This study’s main goal was to evaluate Bacillus subtilis inoculation and mine water irrigation effect on germination, growth, nodulation, physiology and shoot/grain quality of cowpea genotypes exposed to extreme climatic conditions (elevated temperatures). The first experiment evaluated the interactive effect of Bacillus subtilis (BD233) inoculation and elevated temperature on germination indices and plumule lengths of three genotypes (Asetanapa, Soronko and Nyira) of cowpea. The results showed that interaction between B. subtilis (BD233) and temperature significantly (p<0.05) influenced the germination indices (germination percentage (G%), germination index (GI) and germination rate index (GRI)) and plumule length of cowpea seedlings and genotype responses were significantly different. At elevated temperature (35oC), inoculation with B. subtilis (BD233) enhanced seed germination and growth of cowpea. The second experiment evaluated the effect of temperature on growth and nutritional content of cowpea incubated for seven days in a growth chamber. The results showed that when cowpea genotype, Soronko, was incubated at different temperature regimes, the whole plant biomass, shoot carbon and crude protein contents were significantly affected with temperature increases at all three stages of the plants’ life cycle. The results suggest that the pre-flowering (40 DAP) and flowering (90 DAP) stages of cowpea compared to post-flowering (123 DAP) are more susceptible to elevated temperatures (30-35oC). The third experiment evaluated Bacillus subtilis inoculation and mine water irrigation effect on growth, nodulation, physiology and nutritional content of cowpea under glasshouse conditions. The results revealed that the interaction of B. subtilis (BD233) inoculation and mine water (75% AMD) irrigation was significant for the growth, nodulation, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll contents and shoot/grain nutritional quality of cowpea genotypes. In comparison with control, generally, B. subtilis inoculation enhanced the growth, nodulation and yield of all tested cowpea genotypes and irrigation with mine water significantly influenced the mineral contents in both shoot and grain of cowpea. Taken together, findings in this study have implications for cultivation of cowpea, an important candidate for food/nutrition security in Africa, under future climate change scenarios. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

No description available.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) are nutritious and medicinal vegetables, but could also harbor harmful microbial contaminants. The main aim of the project was to determine the effect of each processing techniques on the microbiology, proximate nutrients and shelf life of these vegetables to produce nutritious, tasty, safe and long lasting vegetable products. The processing techniques used were: washing, blanching, and drying. Leaf samples were collected at each stage of processing and were analysed for total viable count, coliform count, yeast and mould count and nutritional content. Microbial plate analysis showed the presence, particularly on cowpea leaves, of yeasts and bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and enterobacter including enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., Shigella dysenteriae and E coli. The presence of E.coli on the leaves was also confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA analysis. The most effective processing technique which reduced microbial load to below SABS standards while retaining nutritional quality was the washing of the leaves twice with tap water followed by steam tunnel blanching at 94oC for 12 minutes. Oven drying the leaves at 60oC gave satisfactory and extended shelf life results. Proximate analysis comparison of the two leaf types showed that on average moringa leaves contained more ash (2.37 vs 1.1 g), protein (6,9 vs 3,6 g), fat (0,41 vs 0.2 g) and energy (305,1 vs 70KJ) but less dietary fibre (0,9 vs 7,5 g) than cowpea leaves. No significant differences were noted in these values following washing and steam blanching. These results indicate that washing of these leaves is effective as to reducing microbial load and maintaining proximate values in the short term (up to 4 days) but that oven drying is effective for longer-term storage. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) are nutritious and medicinal vegetables, but could also harbor harmful microbial contaminants. The main aim of the project was to determine the effect of each processing techniques on the microbiology, proximate nutrients and shelf life of these vegetables to produce nutritious, tasty, safe and long lasting vegetable products. The processing techniques used were: washing, blanching, and drying. Leaf samples were collected at each stage of processing and were analysed for total viable count, coliform count, yeast and mould count and nutritional content. Microbial plate analysis showed the presence, particularly on cowpea leaves, of yeasts and bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and enterobacter including enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., Shigella dysenteriae and E coli. The presence of E.coli on the leaves was also confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA analysis. The most effective processing technique which reduced microbial load to below SABS standards while retaining nutritional quality was the washing of the leaves twice with tap water followed by steam tunnel blanching at 94oC for 12 minutes. Oven drying the leaves at 60oC gave satisfactory and extended shelf life results. Proximate analysis comparison of the two leaf types showed that on average moringa leaves contained more ash (2.37 vs 1.1 g), protein (6,9 vs 3,6 g), fat (0,41 vs 0.2 g) and energy (305,1 vs 70KJ) but less dietary fibre (0,9 vs 7,5 g) than cowpea leaves. No significant differences were noted in these values following washing and steam blanching. These results indicate that washing of these leaves is effective as to reducing microbial load and maintaining proximate values in the short term (up to 4 days) but that oven drying is effective for longer-term storage. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RomuloMOF_TESE.pdf: 1235930 bytes, checksum: d0668b69077e4b615b5b9b7e4cd858f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cowpea crop has great importance for the Brazilian Northeast, especially for the poorest population. One of the major problems encountered for this crop is drought stress caused by erratic rainfall, coupled with the high temperatures common in this region. The no-tillage system has features, such as reduction of soil water evaporation, higher water retention and lower soil temperature fluctuations, and can be a way to minimize the water stress in a cowpea crop. Two experiments were carried out at the experimental garden in the Departamento de Ciências Vegetais of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), in Mossoró city, RN, with the aim of evaluating the use and use efficiency of water, and the ecophysiological traits of cowpea plants under water shortage in tillage and no-till cropping systems. The first experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with subsampling and four replications. The treatments were the two cropping systems (tillage and no-till), and the subsamples were the six periods of irrigation suspension (2; 6; 10; 14; 18 e 22 days), applied at the beginning of the flowering stage. The plants parts dry mass and the leaf area 64 days after sowing (DAS), and the grain production, water use and water use efficiency at that 70 DAS were evaluated. For the second experiment, it was used a randomized complete blocks design with subsampling and sub-subsampling, with four replications. The treatments were the cropping systems (tillage and no-till), and the subsamples were three water availability conditions (no shortage, moderate shortage and severe shortage), and the sub-subsampling were the evaluation periods. Plants dry mass, leaf areas, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, lowest leaf CO2 internal concentration and leaf water potential were evaluated. In the first experiment, it was observed that the no-till system is promising for the cowpea crop, with better grain production and better water use efficiency. In this system, the cowpea cultivation was possible even under a moderate water shortage. Prolonged water shortage periods did affect the dry mass accumulation, grain yield and water use efficiency. In the second experiment, the water shortage affected all the studied variables, with the exception of the leaves water potential. The cowpea fully recovered all physiological traits after moderate and severe water shortage. Stomatal closure was the main mechanism of resistance to water shortage, and the cowpea may be considered as a water-saving species. The cropping system did not affect the photosynthesis rates. The plants had more dry weight and leaf areas at the no-till system / A cultura do feijão-caupi possui grande importância para a região Nordeste, principalmente para a população mais carente. Um dos grandes problemas encontrados para essa cultura é o estresse hídrico, provocado pela irregularidade das chuvas, aliado a altas temperaturas, comuns a esta região. O sistema de plantio direto possui características como redução da evaporação da água do solo, maior retenção do solo e menores oscilações da temperatura, e pode ser uma forma de minimizar o efeito do estresse hídrico para a cultura do feijão-caupi. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), no município de Mossoró-RN, com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo, e eficiência de uso da água, bem como as respostas ecofisiológicas de feijão-caupi sob estresse hídrico nos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional. O primeiro experimento foi realizado no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados completos, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram avaliados dois sistemas de plantio (convencional e direto) e nas subparcelas, seis períodos de suspensão da irrigação (2; 6; 10; 14; 18 e 22 dias) aplicados no início do período reprodutivo. Foram avaliadas a biomassa das partes das plantas e a área foliar, aos 64 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e o rendimento de grãos, consumo de água e eficiência de uso da água, aos 70 DAS. No segundo experimento, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados completos, no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram avaliados dois sistemas de plantio (direto e convencional), nas subparcelas, três condições hídricas (sem estresse, estresse moderado e estresse severo) e nas subsubparcelas, períodos de avaliação. Foram determinados: área foliar, matéria seca total, fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração, concentração interna de CO2 e potencial hídrico foliar. No primeiro experimento, constatou-se que o sistema de plantio direto foi promissor para cultura do feijão-caupi, apresentando maior rendimento de grãos e maior eficiência de uso da água. Nesse sistema de plantio, foi possível o cultivo de feijão-caupi, sem perdas, mesmo com períodos de veranico moderados. Veranicos prolongados afetaram negativamente o acúmulo de biomassa, rendimento de grãos e eficiência de uso da água. No segundo experimento, o estresse hídrico afetou todas as variáveis avaliadas, com exceção do potencial hídrico foliar. O feijão-caupi apresentou recuperação de todas as características fisiológicas após estresse hídrico moderado e severo. O fechamento estomático foi o principal mecanismo de resistência à seca, sendo o feijão-caupi uma espécie conservadora. Os sistemas de plantio não afetaram as taxas de fotossíntese. O sistema de plantio direto promoveu maior acúmulo de biomassa e de área foliar

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdmilsonGCJ_TESE.pdf: 1238641 bytes, checksum: c62279e4779d7be7e1b7cf7803e4392c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The overall objective of this study was to assess the impacts that climate change may lead to the development and evapotranspiration of maize and cowpea in the Brazilian semiarid region. The study was conducted in the municipalities of Apodi, Ipanguaçu and Mossoro, the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The determination of crop evapotranspiration, in its different phases, was held by lysimeters of weighing. To check the influence of climate change on culture water consumption were simulated changes in the temperature and relative humidity of the air, through the PRECIS climate model. We evaluated two scenarios of emissions based on the report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: a pessimist called A2 and optimistic B2. The corn crop coefficient suffered greater influence of climate change, because culture has a higher size compared to the reference culture thereby its aerodynamic properties were more influenced by the reduction in relative humidity simulated by the model. Temperatures will be well above the limit tolerated by crops, which could have a negative impact on their development and productivity. With rising temperatures, both cultures have their reduced cycle. The reduction in the cycle also cause a decrease in the total evaporation of the cultures. With the additions expected in air temperature and the decrease in relative humidity , the daily evapotranspiration rate will be higher and will direct effect on irrigation systems, because even occurring a reduction in total evapotranspiration , will require a greater intensity of irrigation to meet the daily demand of crops / O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi verificar os impactos que as mudanças climáticas podem provocar sobre o desenvolvimento e a evapotranspiração do milho e do feijão-caupi, no semiárido brasileiro. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Apodi, Ipanguaçu e Mossoró, pertencentes ao estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura, em suas diferentes fases, foi realizada através de lisímetros de pesagem. Para verificar a influência das mudanças climáticas sobre o consumo hídrico da cultura foram simuladas alterações na temperatura e na umidade relativa do ar, através do modelo climático PRECIS. Foram avaliados dois cenários de emissões baseados no relatório do IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): um pessimista denominado A2 e um otimista B2. O coeficiente de cultivo do milho sofreu maior influência das mudanças climáticas, pois a cultura apresenta um porte mais elevado, em comparação com a cultura de referência, com isso, suas propriedades aerodinâmicas foram mais influenciadas pela redução da umidade relativa simulada pelo modelo. As temperaturas ficarão muito acima do limite tolerado pelas culturas, o que poderá repercutir negativamente no seu desenvolvimento e consequentemente no rendimento. Com o aumento nas temperaturas, ambas as culturas terão seus ciclos reduzidos. A redução no ciclo também provocará uma diminuição na evapotranspiração total das culturas. Com os acréscimos esperados na temperatura do ar e a redução na umidade relativa, a taxa diária da evapotranspiração ficará maior e apresentará efeito direto sobre os sistemas de irrigação, pois mesmo ocorrendo uma redução na evapotranspiração total, necessitarão de uma maior intensidade de irrigação para atender a demanda diária das culturas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O intenso crescimento urbano aumentou a geração de resíduos domésticos e industriais, principalmente o lodo de esgoto, necessitando de um destino adequado. Este é um resíduo sólido proveniente do tratamento final do esgoto, o qual necessita de um destino adequado, pois, apresenta-se com alto teor de agentes patogênicos e metais pesados. A alternativa mais viável para a destinação desses resíduos é a sua aplicação na agricultura como recondicionante do solo, aliado à capacidade de algumas plantas, da ordem Leguminosae, de realizar simbiose com microrganismos, genericamente chamados de rizóbios, capazes de aumentar o aporte de nitrogênio disponível no solo. Com base no exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto que viabilizem a melhor interação com as bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio na produtividade do caupi, visando maximizar a produção agrícola dentro do conceito de sustentabilidade, assim como aperfeiçoar o destino ambientalmente adequado para os resíduos urbanos, encontrando seu potencial na reciclagem agrícola. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA) utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados (quatro blocos) e os tratamentos foram constituídos com cinco estirpes de Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI 6; NFB 700; BR 2001; BR 4406; BR 3267) e lodo de esgoto em quatro níveis diferentes (0, 25, 50 e 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1), incluindo a testemunha absoluta (sem inoculação na dose zero de lodo). O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporado ao solo proveniente da Estação Experimental de Itapirema IPA, Goiana / PE. A cultivar de caupi utilizada foi a cv IPA 206 inoculada com uma suspensão bacteriana contendo 109 UFC &#8729; mL-1. A colheita foi efetuada aos 45 dias e foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: matéria seca da raiz (MSR) e parte aérea (MSPA), matéria fresca dos nódulos (MFNod), nitrogênio total da parte aérea (NTPA) e raiz (NTR) e teor de leghemoglobina (LHb). A produção de matéria seca do caupi apresentou melhores resultados na dose equivalente a 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1, não sofrendo influência das estirpes inoculadas. Essa dose também se mostrou promissora no aumento da capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), Ca, Mg e Na no solo, sem gerar riscos, a curto prazo. A matéria fresca dos nódulos apresentou-se em maior abundância na dose equivalente a 25 Mg &#8729; ha-1. A estirpe EI-6 apresentou maior matéria fresca dos nódulos. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto e o uso das estirpes NFB 700 e BR 4406 apresentam potencial para produção de grãos no caupi / The intense urban growth, production of domestic and industrial residues has been increased, mainly sewage sludge. This residue has high amount of pathogenic organisms and heavy metals. The viable alternative for this residue destination is its use in agriculture improving the chemical, physical and biological soil characteristics. Allied of the capacity of some plants, Leguminosae order, to carry through symbiosis with microorganisms, generically called rhizobia, which are capable of increase nitrogen uptake in soil. The present work had as objective the evaluation of different levels of sewage sludge that make possible the best interaction with fixing nitrogen bacteria in the productivity of cowpea, aiming at to maximize the agricultural production inside of the concept of sustainable development, supplying an ambiently safe destination for the solid residues with its potential in agriculture recycling. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA), with experimental design adopted of randomized blocks (four blocks) containing five strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI-6, NFB 700, BR 2001, BR 4406 and BR 3267) and sewage sludge in four different levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1) including control (without inoculation of the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 0 Mg &#8729; ha-1). The sewage sludge proceeding from Sewage Treatment Station from Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporated in the soil, from IPA Experimental Station in Itapirema/PE. The cowpea, cultivar IPA 206, used was inoculated by a bacterial suspension with 109 CFU &#8729; mL-1. Plants were harvested at 45 days, to measure shoot and root dry matter (SDM and RDM), nodule fresh matter (NodFM), total nitrogen (NTR and NTS) and leghemoglobin content (LHb). The cowpea dry matter showed higher results with the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1, however were not affected inoculated strains. This equivalent level of sewage sludge demonstrated content increment of CEC (cation exchange capacity), Ca, Mg, and Na in the soil after application. The nodule fresh matter was presented in higher quantity of equivalent level of sewage sludge 25 Mg &#8729; ha-1. The strains EI-6 presented higher nodule fresh matter. The application of this residue as fertilizer and the use of the strains NFB 700 and BR 4406 showed that these treatments can be used for seeds production in cowpea

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael_confrontada.pdf: 1048050 bytes, checksum: 55e179f2f759949e7662179a0b029f4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The intense urban growth, production of domestic and industrial residues has been increased, mainly sewage sludge. This residue has high amount of pathogenic organisms and heavy metals. The viable alternative for this residue destination is its use in agriculture improving the chemical, physical and biological soil characteristics. Allied of the capacity of some plants, Leguminosae order, to carry through symbiosis with microorganisms, generically called rhizobia, which are capable of increase nitrogen uptake in soil. The present work had as objective the evaluation of different levels of sewage sludge that make possible the best interaction with fixing nitrogen bacteria in the productivity of cowpea, aiming at to maximize the agricultural production inside of the concept of sustainable development, supplying an ambiently safe destination for the solid residues with its potential in agriculture recycling. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA), with experimental design adopted of randomized blocks (four blocks) containing five strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI-6, NFB 700, BR 2001, BR 4406 and BR 3267) and sewage sludge in four different levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1) including control (without inoculation of the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 0 Mg &#8729; ha-1). The sewage sludge proceeding from Sewage Treatment Station from Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporated in the soil, from IPA Experimental Station in Itapirema/PE. The cowpea, cultivar IPA 206 , used was inoculated by a bacterial suspension with 109 CFU &#8729; mL-1. Plants were harvested at 45 days, to measure shoot and root dry matter (SDM and RDM), nodule fresh matter (NodFM), total nitrogen (NTR and NTS) and leghemoglobin content (LHb). The cowpea dry matter showed higher results with the equivalent level of sewage sludge of 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1, however were not affected inoculated strains. This equivalent level of sewage sludge demonstrated content increment of CEC (cation exchange capacity), Ca, Mg, and Na in the soil after application. The nodule fresh matter was presented in higher quantity of equivalent level of sewage sludge 25 Mg &#8729; ha-1. The strains EI-6 presented higher nodule fresh matter. The application of this residue as fertilizer and the use of the strains NFB 700 and BR 4406 showed that these treatments can be used for seeds production in cowpea / O intenso crescimento urbano aumentou a geração de resíduos domésticos e industriais, principalmente o lodo de esgoto, necessitando de um destino adequado. Este é um resíduo sólido proveniente do tratamento final do esgoto, o qual necessita de um destino adequado, pois, apresenta-se com alto teor de agentes patogênicos e metais pesados. A alternativa mais viável para a destinação desses resíduos é a sua aplicação na agricultura como recondicionante do solo, aliado à capacidade de algumas plantas, da ordem Leguminosae, de realizar simbiose com microrganismos, genericamente chamados de rizóbios, capazes de aumentar o aporte de nitrogênio disponível no solo. Com base no exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto que viabilizem a melhor interação com as bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio na produtividade do caupi, visando maximizar a produção agrícola dentro do conceito de sustentabilidade, assim como aperfeiçoar o destino ambientalmente adequado para os resíduos urbanos, encontrando seu potencial na reciclagem agrícola. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA) utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados (quatro blocos) e os tratamentos foram constituídos com cinco estirpes de Bradyrhizobium spp. (EI 6; NFB 700; BR 2001; BR 4406; BR 3267) e lodo de esgoto em quatro níveis diferentes (0, 25, 50 e 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1), incluindo a testemunha absoluta (sem inoculação na dose zero de lodo). O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da Mangueira, Recife/PE, incorporado ao solo proveniente da Estação Experimental de Itapirema IPA, Goiana / PE. A cultivar de caupi utilizada foi a cv IPA 206 inoculada com uma suspensão bacteriana contendo 109 UFC &#8729; mL-1. A colheita foi efetuada aos 45 dias e foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: matéria seca da raiz (MSR) e parte aérea (MSPA), matéria fresca dos nódulos (MFNod), nitrogênio total da parte aérea (NTPA) e raiz (NTR) e teor de leghemoglobina (LHb). A produção de matéria seca do caupi apresentou melhores resultados na dose equivalente a 75 Mg &#8729; ha-1, não sofrendo influência das estirpes inoculadas. Essa dose também se mostrou promissora no aumento da capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), Ca, Mg e Na no solo, sem gerar riscos, a curto prazo. A matéria fresca dos nódulos apresentou-se em maior abundância na dose equivalente a 25 Mg &#8729; ha-1. A estirpe EI-6 apresentou maior matéria fresca dos nódulos. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto e o uso das estirpes NFB 700 e BR 4406 apresentam potencial para produção de grãos no caupi

No description available.