This thesis presents a framework for motor vehicle detection-tracking surveillance systems. Given an optimized object detection template, the feasibility and effectiveness of the methodology is considered for vehicle counting applications, implementing both a filtering operation of false detection, based on the speed variability in each segment of traffic state, and an occlusion handling technique which considers the unusual affine transformation of tracking subspace, as well as its highly fluctuating averaged acceleration data. The result presents the overall performance considering the trade-off relationship between true detection rate and false detection rate. The filtering operation achieved significant success in removing the majority of non-vehicle elements that do not move like a vehicle. The occlusion handling technique employed also improved the systems performance, contributing counts that would otherwise be lost. For all video samples tested, the proposed framework obtained high correct count (>93% correct counting rate) while simultaneously minimizing the false count rate. For future research, the author recommends the use of more sophisticated filters for specific sets of conditions as well as the implementation of discriminative classifier for detecting different occlusion cases.

In this work we present two algebraic certificates for Budan's theorem. Budan's theorem claims the following. Let R be an ordered field, f in R[X] of degree n and a,b in R with a

This work is concerned with the characterization of certain classes of stochastic processes via duality formulae. In particular we consider reciprocal processes with jumps, a subject up to now neglected in the literature. In the first part we introduce a new formulation of a characterization of processes with independent increments. This characterization is based on a duality formula satisfied by processes with infinitely divisible increments, in particular Lévy processes, which is well known in Malliavin calculus. We obtain two new methods to prove this duality formula, which are not based on the chaos decomposition of the space of square-integrable function- als. One of these methods uses a formula of partial integration that characterizes infinitely divisible random vectors. In this context, our characterization is a generalization of Stein’s lemma for Gaussian random variables and Chen’s lemma for Poisson random variables. The generality of our approach permits us to derive a characterization of infinitely divisible random measures. The second part of this work focuses on the study of the reciprocal classes of Markov processes with and without jumps and their characterization. We start with a resume of already existing results concerning the reciprocal classes of Brownian diffusions as solutions of duality formulae. As a new contribution, we show that the duality formula satisfied by elements of the reciprocal class of a Brownian diffusion has a physical interpretation as a stochastic Newton equation of motion. Thus we are able to connect the results of characterizations via duality formulae with the theory of stochastic mechanics by our interpretation, and to stochastic optimal control theory by the mathematical approach. As an application we are able to prove an invariance property of the reciprocal class of a Brownian diffusion under time reversal. In the context of pure jump processes we derive the following new results. We describe the reciprocal classes of Markov counting processes, also called unit jump processes, and obtain a characterization of the associated reciprocal class via a duality formula. This formula contains as key terms a stochastic derivative, a compensated stochastic integral and an invariant of the reciprocal class. Moreover we present an interpretation of the characterization of a reciprocal class in the context of stochastic optimal control of unit jump processes. As a further application we show that the reciprocal class of a Markov counting process has an invariance property under time reversal. Some of these results are extendable to the setting of pure jump processes, that is, we admit different jump-sizes. In particular, we show that the reciprocal classes of Markov jump processes can be compared using reciprocal invariants. A characterization of the reciprocal class of compound Poisson processes via a duality formula is possible under the assumption that the jump-sizes of the process are incommensurable. / Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Charakterisierung von Klassen stochastischer Prozesse durch Dualitätsformeln. Es wird insbesondere der in der Literatur bisher unbehandelte Fall reziproker Klassen stochastischer Prozesse mit Sprungen untersucht. Im ersten Teil stellen wir eine neue Formulierung einer Charakterisierung von Prozessen mit unabhängigen Zuwächsen vor. Diese basiert auf der aus dem Malliavinkalkül bekannten Dualitätsformel für Prozesse mit unendlich oft teilbaren Zuwächsen. Wir präsentieren zusätzlich zwei neue Beweismethoden dieser Dualitätsformel, die nicht auf der Chaoszerlegung des Raumes quadratintegrabler Funktionale beruhen. Eine dieser Methoden basiert auf einer partiellen Integrationsformel fur unendlich oft teilbare Zufallsvektoren. In diesem Rahmen ist unsere Charakterisierung eine Verallgemeinerung des Lemma fur Gaußsche Zufallsvariablen von Stein und des Lemma fur Zufallsvariablen mit Poissonverteilung von Chen. Die Allgemeinheit dieser Methode erlaubt uns durch einen ähnlichen Zugang die Charakterisierung unendlich oft teilbarer Zufallsmaße. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die Charakterisierung reziproker Klassen ausgewählter Markovprozesse durch Dualitätsformeln. Wir beginnen mit einer Zusammenfassung bereits existierender Ergebnisse zu den reziproken Klassen Brownscher Bewegungen mit Drift. Es ist uns möglich die Charakterisierung solcher reziproken Klassen durch eine Dualitätsformel physikalisch umzudeuten in eine Newtonsche Gleichung. Damit gelingt uns ein Brückenschlag zwischen derartigen Charakterisierungsergebnissen und der Theorie stochastischer Mechanik durch den Interpretationsansatz, sowie der Theorie stochastischer optimaler Steuerung durch den mathematischen Ansatz. Unter Verwendung der Charakterisierung reziproker Klassen durch Dualitätsformeln beweisen wir weiterhin eine Invarianzeigenschaft der reziproken Klasse Browscher Bewegungen mit Drift unter Zeitumkehrung. Es gelingt uns weiterhin neue Resultate im Rahmen reiner Sprungprozesse zu beweisen. Wir beschreiben reziproke Klassen Markovscher Zählprozesse, d.h. Sprungprozesse mit Sprunghöhe eins, und erhalten eine Charakterisierung der reziproken Klasse vermöge einer Dualitätsformel. Diese beinhaltet als Schlüsselterme eine stochastische Ableitung nach den Sprungzeiten, ein kompensiertes stochastisches Integral und eine Invariante der reziproken Klasse. Wir präsentieren außerdem eine Interpretation der Charakterisierung einer reziproken Klasse im Rahmen der stochastischen Steuerungstheorie. Als weitere Anwendung beweisen wir eine Invarianzeigenschaft der reziproken Klasse Markovscher Zählprozesse unter Zeitumkehrung. Einige dieser Ergebnisse werden fur reine Sprungprozesse mit unterschiedlichen Sprunghöhen verallgemeinert. Insbesondere zeigen wir, dass die reziproken Klassen Markovscher Sprungprozesse vermöge reziproker Invarianten unterschieden werden können. Eine Charakterisierung der reziproken Klasse zusammengesetzter Poissonprozesse durch eine Dualitätsformel gelingt unter der Annahme inkommensurabler Sprunghöhen.

In today‟s manufacturing environment, different parts manufactured in-house and bought from suppliers are often assembled together into a finished product. Competition has made it very important for companies to deliver a customized product on a promised date. However, when inventory items are missing at the time of production, lead times for products become uncertain and this makes it difficult to fulfill a customer order on the promised date. It is thus important to explore the causes of missing items at the time of production in order to solve such a problem. This Master of Science thesis carried out through a case study at Fläkt Woods in collaboration with Jönköping University is about the problem of not finding specific inventory items in the locations specified by the computer system. It is delimited to inventory items which are physically within the company premises or which according to the computer system are within the premises of the company. The questions at issue have been what the causes of the problem of missing items within the company are and how to effectively reduce the problem. The thesis has been carried out over an entire academic semester as a full-time work in the company. The sources of the problem have been found to be the result of the work procedure, the underlying software used during work (the in-house developed ERP system), stealing from orders, ineffective barcode scans, re-sequencing at the component manufacturing department (called pre-manufacturing in the company) due to the need to fulfill multiple objectives, set-up times at the component manufacturing department and human errors among others. The suggestions given include: modification of the work procedure and the underlying software used at work, increasing effective scanning and using some checks at critical points in the material flow. Areas for further research are given to further reduce the impact of the problem on the production system.

This Master’s thesis studies the possibility of using image processing as a tool to facilitate vine management, in particular shoot counting and assessment of the grapevine canopy. Both are areas where manual inspection is done today. The thesis presents methods of capturing images and segmenting different parts of a vine. It also presents and evaluates different approaches on how shoot counting can be done. Within canopy assessment, the emphasis is on methods to estimate canopy density. Other possible assessment areas are also discussed, such as canopy colour and measurement of canopy gaps and fruit exposure. An example of a vine assessment system is given.

With 7 000 new cases in Sweden each year, breast cancer represents 30 percent of all female malignancies and is therefore the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. There are limitations as to what can be done to prevent the disease but with the use of mammography screening the chances of finding and treating the disease at an early stage are increasing. Unfortunately, mammography screening is associated with radiation, which is an established risk factor for developing breast cancer. However, the newest screening technologies come with a reduced dose which decreases the risk of developing breast cancer due to the radiation.   The effects of this lower dose compared to that of traditional technologies have not yet been studied and the purpose of this paper is therefore to assess the cost-effectiveness of the use of this new technology, with a focus on the number of radiation-induced cancers. A cost-utility analysis was performed where three different mammography technologies (one analogue and two digital) were compared. The total costs and QALYs of breast cancer generated by the use of these three technologies were calculated with the use of a Markov decision-analytic model, where a cohort of hypothetical 40 year-old women was followed throughout life.   The results of the analysis showed that with the new digital technology (the PC-DR), one in 14 100 screened women develops breast cancer due to radiation while with the traditional mammography systems (SFM and the CR) this number is one in 3 500 and 4 300 screened women, respectively. Consequently, the number of induced cancers is decreased with up to 75 percent with the use of the PC-DR. Assuming that only the radiation dose differs between the three units, the analysis resulted in an incremental effect of 0.000269 QALYs over a life-time for the PC-DR when compared to SFM(0.000210 QALYs compared to the CR). The PC-DR was also associated with a 33 SEK (26 SEK) lower cost. Thus, if the only difference can be found in radiation dose, the PC-DR is the dominating technology to use since it is both more effective and costs less. However, it is possible that the PC-DR is more expensive per screening occasion than the other technologies and if so, the PC-DR would no longer be less costly. The study found that the scope for the possibility of excessive pricing is very small and under these circumstances, the willingness to pay for a QALY has to be considered when deciding what technology to invest in.

This thesis studies State-of-Charge (SOC) method for widely used lead-acid batteries and the most prospective lithium-ion batteries. First, the relationship between the battery capacity and the open-circuit-voltage under different charging/discharging currents is investigated based on the equivalent circuit. Experimental results indicate that the open-circuit-voltage of the lead-acid battery varies regularly with the charging/discharging current and the duration of time for the battery disconnected from the load. Accordingly, a dynamic open-circuit-voltage method in considerations the open-circuit-time and the previous operating current is capable of precisely estimating the battery capacity in a shorter time. As for the lithium-ion batteries, their charging/discharging characteristics reveal that the Coulomb/Ampere-Hour Counting method is capable of yielding accurate estimations. Finally, through the experiments that emulate practical operations, the SOC estimations of batteries are verified to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methods.

<p>This Master’s thesis studies the possibility of using image processing as a tool to facilitate vine management, in particular shoot counting and assessment of the grapevine canopy. Both are areas where manual inspection is done today. The thesis presents methods of capturing images and segmenting different parts of a vine. It also presents and evaluates different approaches on how shoot counting can be done. Within canopy assessment, the emphasis is on methods to estimate canopy density. Other possible assessment areas are also discussed, such as canopy colour and measurement of canopy gaps and fruit exposure. An example of a vine assessment system is given.</p>

Gegenstand dieser Diplomarbeit ist die Untersuchung der Dynamik in dünnen Polymerfilmen anhand von einzelnen Molekülen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden dünne Filme (kleiner 100nm) hergestellt und mittels Einzelmoleküldetektion und zeitaufgelöster Einzelphotonenzählung analysiert, was eine orts- und zeitaufgelöste Untersuchung einzelner Farbstoffmoleküle ermöglicht. Ziel war es, festzustellen ob, und auf welchem Weg, die Dynamik der Umgebung in Fluktuationen der Fluoreszenzlebensdauer einzelner Moleküle sichtbar wird. Neben der Evaluierung der Untersuchungsmethoden wurden in dieser Arbeit zwei Arten von Sensormolekülen - DiD und Malachit Grün - näher untersucht. / The subject of this diploma thesis is the analysis of dynamics in thin polymer films using single molecules. Thin polymer films (less than 100nm) were produced and analysed by Single Molecule Detection (SMD) and Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC). This allows a spatial and time resolved investigation of the single dye molecule. The aim was to ascertain if, and in which way, the dynamics of the environment are reflected by fluctuations of the fluorescence lifetime of the single molecule. In addition to evaluating the investigation methods two kinds of molecules - DiD and Malachite Green - were also analysed.

This PhD thesis presents a study of structure-composition correlations of bioactive glasses (BGs) by employing solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Silicate-based Na2O−CaO−SiO2−P2O5 BGs are utilized clinically and are extensively investigated for bone regeneration purposes. Once implanted in the human body, they facilitate bone regeneration by partially dissolving in the body fluids, followed by the formation of a biomimetic surface-layer of calcium hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA). Eventually, the implanted BG totally integrates with the bone. The bioactivity of melt-prepared BGs depends on their composition and structure, primarily on the phosphorus content and the average silicate-network connectivity (NC). We explored these composition-structure relationships for a set of BGs for which the NC and phosphorus contents were varied independently. The short-range structural features of the glasses were explored using 29Si and 31P magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. 31P MAS NMR revealed that the orthophosphate content is directly proportional to the total P content of the glass, with a linear correlation observed between the orthophosphate content and the silicate network connectivity. The bearings of the results for future BG design are discussed. By using multiple-quantum coherence-based 31P NMR experiments, the spatial distribution of orthophosphate groups was probed in the melt prepared BGs, as well as in two mesoporous bioactive glasses prepared by an evaporation-induced self-assembly technique. The results evidence randomly distributed orthophosphate groups in the melt-prepared BGs, whereas the pore-walls of the mesoporous bioactive glasses constitute nanometer-sized clusters of calcium phosphate. The distribution of Na+ ions among the phosphate/silicate groups were studied by heteronuclear dipolar-based 23Na−31P NMR experiments, verifying that sodium is dispersed nearly randomly in the glasses. The phosphorus and proton environments in biomimetically grown HCA were investigated by using 1H and 31P MAS NMR experiments. Our studies revealed that the biomimetic HCA shared many local structural features with synthetic and well-ordered hydroxy-apatite. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Accepted.</p>