In this study the guidelines of the League of Nations, UNESCO and the Council of Europe are investigated in relation to Swedish national curricula, teachers’ perceptions of and students’ work in history, from 1927 to 2002. Inspired by John I Goodlad’s notions of curricula and implementation, the formulation of history is studied. The ideological curricula are analyzed via the international guidelines directed to Swedish history teaching. The formal curricula are examined in national guidelines and also how history is formulated in final examinations and inspectors’ reports. The perceived curricula are studied in teachers’ debates and interviews with experienced teachers. The experiential curricula are examined through looking at students’ choices of topics in final exams, 1,680 titles of students’ individual projects in history and an in-depth analysis of 145 individual projects written between 1969 and 2002. The study shows that the means and goals of history education have been formulated in both different and similar ways within and between curricular levels.  On all the curricular levels studied the history subject has become more internationally oriented. After World War II national history landed in the background and the world history, favored by UNESCO, became dominant in Sweden from the 1950s onwards. Despite the fact that the Council of Europe’s Euro-centrism became more prominent in the 1994 syllabus in history, students still preferred world history over European history. International and national guidelines also stressed the value of paying heed to marginalized groups, local cultural heritage and contemporary history.  These orientations were also represented in the teachers’ views of history teaching and in the students’ work in history. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of the international guidelines were more than a top-down process. During the entire period studied, guidelines have been formulated and transacted, but also reinterpreted and in some cases, ignored. Teachers and students seem to have been co-creators in the transformation of history education. History as a subject, according to the study, encompassed an ever expanding geographical area and more and more perspectives. Not least on the student level, the subject was formulated and dealt with in manifold ways, often oriented towards contemporary world history. Students’ history had great similarities with the international notion of history education in the service of mankind. Students expressed a rejection of war, an understanding of minorities and a wish to safeguard the local cultural heritage. Even if there were exceptions, students’ history appears to have been influenced by international understanding during a century filled with conflicts. / History Beyond Borders: The International History Textbook Revision, 1919–2009

This thesis investigates the development of medical research at the Otago Medical School in Dunedin, New Zealand under Sir Charles Hercus, Dean from 1937-1958. It also explores his interest and participation in research from his student days and the years before becoming Dean, as well as the influence of the First World War on his career. The study draws upon unpublished material in New Zealand archives and a collection of student projects investigating public health issues. Hercus, as Professor of Public Health and Bacteriology incorporated these projects into the curriculum in the early 1920s. The thesis uses many original papers published in scientific and medical journals by Hercus and his colleagues at the School. Building on a base of archival material including contemporary newspaper accounts, which have lately become available on the Papers Past website, this thesis draws together the individual disease studies undertaken by other thesis writers to give an account of Hercus’s achievements in fostering medical research. A key finding of this thesis is that Hercus was instrumental in building up the research capability of the School. He accomplished this through his own investigations and by helping to establish the New Zealand Medical Research Council. The thesis illustrates the multitude of studies that Hercus undertook personally or facilitated others to pursue, beyond the elimination of endemic goitre, for which he perhaps is best known. Another outcome of this study is an understanding of the difficult path that scientists faced in the early years of the twentieth century in New Zealand if they wished to carry out research. This thesis follows the origins of the Department of Scientific Research in the 1920s and the frequent collaboration Hercus made with scientists outside of the School. It will also demonstrate Hercus’s compassion and foresight in employing several Jewish refugee doctors as researchers at the School, who brought expertise into the research programmes. The era was one of great interest in improving the health and wellbeing of a generation affected by wars and deprivation caused by them. A key finding of this thesis is that researchers at the School took steps to mitigate these through making New Zealand more self-sufficient in foodstuffs and to improve the national diet. As well, Hercus lobbied for the establishment of a School of Physical Education within the university to improve the physical fitness of the population.

Wind energy has dramatically changed the energy portfolio of Texas and more specifically, a region covering 75% of the state designated as ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas). Hardly existent at all ten years ago, the amount of capacity the wind farms provide is over 9000MW and accounts for 10% of the total generation. Due to the intermittent nature of wind and limitations of transmission lines, short and long term storage of this energy would benefit wind farms and the grid as a whole. This paper studies the relationship between wind, storage and real time electricity prices by analyzing prices and simulating a wind farm with different wind storage strategies over the course of a year. Based on these simulations, it is found that an ideal storage medium with no losses could be in the money for $17.50/kW for long term storage and $1,998/kW for short term storage for prices similar to 2009-2010. / text

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the tv-show Efterlyst’s (Wanted)effects on viewers when it comes to how crime, criminals and victims are portrayed in the show. In order to achieve the purpose of our the study, both  quantitative and  qualitative approaches were used We compared the image Efterlyst gives of crime, criminals and victims to statistical information from The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention and The Central Bureau of Statistiscs. By using focus-groups we also studied how Efterlyst portrays, in the season of 2009, and how it may have affected its viewers. Our conclusion was that there are important differences between how Efterlyst portrays crime and the image of crime the statistics gives. Our study also supports the idea that viewers can be affected by how Efterlyst reports about crime; they can get disorted understandings about crime and be influenced in such way that they feel unjustified  fear from watching Efterlyst – a substantial reduction in their quality of life

Skirtingai nei daugelyje ES šalių, Lietuvoje darbuotojų atstovavimas bei dalyvavimas priimant sprendimus iki šiol buvo itin žemas. 2004 metais priėmus Darbo tarybų įstatymą buvo sudarytos didesnės galimybės Lietuvos dirbančiųjų socializacijai todėl buvo svarbu įvertinti, kaip darbuotojai pasinaudojo jiems suteiktomis teisėmis. Šio magistro darbo objektas – darbo tarybos ir jų veikla Lietuvoje; hipotezė – darbo tarybos skatina darbuotojų socializaciją. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti darbo tarybų paplitimą Lietuvoje bei jų įtaką darbuotojų socializacijai. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo buvo atlikta teorinės literatūros analizė bei Lietuvos įmonių, kuriose yra išrinktos darbo tarybos, darbuotojų bei darbo tarybų narių apklausa. Gauti rezultatai leido patvirtinti iškeltą hipotezę - daugelyje įmonių, kuriose buvo išrinktos darbo tarybos, buvo pasirašytos kolektyvinės sutartys arba vyko derybos dėl jų pasirašymo. Šių įmonių darbuotojai gauna reikiamą informaciją, darbdavys konsultuojasi su jais priimant sprendimus. Pagrindiniai darbo siūlymai susijęs su didesnio informuotumo apie darbo tarybų veiklą poreikiu visais - visuomenės, įmonės, darbo tarybos - lygmenimis. / Differently than in other EU countries, the level of employees’ socialization, i.e. employees’ representation and participation in enterprise level decision-making, in Lithuania is exceptionally low. In 2004 the Law on Works Councils was adopted and therefore the conditions for better employees’ socialization were created. The aim of this work is to evaluate how employees used opportunities provided by the Law, i.e. to measure the prevalence of works councils in Lithuania as well as their impact for employees’ socialization. The object of this work is works councils and their activities in Lithuania, the main hypothesis – works councils foster employees’ socialization. In order to evaluate the influence of works councils on employees’ socialization the theoretical as well as historical aspects of employees’ participation were analysed and survey of Lithuanian enterprises, employees and works councils’ members were carried out. The results achieved showed that on average 4% of Lithuanian enterprises have works councils elected and this share increases with the size of enterprise. The hypothesis raised was confirmed – in the most enterprises with works councils the collective agreements were signed (or collective bargaining took place), employees are consulted and receive all the information necessary to participate in decision making. Main proposals are related to the campaigns intended to inform works councils members, employees and society as a whole about the activities of... [to full text]

Role theory is generally presented as a way of describing human interactions. Role dynamics describes the psychosocial phenomenon in terms of the various roles and role components being played and actively manipulated as a part of interpersonal interactions. The concept of role offers a general unit of interaction involving a complex of behaviour, expectation, and overt or covert consensual agreement. Therefore, roles can be thought of as expectations one has about social behaviour and as functions or positions. Groups are fundamental to human behaviour - without them individuals would have great difficulty surviving. People thrive on the interdependent relationships they find in groups. In some groups you participate as a leader, while in others you assume the role of follower. In many ways, the groups you have chosen to join reflect your interests and what motivates you. Group dynamics refers to the interactions within a group that characterize the group. The dynamics of the group can be fostered through good leadership as well, and the processes involved are most effective when they facilitate the group toward meeting its goal. The concept of leadership is a central building block of the conventional wisdom of organization and management. The definition of leadership leads to a variety of possibilities, which leads to the conclusion that the definition of leadership should depend on the purposes to be Served by the definition. One complex definition that has evolved, delineates effective leadership as the interaction among members of a group that initiates and maintains improved expectations and the competence of the group to solve problems or to attain goals. A general weakness of higher education has been its inability or unwillingness to make constructive and consistent use of student leadership as an advocate for the institution. From the perspective of student leadership, the fact that student advocacy is rarely utilized to its full potential represents a significant missed opportunity among our nation's universities. If the potential for leadership among these students were systematically cultivated, a new and powerful voice could be created that would go far in helping universities explain their missions and needs to lawmakers, the media and the voting public. Little research has been reported on student organizations. Literature involving student organizations dealt with the role organizations play in student involvement and student development. Reported research on the use of organization development in university student organizations described new practices, programmes and techniques for working with student organizations but did not reflect attempts to measure the effectiveness of interventions. This research provides readers with additional opportunities to explore the characteristics of effective groups and leaders and the leadership process. It is intended to move student leaders beyond the theory of leadership and closer to the world of practice and application. The major objectives of the study are: 0 How effectively and autonomously do student councils function as groups at tertiary institutions and how prepared are the members of the student councils to assume the leadership role? Are there statistical significant differences between biographical variables and the variables of group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership? Is there a relationship between group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership? The research study is divided into a theoretical and empirical framework. Various aspects of role theory, groups and leadership outline the theoretical basis. The empirical study is carried out by way of a questionnaire and the data is analysed according to specific statistical methods. The empirical study was conducted amongst members of student councils at different tertiary institutions in South Africa. The major findings of the study supported the set of research objectives and were the following: Group effectiveness It has been determined that most student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population are aware of their mission, are satisfied with achieving their goals, take possession, communicate openly and honest with members and have clear roles and norms. Autonomy Most of the student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population have satisfactory autonomy regarding work methods, work scheduling and work criteria. Leadership Student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population are prepared to assume their leadership roles. Differences between biographical variables and group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership Perceivable differences between gender and leadership in the student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population exist but are of no statistical significance. The relationship between the subvariables of group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership It has been determined that there is a relationship between the subvariables of group effectiveness and autonomy. No practical statistic significance relationships have been determined between leadership and autonomy for the study population. Further research on leadership as a process of group dynamics is recommended. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Jodey Castricano investigates the role of stories in structuring our social and cultural reality.

Catherine Dauvergne probes the global pressures that are challenging the state of immigration laws in Canada and around the world.

L'interprétation est un domaine du droit très complexe, dont l'intérêt est de définir ou de déterminer le sens et la portée des règles de droit en vigueur. L'interprétation va ainsi clarifier un texte juridique. Là où l'obscur réside, l'interprétation, telle une lanterne, vient éclaircir l'acte juridique. L'interprète aura alors recours à une argumentation pour convaincre son auditoire. Certains États interpréteront de manière extensive les textes juridiques. Ce phénomène se constate notamment au moment de l'interprétation des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité. Face au pouvoir discrétionnaire des États, la mise en place d'un régime juridique donné éviterait toutes interprétations abusives. La première partie de cette étude aura pour objet d'étudier les différentes règles en matière d'interprétation, telles précisées dans la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités de 1969. La deuxième partie sera consacrée d'une part à un historique des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité et d'autre part à l'application des règles d'interprétation à deux études de cas. L'historique retracera l'évolution des résolutions avec comme césure la fin de la Guerre Froide. Ensuite, nous verrons à travers deux exemples, comment les États peuvent interpréter de manière extensive, voir abusive les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité. Ces études de cas nous conduiront à étudier la pertinence de l'argumentaire utilisé par les États pour justifier leur interprétation. Ceci aura pour intérêt de montrer le rôle stratégique du phénomène interprétatif pour la mise en oeuvre des intérêts étatiques. Cela permettra d'ouvrir une réflexion sur le contrôle de la légalité des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité, ce dernier devenant nécessaire face à la liberté dont jouie le Conseil. Ce contrôle permettrait d'une part de rétablir un équilibre organique au sein du système onusien, et il permettrait d'autre part de redorer le blason du Conseil de sécurité en lui conférant une certaine légitimité. / Interpretation is a very complex dimension of law whose relevance lies in defining or determining the meaning and the scope of the legal mIes. In this respect, interpretation elucidates a judicial text. Where obscurity lies, interpretation -like a lantem- brings light to the judicial act. The interpreter will thus resort to argumentation in order to convince the « interpretative community ». Sorne States will not hesitate to interpret judicial texts in a broad manner. This phenomenon can better be observed in the interpretation of Security Council resolutions. Faced with the discretionary powers of States, the creation of a judicial framework would bring to an end most instances of abusive interpretations. Part 1 studies the several mIes in of interpretation as established by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Rights of Treaties. Part II will focus on both the history of the Security Council resolutions of and the application of the interpretation mIes of the Vienna Convention in light of two cases. The historical overview will retrieve the evolution of the resolutions until the end of the Cold War. Following this, we will see through the examples of the Kosovo and Iraq conflicts, how broadly, and even abusively, States can interpret Security Council resolutions. The two case studies will lead us to an analysis of the pertinence of the argumentation used by the States to justify their interpretation. This will show the strategie role that the interpretative phenomena play in the carrying out of State interests. It will lead to a reflection on the control of the legality of Security Council resolutions, a control necessary considering the liberty that the Council currently enjoys. On the one hand, this control would allow to reestablish an organic equilibrium within the UN. On the other hand, it would enhance the Security Council's image by conferring on it a certain legitimacy. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (L.L.M)"

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