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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Síntese de seleno- e teluro-cumarinas para estudos de emissão e supressão de fluorescência e aplicações analíticas e/ou biológicas / Synthesis of selenium- and tellurium-coumarins for fluorescence emission and supression studies and analytical and/or biological applications

Cavalcante, Victor Fernandes 17 July 2017 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de sondas contendo átomos de calcogênio, expandiu significativamente, devido principalmente à reatividade dos elementos dessa família que são facilmente oxidados aos seus correspondentes calcogenóxidos e calcogenonas, permitindo diversas aplicações, especialmente em sistemas biológicos. A inserção de átomos pesados como os calcogênios, ao núcleo fluorofórico, leva à supressão de fluorescência, processo conhecido por \"efeito do átomo pesado\" também atribuída por Transferência Eletrônica Fotoinduzida (Photoinduced Electron Transfer). A oxidação do calcogênio ao correspondente calcogenóxido ou calcogenona inibe esse processo reestabelecendo a fluorescência. Todavia, moléculas com núcleo fluorofórico contendo, principalmente, os átomos de selênio e telúrio tem suas propriedades fotofísicas pouco investigadas, se comparado com moléculas contendo o átomo de enxofre. Neste trabalho foi tratado do desenvolvimento de metodologias de preparação de sondas contendo os átomos de selênio (II) e telúrio (II), mais especificamente, através da funcionalização da 7-hidróxi-4-metil-cumarina. Foram preparadas 6 calcogeno-cumarinas inéditas em rendimentos que variaram de 27% a 69%. Esses compostos apresentaram comportamento fluorescente condizente com o que havia sido idealizado: suas propriedades fotofísicas foram determinadas em acetonitrila, a 298 K, observando-se máximos de absorção em 290 nm e em 320 nm e máximo de emissão de fluorescência em 380 nm. Demais propriedades fotofísicas como rendimento quântico e tempo de vida do estado excitado também foram obtidas. Também foram realizados estudos com os compostos sintetizados frente a espécies oxidantes endógenas (ClO- e H2O2) permitindo inicializar estudos em sistemas celulares, observando-se que as cumarinas contendo o átomo de telúrio (II) demonstraram resultados promissores para seu uso como sondas fluorescentes. / In the last years, the development and application of chalcogen-containing dyes has expanded significantly, mainly due to the chalcogen elements reactivity that are are easily oxidized to their correspondent chalcogenides and chalcogenones, allowing several applications, especially in biological systems. The insertion of heavy atoms such as chalcogens to the fluorophoric core of the molecule leads to a fluorescence suppression, process known as \"heavy atom effect\", also attributed as Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PeT). The chalcogen oxidation to its correspondent chalcogenoxide or chalcogenone inhibts this process reestablishing the fluorescence of the molecule. However, fluorophoric molecules containing selenium and tellurium are not very investigated towards its photophysical properties if compared to their sulfur analogues. It is discussed in this this work, the development of methodologies for the preparation of probes containing selenium (II) and tellurium (II), more specifically, through the functionalization of the 7-methyl-4-hydroxi-coumarin. Six novel chalcogen-coumarins were prepared presenting yields varying from 27% to 69%. These compounds presented consistent fluorescent behavior for what it was predicted: their photophysical properties were determined observing absorption maxima at 290 nm and 320 nm and fluorescence maxima at 380 nm. Other photophysical properties such as quantum yields and excited state lifetime were also obtained. Studies with the synthetized compounds related to their behavior against endogenous oxidant species (ClO- and H2O2) were also conducted, allowing initial studies in cell systems, which demonstrated that the tellurium (II) derived coumarins presented promising results as fluorescent probes
42

The effect of geography, cultivation and harvest technique on the umckalin concentration and growth of pelargonium sidoides (Geraniaceae) /

White, Andrew Graeme. January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Botany)) - Rhodes University, 2007.
43

Mise au point de nanofibres et nanocristaux fluorescents à base de coumarines et d'iminocoumarines pour des applications dans le domaine des matériaux et du diagnostic / Development of fluorescent nanofibers and nanocrystals based of coumarines and iminocoumarines for applications in the field of materials and diagnosis

Khemakhem, Kacem 28 April 2017 (has links)
Depuis une dizaine d'années, les nanofibres et nanocristaux organiques fluorescents font l'objet d'un intérêt croissant. On les considère de plus en plus comme des matériaux fonctionnels pour des applications dans le domaine de l'optoélectronique, des capteurs chimiques et biochimiques et de la biologie. Cela implique que l'on soit capable de fabriquer des nanofibres et des nanocristaux organiques fluorescents de bonne qualité, avec des coûts raisonnables et en quantité suffisante. Or, le développement récent de ces matériaux se heurte encore à de nombreuses limitations dont la principale est que très peu de molécules sont fluorescentes à l'état solide. En effet, il ne suffit pas que la molécule soit intrinsèquement fluorescente. Les propriétés photophysiques à l'état solide dépendent de l'arrangement moléculaire, qui est souvent défavorable à l'émission de fluorescence. De plus, peu de molécules donnent spontanément des fibres et il est difficile d'obtenir des nanocristaux de taille homogène. Heureusement, les molécules organiques se prêtent à de multiples modifications par voie de synthèse et de petits changements de structure entraînent de grandes variations dans les propriétés d'auto-association. Cela permet de jouer à la fois sur les propriétés photophysiques et sur la morphologie des particules obtenues. Nous disposons de dérivés de coumarines et d'iminocoumarines qui ont la propriété rare d'être très fluorescents à l'état solide. Certains sont même plus fluorescents à l'état solide qu'en solution. Le but de cette thèse est maintenant de développer cette série de composés, de les mettre sous forme de nanoparticules et d'étudier la relation structure/propriétés dans ces nouveaux objets en vue d'applications pratiques. Nous nous orienterons vers les applications les plus favorables (optique ou bio-imagerie médicale). En particulier, nous essaierons d'utiliser les nanocristaux pour marquer les cellules cancéreuses et mettre au point un nouveau système pour le diagnostic précoce des tumeurs. / In the last decade, fluorescent organic nanofibers and nanocrystals have been the object of an increasing interest. They are now considered as promising functional materials for applications in the fields of optoelectronics, chemical or biochemical sensors, and biology. A prerequisite for applications is the ability to produce good quality fluorescent organic nanofibers and nanocrystals, with reasonable costs and in sufficient amounts. However, the recent development of these materials is impeded by numerous limitations, the major one being that very few molecules are fluorescent in the solid state. Indeed, the photophysical properties in the solid state depend on the molecular arrangement, which is often unfavorable to fluorescence emission. Furthermore, few molecules give spontaneously fibers, and it is difficult to obtain nanocrystals of homogeneous size. Fortunately, organic molecules lend themselves well to various modifications by synthesis. Small structural changes entail big variations in both the photophysical and self-association properties. new coumarin and iminocoumarin derivatives have been designed and prepared. They exhibit the rare property to be very fluorescent in the solid state. Some are even more fluorescent in the solid state than in solution. The purpose of this thesis is now to develop this series of compounds, to put them in the form of nanoparticles and to study the structure/properties relationship in these new objects with the aim of practical applications. According to our obtained results, we shall turn to the most favorable applications (optics or bio-medical imaging). In particular, we shall try to use nanocrystals to label cancer cells with the aim to develop a new system for the early diagnosis of tumors.
44

Interakce flavonoidů a přírodních kumarinů s konvenčními léčivy / Flavonoids and natural coumarins interactions with conventional medicine

Sigmundová, Tereza January 2018 (has links)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lenka Tůmová, CSc. Student: Tereza Sigmundová Title of Thesis: Flavonoids and natural coumarins interactions with conventional medicine Keywords: medicinal plant, flavonoids, coumarins, interactions The aim of this diploma thesis is to give an overview of the interactions between conventional drugs and simultaneous use of flavonoids, coumarins or medicinal plants containing flavonoids and coumarins. Cited literature includes articles published since 2000 till 2018, that were collected mostly using online databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar). Flavonoids can affect the metabolism of drugs through interaction with CYP450 enzymes, P-glycoprotein, ABC or SLC transporters. This type of interaction is particularly important for drugs with narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporin, digoxin or warfarin. Furanocoumarins contained for example in grapefruit juice cause irreversible inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme and affect the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. The major drug classes that have been reported to present pharmacodynamic interactions with flavonoids or natural coumarins are anticoagulants, cytostatics and central nervous system agents. The thesis also describes...
45

Avaliação da atividade amebicida de nanoemulsões contendo extrato hexânico de Pterocaulon balansae (Asteraceae) frente à Acanthamoeba sp.

Panatieri, Lua Ferreira January 2015 (has links)
O tratamento da ceratite por Acanthamoeba é longo, inespecífico e de baixa adesão do paciente. Assim, a busca por novas estratégias de tratamento é necessária. Extratos não aquosos de algumas espécies de Pterocaulon exibem efeito antimicótico e antiparasitário, sendo esta atividade correntemente relacionada à presença de cumarinas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de nanoemulsões contendo extrato hexânico de Pterocaulon balansae Chodat (rico em cumarinas) visando à obtenção de um produto de uso ocular com atividade amebicida. Em uma primeira etapa, o extrato hexânico foi caracterizado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos, detectando-se a presença de quatro cumarinas majoritárias, entre elas, a 5-metoxi-6,7-metileno dioxicumarina (5MMDC), selecionada como marcador químico do extrato vegetal. O extrato foi na sequência incorporado em nanoemulsões constituídas de um núcleo de triglicerídeos de cadeia média estabilizado por lecitina de gema de ovo, preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Tal procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com diâmetro médio de gotícula de aproximadamente 200-300 nm, independente da quantidade de extrato adicionado à formulação (1,0 a 5,0 mg/mL). A atividade amebicida das formulções contra Acanthamoeba castellanii foi dependente da dose e do tempo de incubação, sendo 24 horas e a concentração de 1,25 mg/mL de extrato considerada como ótima (~5% de viabilidade), com efeito similar ao controle clorexidina. Enfim, os estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro demonstraram que as células de epitélio de córnea humana (HCE) não foram afetadas com a incubação com as nanoemulsões através do ensaio de MTT. Esses resultados sugerem o potencial do extrato hexânico, rico em cumarinas de Pterocaulon balansae, associado a nanoemulsões como uma nova estratégia para o tratamento da ceratite ocular causada por Acanthamoeba. / Treatment for keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba is unspecific, long term and with low patient compliance, being the search of new treatment strategies a need. Non-aqueous extracts of some species of Pterocaulon exhibit antimycotic and anti-parasitic activity, usually attributed to the presence of coumarins. In this scenario, the aim of this work is the development of nanoemulsion to associate the coumarin-rich n-hexane extract of Pterocaulon balansae. Previously, the extract was prepared and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. The presence of 4 major coumarins was detected, where 5-methoxy-6,7-methylene dioxycoumarin (5MMDC) was selected as chemical marker. This extract was associated to nanoemulsions composed of egg lecithin and medium chain triglycerides, prepared by spontaneous emulsification. The physicochemical characterization showed the formation of monodisperse nanoemulsions with 200-300 nm diameter, regardless the amount of extract incorporated (1.0-5.0 mg/mL). The amoebicidal activity of the formulations against Acanthamoeba castellanii was both dose-dependent and incubation time-dependent, being 24h of incubation and concentration of 1.25 mg/mL of the extract the optimal (~5% viability), with effect similar to chlorexidine control. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that human corneal epithelial cells were unaffected after incubation with nanoemulsions by MTT assay. These results suggest a potential of the coumarin-rich n-hexane extracts of Pterocaulon balansae associated to nanoemulsion as a new strategy for the treatment of ocular keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba.
46

Planejamento, síntese e avaliação in vitro de híbridos 1,2,3-triazol-4-clorometilcumarinas com potencial atividade antioxidante

Alves, Anna Carolina Schneider January 2017 (has links)
Cumarinas são metabólitos secundários de plantas encontrados majoritariamente nas espécies das famílias Asteraceae, Rutaceae e Umbeliferae. Quimicamente, são compostos fenólicos, formados pela fusão de um benzeno e de um anel α-pirona, chamados de benzopironas. Elas apresentam diversas propriedades farmacológicas, associadas com baixa toxicidade. Nosso grupo de pesquisa sintetiza cumarinas pela reação de Pechmann, que ocorre através da condensação de um fenol com um β-cetoéster, na presença de um ácido de Bronsted ou Lewis. Um dos trabalhos mais recentes foi a síntese de 6-metil-4-clorometilcumarinas com um IC50 menor do que 1,6 μM para atividade antitripanocida. Em outro trabalho, um grupo de compostos de híbridos cumarina-triazol foi sintetizado e apresentou potencial atividade como agente antitumoral. Baseado nesses trabalhos, foi planejado a síntese de análogos da 6-metil-4-clorometilcumarina via condensação de Pechmann, com diferentes substituintes na posição 6, obtidos através das reações de click chemistry, no intuito de aumentar a atividade antioxidante desses compostos. Assim, para obter esses compostos, foi realizada uma condensação de Pechmann com hidroquinona e 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila. Após, uma eterificação de Williamson com brometo de propargila foi feita. Finalmente, a reação de click chemistry foi realizada sob irradiação de micro-ondas com diversas azidas previamente sintetizadas no laboratório, conduzindo à obtenção de diversos análogos da 6-metil-clorometilcumarina que foram avaliados quanto a viabilidade celular através ensaio do MTT (brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio). Também foi testada a sua capacidade antioxidante pelo método do DCFH-DA (diacetato de 2’,7’ –diidroclorofluoresceína). Dessa maneira, sob as condições reacionais utilizadas neste trabalho, foi possível sintetizar 12 compostos inéditos com rendimentos entre 9 e 61%. Os ensaios biológicos preliminares indicaram que os compostos sintetizados apresentam potencial atividade antioxidante e algumas moléculas tiveram potencialidade como agente citotóxico. / Coumarins are secondary plant metabolites typically found in species of the Asteraceae, Rutaceae and Umbeliferae families that demonstrate diverse pharmacological properties associated with low toxicity to humans. Chemically, they are phenolic compounds characterized by the fusion of benzene with an α-pyrone ring, yielding the benzopyrone nucleus. Our research group usually synthesizes coumarins by the Pechmann reaction, through the condensation of phenols with β-ketoesters catalyzed by Bronsted or Lewis acids. One of the most recent works performed at our laboratory describes the synthesis of 6-methyl-4-chloromethylcoumarins with an IC50 of 1.6 μM concerning the anti-trypanocidal activity. Another work described the syntheses of coumarin-triazole hybrids with potential activity as anticancer agents. Based on the previous works, it was designed the synthesis of 4-chloromethylcoumarins via Pechmann condensation with several substituents at the position 6 of the coumarin ring through click chemistry reactions to improve their antioxidant activities. The synthesis of the coumarins started with Pechmann condensation using hydroquinone and ethyl 4-chloroaceacetate followed by functionalization of the phenolic hydroxyl with propargyl bromide via Williamsom ether synthesis. Subsequently, the click chemistry reactions were performed under microwave irradiation using different organic azides previously synthesized at our laboratory, yielding several 6-substituted-4-chloromethylcoumarin analogues which were evaluated for cell viability through MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Their antioxidant capacity was also tested by the DCFH-DA (2’,7’–diihydrochlorofluorescin diacetate) method. Therefore, under the reaction conditions used in this study, it was possible to synthesize 12 novel compounds with yields between 9 and 61%. Preliminary biological assays indicated that the compounds synthesized have potential antioxidant activity and some molecules had potential as an antitumor agent.
47

Avaliação da atividade amebicida de nanoemulsões contendo extrato hexânico de Pterocaulon balansae (Asteraceae) frente à Acanthamoeba sp.

Panatieri, Lua Ferreira January 2015 (has links)
O tratamento da ceratite por Acanthamoeba é longo, inespecífico e de baixa adesão do paciente. Assim, a busca por novas estratégias de tratamento é necessária. Extratos não aquosos de algumas espécies de Pterocaulon exibem efeito antimicótico e antiparasitário, sendo esta atividade correntemente relacionada à presença de cumarinas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de nanoemulsões contendo extrato hexânico de Pterocaulon balansae Chodat (rico em cumarinas) visando à obtenção de um produto de uso ocular com atividade amebicida. Em uma primeira etapa, o extrato hexânico foi caracterizado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos, detectando-se a presença de quatro cumarinas majoritárias, entre elas, a 5-metoxi-6,7-metileno dioxicumarina (5MMDC), selecionada como marcador químico do extrato vegetal. O extrato foi na sequência incorporado em nanoemulsões constituídas de um núcleo de triglicerídeos de cadeia média estabilizado por lecitina de gema de ovo, preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Tal procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com diâmetro médio de gotícula de aproximadamente 200-300 nm, independente da quantidade de extrato adicionado à formulação (1,0 a 5,0 mg/mL). A atividade amebicida das formulções contra Acanthamoeba castellanii foi dependente da dose e do tempo de incubação, sendo 24 horas e a concentração de 1,25 mg/mL de extrato considerada como ótima (~5% de viabilidade), com efeito similar ao controle clorexidina. Enfim, os estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro demonstraram que as células de epitélio de córnea humana (HCE) não foram afetadas com a incubação com as nanoemulsões através do ensaio de MTT. Esses resultados sugerem o potencial do extrato hexânico, rico em cumarinas de Pterocaulon balansae, associado a nanoemulsões como uma nova estratégia para o tratamento da ceratite ocular causada por Acanthamoeba. / Treatment for keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba is unspecific, long term and with low patient compliance, being the search of new treatment strategies a need. Non-aqueous extracts of some species of Pterocaulon exhibit antimycotic and anti-parasitic activity, usually attributed to the presence of coumarins. In this scenario, the aim of this work is the development of nanoemulsion to associate the coumarin-rich n-hexane extract of Pterocaulon balansae. Previously, the extract was prepared and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. The presence of 4 major coumarins was detected, where 5-methoxy-6,7-methylene dioxycoumarin (5MMDC) was selected as chemical marker. This extract was associated to nanoemulsions composed of egg lecithin and medium chain triglycerides, prepared by spontaneous emulsification. The physicochemical characterization showed the formation of monodisperse nanoemulsions with 200-300 nm diameter, regardless the amount of extract incorporated (1.0-5.0 mg/mL). The amoebicidal activity of the formulations against Acanthamoeba castellanii was both dose-dependent and incubation time-dependent, being 24h of incubation and concentration of 1.25 mg/mL of the extract the optimal (~5% viability), with effect similar to chlorexidine control. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that human corneal epithelial cells were unaffected after incubation with nanoemulsions by MTT assay. These results suggest a potential of the coumarin-rich n-hexane extracts of Pterocaulon balansae associated to nanoemulsion as a new strategy for the treatment of ocular keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba.
48

Planejamento, síntese e avaliação in vitro de híbridos 1,2,3-triazol-4-clorometilcumarinas com potencial atividade antioxidante

Alves, Anna Carolina Schneider January 2017 (has links)
Cumarinas são metabólitos secundários de plantas encontrados majoritariamente nas espécies das famílias Asteraceae, Rutaceae e Umbeliferae. Quimicamente, são compostos fenólicos, formados pela fusão de um benzeno e de um anel α-pirona, chamados de benzopironas. Elas apresentam diversas propriedades farmacológicas, associadas com baixa toxicidade. Nosso grupo de pesquisa sintetiza cumarinas pela reação de Pechmann, que ocorre através da condensação de um fenol com um β-cetoéster, na presença de um ácido de Bronsted ou Lewis. Um dos trabalhos mais recentes foi a síntese de 6-metil-4-clorometilcumarinas com um IC50 menor do que 1,6 μM para atividade antitripanocida. Em outro trabalho, um grupo de compostos de híbridos cumarina-triazol foi sintetizado e apresentou potencial atividade como agente antitumoral. Baseado nesses trabalhos, foi planejado a síntese de análogos da 6-metil-4-clorometilcumarina via condensação de Pechmann, com diferentes substituintes na posição 6, obtidos através das reações de click chemistry, no intuito de aumentar a atividade antioxidante desses compostos. Assim, para obter esses compostos, foi realizada uma condensação de Pechmann com hidroquinona e 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila. Após, uma eterificação de Williamson com brometo de propargila foi feita. Finalmente, a reação de click chemistry foi realizada sob irradiação de micro-ondas com diversas azidas previamente sintetizadas no laboratório, conduzindo à obtenção de diversos análogos da 6-metil-clorometilcumarina que foram avaliados quanto a viabilidade celular através ensaio do MTT (brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio). Também foi testada a sua capacidade antioxidante pelo método do DCFH-DA (diacetato de 2’,7’ –diidroclorofluoresceína). Dessa maneira, sob as condições reacionais utilizadas neste trabalho, foi possível sintetizar 12 compostos inéditos com rendimentos entre 9 e 61%. Os ensaios biológicos preliminares indicaram que os compostos sintetizados apresentam potencial atividade antioxidante e algumas moléculas tiveram potencialidade como agente citotóxico. / Coumarins are secondary plant metabolites typically found in species of the Asteraceae, Rutaceae and Umbeliferae families that demonstrate diverse pharmacological properties associated with low toxicity to humans. Chemically, they are phenolic compounds characterized by the fusion of benzene with an α-pyrone ring, yielding the benzopyrone nucleus. Our research group usually synthesizes coumarins by the Pechmann reaction, through the condensation of phenols with β-ketoesters catalyzed by Bronsted or Lewis acids. One of the most recent works performed at our laboratory describes the synthesis of 6-methyl-4-chloromethylcoumarins with an IC50 of 1.6 μM concerning the anti-trypanocidal activity. Another work described the syntheses of coumarin-triazole hybrids with potential activity as anticancer agents. Based on the previous works, it was designed the synthesis of 4-chloromethylcoumarins via Pechmann condensation with several substituents at the position 6 of the coumarin ring through click chemistry reactions to improve their antioxidant activities. The synthesis of the coumarins started with Pechmann condensation using hydroquinone and ethyl 4-chloroaceacetate followed by functionalization of the phenolic hydroxyl with propargyl bromide via Williamsom ether synthesis. Subsequently, the click chemistry reactions were performed under microwave irradiation using different organic azides previously synthesized at our laboratory, yielding several 6-substituted-4-chloromethylcoumarin analogues which were evaluated for cell viability through MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Their antioxidant capacity was also tested by the DCFH-DA (2’,7’–diihydrochlorofluorescin diacetate) method. Therefore, under the reaction conditions used in this study, it was possible to synthesize 12 novel compounds with yields between 9 and 61%. Preliminary biological assays indicated that the compounds synthesized have potential antioxidant activity and some molecules had potential as an antitumor agent.
49

Síntese de seleno- e teluro-cumarinas para estudos de emissão e supressão de fluorescência e aplicações analíticas e/ou biológicas / Synthesis of selenium- and tellurium-coumarins for fluorescence emission and supression studies and analytical and/or biological applications

Victor Fernandes Cavalcante 17 July 2017 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de sondas contendo átomos de calcogênio, expandiu significativamente, devido principalmente à reatividade dos elementos dessa família que são facilmente oxidados aos seus correspondentes calcogenóxidos e calcogenonas, permitindo diversas aplicações, especialmente em sistemas biológicos. A inserção de átomos pesados como os calcogênios, ao núcleo fluorofórico, leva à supressão de fluorescência, processo conhecido por \"efeito do átomo pesado\" também atribuída por Transferência Eletrônica Fotoinduzida (Photoinduced Electron Transfer). A oxidação do calcogênio ao correspondente calcogenóxido ou calcogenona inibe esse processo reestabelecendo a fluorescência. Todavia, moléculas com núcleo fluorofórico contendo, principalmente, os átomos de selênio e telúrio tem suas propriedades fotofísicas pouco investigadas, se comparado com moléculas contendo o átomo de enxofre. Neste trabalho foi tratado do desenvolvimento de metodologias de preparação de sondas contendo os átomos de selênio (II) e telúrio (II), mais especificamente, através da funcionalização da 7-hidróxi-4-metil-cumarina. Foram preparadas 6 calcogeno-cumarinas inéditas em rendimentos que variaram de 27% a 69%. Esses compostos apresentaram comportamento fluorescente condizente com o que havia sido idealizado: suas propriedades fotofísicas foram determinadas em acetonitrila, a 298 K, observando-se máximos de absorção em 290 nm e em 320 nm e máximo de emissão de fluorescência em 380 nm. Demais propriedades fotofísicas como rendimento quântico e tempo de vida do estado excitado também foram obtidas. Também foram realizados estudos com os compostos sintetizados frente a espécies oxidantes endógenas (ClO- e H2O2) permitindo inicializar estudos em sistemas celulares, observando-se que as cumarinas contendo o átomo de telúrio (II) demonstraram resultados promissores para seu uso como sondas fluorescentes. / In the last years, the development and application of chalcogen-containing dyes has expanded significantly, mainly due to the chalcogen elements reactivity that are are easily oxidized to their correspondent chalcogenides and chalcogenones, allowing several applications, especially in biological systems. The insertion of heavy atoms such as chalcogens to the fluorophoric core of the molecule leads to a fluorescence suppression, process known as \"heavy atom effect\", also attributed as Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PeT). The chalcogen oxidation to its correspondent chalcogenoxide or chalcogenone inhibts this process reestablishing the fluorescence of the molecule. However, fluorophoric molecules containing selenium and tellurium are not very investigated towards its photophysical properties if compared to their sulfur analogues. It is discussed in this this work, the development of methodologies for the preparation of probes containing selenium (II) and tellurium (II), more specifically, through the functionalization of the 7-methyl-4-hydroxi-coumarin. Six novel chalcogen-coumarins were prepared presenting yields varying from 27% to 69%. These compounds presented consistent fluorescent behavior for what it was predicted: their photophysical properties were determined observing absorption maxima at 290 nm and 320 nm and fluorescence maxima at 380 nm. Other photophysical properties such as quantum yields and excited state lifetime were also obtained. Studies with the synthetized compounds related to their behavior against endogenous oxidant species (ClO- and H2O2) were also conducted, allowing initial studies in cell systems, which demonstrated that the tellurium (II) derived coumarins presented promising results as fluorescent probes
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Chemical and spectroscopic studies of chromone derivatives

Ramaite, Ipfani David Isaiah 16 November 2012 (has links)
A number of biologically active chromones occur in plants (eg. Khellin) and research in this field has eventually led to the discovery of chromoglycic acid, which is widely used as a sodium salt in asthma therapy. Since biological activity may be related to acidity, a range of chromone-2-carboxylic acids have been prepared via Claisen acylation of substituted o- hydroxyacetophenones and their acid dissociation constants determined potentiometrically to explore substituent effects. From this study it has been found that introduction of certain groups does have a marked effect on acidity. A variety of acrylamide derivatives have been prepared via the dimethylamine-mediated ring opening of chromone-2-carboxamides which, in turn, were prepared from the chromone-2- carboxylic acids via the corresponding acid chlorides. Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy was employed to examine the effect of substituents on the rotational barriers and it has been found that for the acrylamides examined, ring substituents have little effect on the rotational barriers. A combination of low resolution, high resolution and meta-stable peak analysis has been used to study mass fragmentation patterns for a series of acrylamide derivatives. The proposed fragmentation pathways for selected peaks have been found to be common to all the spectra examined when differences in the atomic masses of substituents were taken into account.

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