection des victimes de la traite). C’est ce que démontre l’étude de cas sur le Costa Rica. Le gouvernement costaricien appréhende la question de la traite des personnes en termes sécuritaires et non socio-moraux comme l’y incite Washington. Par conséquent, lors de l’évaluation annuelle mondiale effectuée par le département d’État, laquelle observe les efforts fournis en matière de lutte contre la traite des personnes, le Costa Rica se voit relégué dans une mauvaise catégorie, et ce depuis dix-sept ans. Enfin, au regard du leadership socio-moral des États-Unis en matière de lutte anti-traite, la coopération avec le Costa Rica s’organise surtout avec les ONG qui adhérent à la réponse socio-morale étasunienne. / The objective of this dissertation is to understand, from a multidisciplinary perspective, why and how the United States continually affirms its leadership and influence in the global fight on human trafficking. Supported by a wide range of sources, including international reports, government records and interviews, this study makes the assertion that, since the interwar period the United States has demonstrated its ability to lead and exert an influence in the global anti-trafficking fight. This research shows that the motivation of the United States to create and propagate its own anti-trafficking norms in the international sphere has always (since the 1920s) resulted in the promotion of socio-moral values—most notably those having to do with policies related to gender and sexuality. However, in order to achieve this objective, both the style of the United States’ leadership and the mechanisms of its influence have varied over the years. This dissertation examines the fierce quarrels and institutional competition between Congress and the Department of State, particularly regarding the manner in which the United States should exert its power in the global anti-trafficking fight. This study brings to light the fact that it is at the turn of the 21th century that demands on the US legislature are critical, specifically because of its role as a natural leader in this cause at the international level, favoring a unilateral approach. The challenge that forces the United States to adopt a carrot-andstick approach with countries that refuse to follow the American example in this fight is a legal one: it is to impose the adoption of their own federal legislation on other countries, specifically the TVPA (Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000). This is illustrated by the case study of Costa Rica. The Costa Rican government frames the question of human trafficking in terms of security and not socio-morals as encouraged by Washington. Consequently, in the U.S. State Department’s annual global review of efforts made to combat anti-trafficking, Cost Rica has been poorly ranked for the last 17 years. Finally, with respect to the socio-moral leadership of the United States in the fight against human trafficking, the cooperation of Costa Rica is mainly organized with NGOs who adopt the American socio-moral response stance.

Esta tese analisa como se deram as múltiplas relações intelectuais entre o mexicano Leopoldo Zea, o uruguaio Arturo Ardao e o brasileiro João Cruz Costa. Por meio da investigação de seus itinerários e, principalmente, de suas produções intelectuais, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1970, buscamos identificar conexões e estabelecer comparações entre suas escritas de história das ideias filosóficas. As principais fontes da pesquisa foram suas obras e artigos, mas também fizemos uso de atas de reuniões, listas de recomendações construídas em eventos, resoluções aprovadas em instituições, textos autobiográficos, entrevistas, prefácios, resenhas de livros e correspondências. Nossa análise adotou uma perspectiva diacrônica e sincrônica, buscando captar as mudanças e permanências, bem como as similitudes e as especificidades, as aproximações e os distanciamentos. Isso possibilitou perceber diferenças nos usos de termos, fontes, temas e concepções teórico-filosóficas, mas, principalmente, mostrou que existiram muitas afinidades intelectuais que deram forma a uma verdadeira rede de intelectuais. A ideia da produção de uma filosofia própria da América Latina estava na base de quase todas suas obras, levando-os a elaborar interpretações da história relacionadas a discursos de forte conotação identitária nacional e/ou latino-americana. / This dissertation analyzes thewritings of the Mexican Leopoldo Zea, the Uruguayan Arturo Ardao and the Brazilian João Cruz Costa to understand theirmultiple intellectual relations.Looking at their lives and especially at their texts, from 1930s to 1970s, we identifiedconnections and proposed comparisons. The main sources of this research are their books and articles; but also memorandums, lists of recommendations, resolutions, autobiographical texts, interviews, prefaces, book reviews and mailing. Our analysis takes a diachronic and synchronic perspective, seeking to capture the changes and continuities as well as the similarities and specificities. Therefore, it was possible to notice differences in their using of words, sources, themes and theoretical-philosophical concepts, but alsoto perceive theiraffinitiesthat formed a strongintellectual network. The idea of a Latin Americanphilosophy was implicit in almost all their texts.They build an interpretation of history that gave shape to discourses of national and/or Latin Americanidentities.

Objetivo: Investigar a deglutição em indivíduos com a Síndrome Richieri Costa-Pereira (SRCP), com o propósito de verificar a presença sintomas de disfagia por parte dos cuidadores e paciente, bem como sinais de disfagia. Casuística e Método: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, no qual foram avaliados 19 indivíduos com a SRCP, entre 26 dias e 30 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Foram levantados sintomas de disfagia por meio de entrevista, bem como análise de prontuários, seguida de avaliação clínica e instrumental da deglutição (videoendoscopia da deglutição - VED) para investigar os sinais de disfagia. A deglutição foi classificada de acordo com a Functional Oral Intake Scale - FOIS e a Escala de Comprometimento Funcional da Deglutição - ECFD. Resultados: Todos os indivíduos maiores de 4 anos (n=12) se alimentavam por via oral exclusiva (VO), sem restrições (FOIS nível 7), assim realizaram única avaliação, apesar de constatada a presença de sinais de comprometimento da deglutição em 8 casos na ECFD. Os indivíduos menores de 3 meses de idade (n=7), com alimentação exclusiva por sonda alimentadora na primeira avaliação (FOIS nível 1), foram acompanhados por apresentarem sintomas e sinais de disfagia detectados nas avaliações clínica e instrumental. Ao longo do estudo, foi verificado o desenvolvimento de mecanismo de proteção das vias aéreas com melhora da deglutição, sendo que 4 casos passaram a se alimentar exclusivamente por VO na última avaliação. Conclusão: Sintomas de disfagia, principalmente na população infantil, estão presentes, assim como sinais de disfagia, em diferentes graus, durante toda a evolução do tratamento, mesmo na ausência de sintomas; os indivíduos com a SRCP desenvolveram mecanismo de proteção das vias aéreas realizando a deglutição de maneira adaptada e estabelecendo assim condições para a alimentação por via oral exclusiva. / Objective: To investigate swallowing in individuals with Richieri Costa-Pereira syndrome (RCPS), in order to verify the presence of dysphagia symptoms by caregivers and patients, as well as dysphagia signs. Methods: A retrospective and prospective study in which 19 subjects with RCPS, aged 26 days - 30 years, both genders, were evaluated. Data from dysphagia symptoms were collected through interviews and records analysis, followed by clinical and instrumental swallowing evaluation (Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing FEES) to investigate dysphagia signs. Swallowing was classified according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale - FOIS and Swallowing Functional Impairment Scale - SFIS. Results: A single assessment was performed in all subjects older than 4 years (n=12). They were exclusively oral fed without restrictions (FOIS level 7) although impaired swallowing signs were observed in 8 cases on the ECFD. Individuals younger than 3 months (n=7), were exclusively tube fed in the first evaluation (FOIS level 1), and were followed up for presenting dysphagia symptoms and signs detected in clinical and instrumental evaluation. The development of airway protection mechanism with swallowing improvement was verified during the study, and 4 cases (n=7) were exclusively oral fed in the last assessment. Conclusion: Dysphagia symptoms are present especially in children as well as dysphagia signs, which may vary in degrees, even when no symptoms are reported throughout treatment evolution. Individuals with RCPS developed protective airways mechanism performing adapted swallowing and thereby establishing conditions for exclusively oral feeding.

Entre 1937 e 1945 o Brasil esteve sob o governo ditatorial do Estado Novo, cuja ideologia de progresso e engrandecimento nacional aparece fortemente caracterizada pelos paradigmas do nacionalismo, a defesa da soberania nacional, a modernização das instituições, a industrialização dos processos de produção, e, principalmente, pela crença no Estado como mediador das tensões. Neste processo, marcado pela transformação do imaginário coletivo num instrumento regulador do cotidiano, a construção de uma identidade nacional unificadora, capaz de acomodar as diferenças, tornou-se um mecanismo central de poder. Além disso, pode-se dizer que, neste mesmo período, culminou o longo processo de construção de um campo profissional autônomo para a arquitetura - especialmente no que diz respeito a seu aspecto erudito -, que havia ocupado as décadas anteriores envolvendo procedimentos e estratégias diversas não só no campo da educação, mas também no que diz respeito à consolidação de uma linguagem plástica reconhecida, à construção de obras emblemáticas e ao poder de elaborar sua própria história. Neste contexto, arquitetura e Estado estabeleceram, especialmente durante estes anos de governo ditatorial, uma relação bastante particular. O objetivo da presente dissertação, portanto, é abordar algumas destas questões, a partir de um episódio específico: a construção das Escolas Práticas de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo, erigidas pelo Interventor Fernando Costa, entre 1942 e 1945. Propôs-se para tanto investigar os processos de idealização, concepção do projeto e implantação das referidas escolas, procurando identificar, a partir de sua arquitetura, o entrecruzamento de projetos políticos diversos. Destaca-se particularmente nesse cenário a adoção da arquitetura neocolonial como aspecto central do projeto de implantação das referidas escolas - executado no âmbito de órgãos públicos estaduais -, e o discurso ideológico que assume para tanto, onde os elementos constituintes de sua linguagem formal ganharam importância ao assumirem uma carga simbólica que se referenciava e propunha novas construções para o imaginário coletivo; e onde tais elaborações eram vistas em uma perspectiva da função social da arquitetura. / Between 1937 and 1945 Brazil was under the dictatorial government of the Estado Novo, whose ideology of progress and national growth appears strongly characterized by the paradigms of nationalism, defense of the national sovereignty, modernization of institutions, industrialization of production processes, and mainly by the belief in the government as a mediator of tensions. In this process, marked by the transformation of the collective imagery in a regulatory instrument of daily life, the construction of a unifying national identity, able to accommodate differences, became a central mechanism of power. Furthermore, we can say that, in the same period, the long process of construction of an architectural autonomous professional field - especially in what concerns its erudite aspect - reached its culmination. This process, which was present in the previous decades, involved many procedures and strategies not only in the educational field, but also regarding the consolidation of a recognized plastic language, the construction of emblematic buildings and the power to elaborate its own history. In such a context, architecture and the state established, especially during these years of dictatorial government, a very particular relationship. The aim of this dissertation is to approach some of these questions by addressing a specific episode: the construction of the Practical Schools of Agriculture, carried through by the governor of São Paulo, Fernando Costa, between 1942 and 1945. Therefore the research was centered in the analysis of the idealization, conception of the architectural project and establishment of these schools, in the effort to identify, through its architecture, interconnected or contrasting political projects. In this scenario, special attention was given to the neocolonial architecture adopted as the central aspect of the conception of these schools - whose architectural projects were conceived by governmental institutions -, and its assumed ideological discourse, where the esthetic and symbolic elements made reference to but also proposed new constructions to the collective imagery, and where these elaborations were understood as part of architectural social responsibility.

A tese aborda as questões da arquitetura brasileira pós-Brasília a partir de produção de Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Vilanova Artigas e Lina Bo Bardi. Através dos nexos arquitetônicos existentes entre os quatro arquitetos que vetorizam o campo arquitetônico brasileiro, torna-se possível explorar as transformações e complexidades deste campo do conhecimento. Suas arquiteturas contribuem para revelar as questões latentes e os valores emergentes de uma produção arquitetônica também situada entre múltiplas tensões culturais, sociais e políticas --entre 1960 e 1985-- constituindo-se como a chave fundamental de compreensão da produção arquitetônica brasileira pós-Brasília. / This thesis focuses on Brazilian post-Brasília architecture throughout Lucio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Vilanova Artigas and Lina Bo Bardi\'s architecture. They are the most important vectors at the architectural field, so their projects have an extraordinary possibility to reveal architectural nexus in a current transformations and complexities circumstance. So their architectural contributions also become a strategic key to realize emergent and pulsing questions at that in-between post-Brasília gap that Brazilian architectural field had come into.