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In its current sense, courting means 'wooing'; but its original meaning was 'residing at court'. The amorous sense of the word developed from a purely social sense in most major European languages around the turn of the sixteenth century, a time when, according to some historians, Western states were gradually moving toward the genesis of absolutism and the establishment of courts as symbols and agents of centralised monarchical power. This study examines the shift in meaning of the words courtship and to court, seeking the origins of courtship in court society, with particular reference to the court and literature of the Elizabethan period. Chapter 1 charts the traditional association between courts and love, first in the historiography of 'courtly love', and then in historical and sociological accounts of court society. Recent studies have questioned the quasi- Marxist notion that the amorous practices of the court and the 'bourgeois' ideals of harmonious, fruitful marriage were antithetical, and this thesis examines whether the development of 'romantic love' has a courtly as well as a bourgeois provenance. Chapter 2 conducts a lexical study of the semantic change of the verb to court in French, Italian, and English, with an extended synchronic analysis of the word in Elizabethan literature. Chapter 3 goes on to diversify the functional classification required by semantic analysis and considers the implications of courtship as a social, literary and rhetorical act in the works of Lyly and Sidney. It considers the 'humanist' dilemma of a language that was aimed primarily at seduction, and suggests that, in the largely discursive mode of the courtly questione d'amore, courtship could be condoned as a verbalisation of love, and a postponement of the satisfaction of desire. Chapter 4 then moves away from the distinction between humanist and courtly concerns, to examine the practice of courtship at the court of Elizabeth I. It focuses on allegorical representations of Desire in courtly pageants, and suggests that the ambiguities inherent in the 'legitimised' Desire of Elizabethan shows exemplify the situation of poets and courtiers who found themselves at the court of a female sovereign. In chapter 5 discussions of the equivocation inveterate to courtly texts leads to a study of The Faerie Queene, and specifically to Spenser's presentation of courtship and courtly society in the imperialist themes of Book II and their apparent subversion in Book VI. The study concludes with a brief appraisal of Spenser's Amoretti as a model for the kind of courtship that has been under review.

During the Duke of Alençon's second courtship of Queen Elizabeth the Earl of Leicester emerged as the leading opponent of the marriage. At the same time he began to patronize a circle of writers which included Gabriel Harvey, Edmund Spenser and Philip Sidney, who helped to create the 'golden 1 literature of the English Renaissance. In this thesis I investigate their relations with Leicester and by a detailed examination of their main works, such as the Spenser-Harvey Letters, the Old Arcadia, theShepheardes Calender and theFaerie Queene, and their development, show how they reflect the Earl's intellectual and political concerns. I argue that Alençon was a notable patron and that his growing knowledge of his rival's academic interests encouraged Leicester to maintain his own literary faction. One of his aims was to show the French that English culture was not provincial and he demon- strated this in the entertainment The Four Foster Children of Desire for which he was largely responsible. Having outlined the background of the crisis of the courtship I evoke Leicester's life and circumstances during this period, particularly his relationship with the Queen and patronage at Oxford. I then describe the distinctive interests of his circle in law, history, politics and poetry and go on to establish that Alençon took part in the French academic movement and that his courtiers included distinguished poets and thinkers. The second half of the thesis is a series of detailed studies of Harvey, Spenser and Sidney in relation to Leicester, and their writings during the Alençon court- ship. Finally I examine the court entertainments of this period and argue for the Four Foster Children as a turning-point in Elizabethan literature. My conclusion is that Leicester was a more loyal and discriminating patron than he is usually said to have been and that he played a significant part in introducing the 'golden' age of Elizabethan literature.

During the reign of Kangxi (r. 1662-1722), the second Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Western music began to take root in the Manchu court. There is abundant evidence that the missionaries performed Western music before Kangxi and the emperor looked upon the Jesuits Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) and Tomas Pereira (1645-1708) as his music tutors. In 1713, Kangxi commissioned a treatise on music, Yuzhi Lulu zhengyi (A True Doctrine of Music, by Imperial Authority), which was completed in 1714. Begun by Pereira but completed by the Italian Lazarist Paolo Felipe Teodorico Pedrini (c. 1670-1746), the third part of this musical treatise Xieyun duqu, is devoted exclusively to Western music theory. This treatise is the earliest official Chinese source concerning Western music theory. / Evidence that Western theoretical writings were included in Lulu zhengyi raises an important question: why did Kangxi demand that Western music theory be incorporated within his imperial treatise? There are only a limited number of studies on Western music in the early Qing court, and this research fills in a serious lacuna. This study will argue that it is not simply due to Kangxi's open mind and fondness for European knowledge that leads to the incorporation of Western music theory in Lulu zhengyi. Kangxi's goal was to use Western music as a tool to restore the lost Chinese ancient music. / The reign of Kangxi witnessed the elevation of Western music in the Qing court. After the reign of Kangxi, Western music continued to be performed at the court, however, its prestige diminished, and it served solely as entertainment for the emperors. Indeed, in Yongzheng's preface to Luli yuanyuan (1723), Western music theory was regarded as that of the Western barbarian. Later, when Qianlong ordered the compilation of the sequel to Lulu zhengyi in 1741, no Western music was included. / Chiu, Wai Yee Lulu. / "May 2007." / Adviser: Michael Edward McClellan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-01, Section: A, page: 0020. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-219). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

This thesis examines Alexander�s conception of kingship, his relationship with royal traditions in the three great kingdoms of the Near East, and the concomitant transformation of the king�s court by which Alexander created a distinctive royal insignia and introduced new court personnel and protocol. Section I ("Alexander and Near Eastern Kingship") contains Chapters I, II, and III. Section II ("The Transformation") comprises Chapters IV to VI. In Chapter I, I examine the Macedonian background of Alexander�s court and his native conception of kingship. Chapter II is a study of the kingship of Egypt. Chapter III deals with the kingship of Babylon and Persia. I then turn to an analysis of Alexander�s policies towards the Persians and the concept of the "kingship of Asia," as this was understood by Alexander. This crucial concept is to be distinguished from the kingship of Persia, a position which Alexander supplanted and replaced with his personal kingship of Asia. In Section II, three chapters are devoted to an analysis of the transformation of Alexander�s court. Chapter IV covers the origin and significance of Alexander�s royal insignia. Chapter V examines the introduction of, and the role played by, Persians and easterners in the king�s court; and Chapter VI the significance of other Persian court offices.

This thesis examines Alexander�s conception of kingship, his relationship with royal traditions in the three great kingdoms of the Near East, and the concomitant transformation of the king�s court by which Alexander created a distinctive royal insignia and introduced new court personnel and protocol. Section I ("Alexander and Near Eastern Kingship") contains Chapters I, II, and III. Section II ("The Transformation") comprises Chapters IV to VI. In Chapter I, I examine the Macedonian background of Alexander�s court and his native conception of kingship. Chapter II is a study of the kingship of Egypt. Chapter III deals with the kingship of Babylon and Persia. I then turn to an analysis of Alexander�s policies towards the Persians and the concept of the "kingship of Asia," as this was understood by Alexander. This crucial concept is to be distinguished from the kingship of Persia, a position which Alexander supplanted and replaced with his personal kingship of Asia. In Section II, three chapters are devoted to an analysis of the transformation of Alexander�s court. Chapter IV covers the origin and significance of Alexander�s royal insignia. Chapter V examines the introduction of, and the role played by, Persians and easterners in the king�s court; and Chapter VI the significance of other Persian court offices.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America.

Orientador: Paulo Mugayar Kuhl / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aranha_RaqueldaSilva_M.pdf: 31064637 bytes, checksum: 1793c9fcad0eeaee59881569a24eb968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O modelo francês nas artes disseminou-se por toda a Europa no século XVIII, graças ao poder político representado pela figura de Luis XIV. Essa influência foi absorvida tanto na educação da nobreza quanto nos espetáculos assistidos por ela. No primeiro caso, no que diz respeito à dança, através da tradução de tratados usados para o treinamento dos bons modos do nobre - notadamente o tratado de Pierre Rameau Le Mâitre à danser (Paris, 1725). No segundo, na realização de balés nas óperas - característica do gênero de espetáculo francês - que estimulou na França e na Itália o desenvolvimento de uma literatura especializada sobre as relações entre música, teatro e dança. Seguindo o modelo francês, foram publicados em Portugal três tratados que se remetam à dança cortesã (Cabreira, 1760, Pantezze, 1761 e Bonem, 1767), bem como foram incluídos balés nas Óperas de então, coreografados por nomes importantes como François Sauveterre (antecessor de François Noverre na corte de Stuttgart), Antonio Marrafa, Carlo Bencini, Luigi Chiaveri, Alessandro Zucchelli, Pedro Pieroni, Luiz Chiavre (discípulos de Noverre), Pietro Angiolini e Gaetano Gioja (coreógrafos do balé pré-romântico). O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar a presença de elementos franceses nos ambientes culturais portugueses no século XVIII nos quais a dança realizava um papel importante tanto como expressão dos códigos cortesãos (no ambiente privado e semi-privado), quanto como co-participante dos espetáculos operísticos em que se revela como um dos principais focos de discussão sobre a transformação da ópera. Pretende contextualizar e caracterizar a presença dos balés nas óperas realizadas em Portugal no século XVIII, revelando uma trama complexa de influências francesas e italianas quanto ao tratamento da dança no espetáculo dramático cujo modelo é o italiano, e de que forma esses aspectos fizeram parte da evolução desse gênero em Portugal. Para tanto foram pesquisadas fontes primárias - tratados sobre a temática da dança cortesã publicados tanto em Portugal como fora deste, bem como da dança teatral ligada à ópera (incluindo-se tratados técnicos e reflexões teóricas dos críticos que analisavam as transformações do espetáculo operístico) -, e fontes secundárias (estudos atuais, esparsos mas fundamentais para esta pesquisa, especialmente os autores Guimarães e Hansell). Palavras-chaves: Dança Cortesã; Dança Teatral; Ópera; Portugal; Século XVIII / Abstract: The French model for the arts was spread all over Europe during the Eighteen century, due to the political power that Louis the XIV exerted. This influence has touched the education of the nobility as much as the spectacles noblemen attended. In the former, relating to the dance, it happened through the publication and translation of treatises used to train the nobles - specially the book of Pierre Rameau Le Mâitre à danser (Paris, 1725). In the latter, we can note French influence in the execution of ballet in Operas - a feature of the French approach at the genre - which stimulated, in France and Italy, the development of a special literature concerned with the relations between music, plays and dance. In Portugal, three treatises about the court dance following the French model were published (Cabreira, 1760, Pantezze, 1761 and Bonem, 1767), and also many ballets were included in the operas performed in the country. The ballets were signed by renowned choreographers, such as François Sauveterre (he preceded François Noverre at the Stuttgart court), Antonio Marrafa, Carlo Bencini, Luigi Chiaveri, Alessandro Zucchelli, Pedro Pieroni, Luiz Chiavre (pupils of Noverre), Pietro Angiolini and Gaetano Gioja (choreographers of the preromantic ballet). This dissertation has the purpose of showing the influence of French cultural elements on the Portuguese cultural milieu throughout the 18th-century, in which dance played an important role as a way to express court codes (in private and semi-private environment), as much as a co-participant in operatic performances, where it becomes one of the main focus in the discussion concerning changes in opera. This research aims to give context to and to typify the ballets performed in operas in 18th-century Portugal, revealing the complexity of the connections of French and Italian influences. It aims as well to explain how these features took part in the evolution of the dramatic genre in Portugal. The research was based on primary sources - treatises on court dance published in Portugal and abroad, as well as on documents concerning theatrical dance related to opera (including technical dance treatises and theoretical reflections of philosophers that analysed changes in operatic spectacles) -, and secondary sources / Mestrado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Mestre em Música

M.A. (Greek) / Please refer to full text to view abstract