Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-10T13:22:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima da Silva.pdf: 619107 bytes, checksum: 566cd7dafe2052de47a3a66eb87eda27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima da Silva.pdf: 619107 bytes, checksum: 566cd7dafe2052de47a3a66eb87eda27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in Brazil is grown in the most different climatic conditions. By the adaptability to tropical conditions and recognized as a culture of high socioeconomic value, this legume has an important role for the capitalization of small farmers in the Northeast region. Cowpea may obtain adequate quantities of N by the process of biological nitrogen fixation (FBN) when associated with specific and effective bacteria. However, in Brazil the practice of inoculation is not widely processed due to the low agricultural technology and inconsistent responses using the seed inoculation process. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different rates of inoculum on effectivity and competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium (strain BR 3267) on cowpea grown in greenhouse conditions. The first experiment was carried out with five different concentration of strain BR 3267 (rhizobia cells/mL of inoculant), N mineral fertilizer treatment without inoculation, and a control without inoculation and N mineral fertilizer. The second experiment conducted in Leonard jars with inoculant produced with BR 3267 strain, 15 native rhizobia (isolated from the used soil), and a control treatment without inoculation and no N mineral fertilizer applied. The application of the low recommended rate increased number and dry biomass of nodules, shoot dry biomass and shoot N total uptake. In the Leonard jars experiment the rhizobia strain BR 3267 was more effective on nitrogen fixation and showed greater competitiveness compared to the native rhizobia isolates. The BRS Pujante cultivar was benefit by the FBN process when inoculated with strain BR 3267 proportional to the inoculum rate. / O feijão - caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é cultivado, no Brasil, nas mais diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Devido a sua boa adaptabilidade às condições tropicais e por ser uma cultura de alto valor sócio-econômico, tem um papel importante para a capitalização de pequenos agricultores na região Nordeste. Por ser uma leguminosa, o feijão-caupi pode adquirir N em quantidades adequadas para suprir suas necessidades através do processo de fixação biológica do nitrogênio (FBN) quando associado com bactérias específicas e efetivas. Entretanto a prática da inoculação não é muito utilizada devido ao baixo aporte tecnológico nas aéreas de cultivo e respostas inconsistentes com os inoculantes utilizados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes taxas de inóculo, habilidade competitiva e eficiência para a FBN da estirpe de Bradyrhizobium sp. BR 3267 na cultura do feijão-caupi em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento, conduzido em vasos com solo foram usados sete tratamentos, compreendendo cinco concentrações de células da estirpe BR 3267 (células/mL de inoculante), um tratamento sem inoculação e com adição de fertilizante nitrogenado, e um controle sem inoculação e sem adição de fertilizante nitrogenado. O segundo experimento constituiu de 17 tratamentos, compostos por 15 estirpes nativas, a estirpe BR 3267 e um tratamento sem inoculação e sem adição de nitrogênio, em vasos de Leonard com substrato estéril. A aplicação da dose mínima recomendada incrementou número e biomassa seca dos nódulos, biomassa seca da parte aérea e o acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea. Em substrato estéril a população rizobiana nativa não foi mais eficiente quando comparada à estirpe BR 3267. A estirpe BR 3267 foi mais competitiva e eficiência em relação à população rizobiana nativa. A cultivar BRS Pujante foi mais beneficiada pela FBN quando inoculada com a estirpe BR 3267, proporcionalmente à taxa de inóculo.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T15:50:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivea Maria da Silva Gusmao.pdf: 595496 bytes, checksum: 545bce88a2420d3d15abedededfabe8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T15:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivea Maria da Silva Gusmao.pdf: 595496 bytes, checksum: 545bce88a2420d3d15abedededfabe8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Among the pests that attack stored beans Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. stands out the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775), responsible for qualitative and quantitative losses. The use of synthetic fumigants and protectors are widely used on its control, however alternative products such as powders and essential oils of plant origin, have been extensively investigated in recent years, with promising results. Thus, this study aimed to: (a) perform the chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry in Eucalyptus. citriodora Hook., Eucalyptus. staigeriana F., essential oils; (b) evaluate the toxicity by contact and fumigation; (c) test the repellent effect. The major component of E. staigeriana essential oil was limonene (28.73%) and geranial (15.20%), and for E. citriodora essential oil was Citronelal (89.59%) and Citronelil acetate (3.34). The LC50s of F. vulgare, E. citriodora, E. staigeriana and C. winterianus oils in contact tests were estimated in 4.19, 7.09, 7.44, 7.93μL/20g of bean, respectively. According to regression analysis, the higher the mortality rate, lower was the number of eggs laid and emerged insects. In fumigation tests for adults, the LC50s ranged from 2.58 to 7.85 μL/L of air and the toxicity reasons from 1.25 to 3.04. In all concentrations tested, E. citriodora and C. winterianus oils were repellent to C. maculatus adults. F. vulgare was classified as neutral, while E. staigeriana was neutral at low concentrations and repellent only at the highest concentration 12μL/20g of cowpea. The percentages of reduction of posture caused by the oils esssenciais ranged from 3.26 to 100% and adult emergence from 0.46 to 100%, especially C. winterianus that the highest concentration (15μl/20g), reduced by 100% these parameter. / Dentre as pragas que atacam o feijão Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. armazenado destaca-se o caruncho Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775), responsável por perdas qualitativas e quantitativas. Os inseticidas sintéticos fumigantes e protetores são muito utilizados no seu controle, porém produtos alternativos como pós e óleos essenciais de origem vegetal, têm sido bastante pesquisados nos últimos anos, com resultados promissores. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) efetuar a análise cromatográfica e de espectrometria de massas nos óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook e Eucalyptus. staigeriana F.; (b) avaliar a toxicidade por contato e fumigação; (c) testar o efeito repelente. Os compostos majoritários do óleo de E. staigeriana foram o Limoneno (28,73%) e Geranial (15,20%), e para E. citriodora foi Citronelal (89,59%) e Citronelil acetate (3,34%). As CL50s dos óleos de F. vulgare, E. citriodora, E. staigeriana e C. winterianus, nos testes de contato, foram estimadas em 4,19; 7,09; 7,44; 7,93μL/20g de feijão, respectivamente. De acordo com as análises de regressão, quanto maior a mortalidade, menor foi o número de ovos depositados e de insetos emergidos. Nos testes de fumigação para adultos, as CL50s variaram entre 2,58 a 7,85 μL/L de ar e as razões de toxicidade de 1,25 a 3,04. Em todas as concentrações testadas, os óleos de E. citriodora e de C. winterianus foram repelentes para adultos de C. maculatus. F. vulgare foi classificado como neutro, enquanto E. staigeriana foi neutro nas concentrações menores e repelente apenas na maior concentração de 12μL/20g de feijão. As percentagens de redução da postura provocadas pelos óleos esssenciais, variaram de 3,26 a 100% e da emergência de adultos de 0,46 a 100%, destacando-se C. winterianus, que na maior concentração (15μl/20g), reduziu em 100% estes parâmetros.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-14T17:26:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catalogada Igor.pdf: 1880759 bytes, checksum: 622a5c7c24e54df511092cf0eed620d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-17T12:20:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catalogada Igor.pdf: 1880759 bytes, checksum: 622a5c7c24e54df511092cf0eed620d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:20:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catalogada Igor.pdf: 1880759 bytes, checksum: 622a5c7c24e54df511092cf0eed620d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata) é produzido principalmente em pequenas propriedades da região nordeste do país. Com o déficit na oferta de feijão e os preços atrativos observados na entressafra, grandes produtores da região Centro-Oeste passaram a cultivar feijão caupi, especialmente da variedade Bico de Ouro. Por se tratar de uma dicotiledônea com hábito de crescimento indeterminado, as plantas apresentam vagens secas, vagens no ponto ideal e vagens verdes no momento da colheita. A colheita manual em grandes propriedades é inviável, sendo necessária a aplicação de herbicidas para uniformizar a senescência das plantas e o grau de maturação dos grãos para, então, viabilizar a colheita mecanizada. Desta forma objetivou-se com o presente estudo: (1) Avaliar as consequências da utilização de herbicidas dessecantes em pré-colheita sobre propriedades químicas e tecnológicas do feijão caupi da variedade Bico de Ouro, e (2) Avaliar efeitos da temperatura e da atmosfera de armazenamento sobre propriedades tecnológicas do feijão caupi da variedade Bico de Ouro. Os herbicidas glifosato (GLI), glifosato mais carfentrazona (GLI/CAR) e paraquate (PAR) foram testados em pré-colheita, no primeiro estudo. Grãos colhidos manualmente foram utilizados como controle (SEM). Os grãos foram, também, armazenados a 25ºC, por 8 meses, para avaliar a suscetibilidade ao envelhecimento. Para o segundo estudo, grãos de feijão caupi da variedade Bico de Ouro foram armazenados por 8 meses com nitrogênio ou em atmosfera hermética, a 15, 20 ou 25°C. A aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes na pré-colheita proporcionou alterações nos parâmetros de qualidade. Grãos obtidos de plantas tratadas com PAR e GLI apresentaram coloração mais escura logo após a colheita. No entanto, no armazenamento, a cor do tegumento dos grãos obtidos de plantas tratadas com PAR se manteve mais estável. A aplicação de GLI proporcionou acúmulo em níveis mais elevados de compostos fenólicos, principalmente compostos complexos como as proantocianidinas. Foi possível identificar moléculas de discriminação do feijão caupi em função do herbicida utilizado, sendo elas: catequina-3-glicosídeo e epicatequina (para grãos obtidos de plantas tratadas com GLI), ácido cítrico (para grãos de plantas tratadas com GLI/CAR), e quercetina e ácido glucônico (para grãos obtidos de plantas não submetidas ao tratamento com herbicidas). Os teores residuais de glifosato e paraquate foram superiores aos limites máximos tolerados pelo Codex Alimentarius e pela União Européia. Em relação ao segundo objetivo apresentado, o feijão caupi armazenado em atmosfera com nitrogênio a 20°C manteve atributos de cor, cocção e dureza muito próximos aos grãos armazenados pelo mesmo período a 15°C. / Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is produced mainly in small properties in the northeastern region of the country. With the deficit in the supply of beans and the attractive prices observed in the off season, large producers of the central-west region began to grow cowpea beans, especially the Bico de Ouro variety. Because it is a dicotyledon with an indeterminate growth habit, the plants present dry pods, pods at the ideal point and green pods at the time of harvest. The manual harvesting on large properties is impracticable, being necessary the application of desiccants to standardize the senescence of the plants and the degree of maturation of the grains in order to allow the mechanized harvesting. Thus, this study aimed to: 1) To evaluate the consequences of using pre-harvest desiccants, end 2) Evaluate effects of storage temperature and atmosphere on the technological properties of cowpea, variety Bico de ouro. The herbicides glyphosate (GLI), glyphosate with carfentrazone (GLI/CAR), end paraquat (PAR) were tested in pre-harvest, in the first study. Cowpeas collected manually were used as control (SEM). The grains were also stored at 25°C for 8 months to evaluate the susceptibility to aging. In the second study, cowpea of the Bico de ouro variety were stored for 8 months under nitrogen or in a hermetic atmosphere at 15, 20 or 25°C. The application of herbicides in the pre-harvest changed the quality parameters of the cowpea. Cowpeas obtained from PAR and GLI treated plants showed darker coloration soon after harvest. However, in storage, the color of the cowpea coat treated with PAR remained more stable. The application of GLI provided accumulation at higher levels of phenolic compounds, especially complex compounds such as proanthocyanidins. It was possible to identify molecules of cowpea discrimination as a function of the herbicide used, being them: catechin-3- glycoside and epicatechin (for grains obtained from plants treated with GLI), Citric acid (for grains obtained from plants treated with GLI/CAR), end quercetin end gluconic acid (for grains obtained from plants not submitted to treatment with herbicides). Residual levels of glyphosate and paraquat were higher than the maximum levels tolerated by the Codex Alimentarius and the European Union. With regard to the second objective, the cowpea stored in nitrogen atmosphere at 20°C maintained color, firing and hardness attributes very close to the grains stored for the same period at 15°C.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T17:09:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Souza Lemos - Versãodefinitiva.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T12:09:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Souza Lemos - Versãodefinitiva.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T12:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Souza Lemos - Versãodefinitiva.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T12:12:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Souza Lemos - Versãodefinitiva.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-02 / O incremento da área semeada em safrinha com feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), no centro-oeste brasileiro, causou um aumento na demanda de sementes de boa qualidade e alto vigor. O teste de tetrazólio é uma das opções disponíveis para avaliar a qualidade e vigor das sementes e, embora exista metodologia padronizada pelas Regras para Análise de Sementes (Brasil, 2009), a metodologia mostra-se ineficiente sendo necessário adequá-la para obtenção de resultados confiáveis. Dessa maneira, foi conduzido trabalho com o objetivo de estudar diferentes concentrações de sal de tetrazólio e tempo de coloração na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão-caupi. Utilizaram-se sementes das cultivares BRS Guariba (Classe Branco Liso), BRS Novaera (Classe Branco Rugoso) e BRS Pajeú (Classe Mulato Liso), cada uma representada por um lote, produzido na safrinha de 2014. As sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e classificação do vigor de plântulas. O teste de tetrazólio foi conduzido utilizando três concentrações diferentes de sal de tetrazólio (0,500%, 0,075% e 0,050%) com tempo de exposição de 90 minutos, 150 minutos e 960 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando apresentaram diferença significativa, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey à 5% e submetidas à análise de correlação de Pearson, correlacionando o teste em areia e diferentes tempos e concentrações testados no teste de tetrazólio. Os resultados revelaram que a leitura do teste de tetrazólio é possível nos três tempos de embebição para as três concentrações de solução, exceto na concentração de 0,500% de sal de tetrazólio no tempo de 960 minutos. / The increase in area sown in off-season with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), In the Brazilian Midwest, caused an increase in good quality seed demand and high force. The tetrazolium test is one of the options available to assess the quality and vigor and, although there is standardized methodology by the Rules for Seed Analysis (Brazil, 2009), the methodology proves to be inefficient and it is necessary to adapt it to obtain results reliable. Thus, work was conducted in order to study different tetrazolium salt concentrations and staining time in evaluating the physiological potential of cowpea seeds. They used seeds of BRS Guariba (Class White Smooth), BRS Novaera (White Class Rough) and BRS Pajeú (Class Mulato Straight), each represented by a lot, produced in 2014. The second-crop seeds were submitted to the test germination and seedling vigor classification. The tetrazolium test has been conducted using three different concentrations of tetrazolium salt (0.500%, 0.075% and 0.050%) with exposure time of 90 minutes, 150 minutes and 960 minutes. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when presented significant difference, the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% and subjected to Pearson correlation analysis, correlating the test in sand and different times and concentrations tested in the test tetrazolium . The results showed that the reading of the tetrazolium test is possible in the three soaking times for the three solution concentrations, except in the concentration of 0.500% tetrazolium salt in time of 960 minutes. Keywords:

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A produÃÃo de feijÃo caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) foi avaliada, em escala real neste projeto de pesquisa, utilizando-se a disposiÃÃo de esgoto domÃstico no solo atravÃs da infiltraÃÃo subsuperficial. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois perÃodos. O primeiro, na estaÃÃo chuvosa, durante os meses de janeiro a abril e o segundo, no perÃodo de estiagem, durante os meses de agosto a novembro de 2004. A estrutura fÃsica da estaÃÃo experimental foi construÃda nas dependÃncias da horticultura do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias, no Campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, Fortaleza-CE, sendo constituÃda por seis canteiros de alvenaria de tijolos cerÃmicos nas dimensÃes: 11m de comprimento, 1m de largura, 0,60m de profundidade e inclinaÃÃo de 1%. Os canteiros foram impermeabilizados com manta plÃstica preta de 250 μ. O material de solo utilizado para o preenchimento dos canteiros foi retirado de uma Ãrea de emprÃstimo existente nas proximidades do local do experimento. Para anÃlise comparativa, os seis canteiros foram divididos em dois grupos de trÃs. O primeiro foi irrigado com Ãgua subterrÃnea bombeada de um poÃo amazonas, existente no local do experimento e o segundo irrigado com esgoto domÃstico bombeado da rede coletora de esgotos que passa pelo Campus do Pici. A taxa de aplicaÃÃo das Ãguas de irrigaÃÃo foi de 0,70 m3/dia, satisfazendo Ãs necessidades hÃdricas das plantas. Os canteiros foram divididos, ainda, em seÃÃes de 2 metros para melhor avaliar a produÃÃo ao longo dos canteiros. A produÃÃo foi avaliada atravÃs da contagem do nÃmero de sementes e vagens e a produtividade pelo peso de sementes por Ãrea Ãtil de 10m2 existente em cada canteiro. Os canteiros irrigados com esgoto domÃstico, no perÃodo chuvoso, apresentaram dados de produÃÃo de sementes de 248,52 Kg.hÃ-1 e 1.377,52 Kg.hÃ-1, respectivamente, em relaÃÃo aos irrigados com Ãgua. A produtividade de grÃos, no perÃodo de estiagem foi de 767,08 Kg.hÃ-1 nos canteiros irrigados com esgoto domÃstico e nos irrigados com Ãgua de 757,43 Kg.hÃ-1. O esgoto domÃstico, mesmo sendo uma fonte alternativa de Ãgua e nutrientes para as plantas, cuidados referentes ao manejo agrÃcola devem ser considerados para evitar riscos ao meio ambiente e à saÃde da populaÃÃo. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a disposiÃÃo de esgoto domÃstico no solo atravÃs da infiltraÃÃo subsuperficial, colaborou para melhor produÃÃo de feijÃo caupi, o que torna recomendÃvel està prÃtica em pequenas comunidades rurais, principalmente no semi-Ãrido do nordeste brasileiro. / The production of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) was evaluated in a real scale in this research project, by using the disposal of domestic sewage into the soil through the sub-superficial infiltration. The research was carried out during two periods. The first one was in the rainy season from January to April, and the second one in the dry season from August to November, 2004. The physical structure of the experimental station was built at the Horticulture Sector of the Agrarian Sciences Center, on the Pici Campus of the Federal University of CearÃ, Fortaleza â CE, and was composed of six masonry seedbeds made of ceramic bricks with the following dimensions: 11m long, 1m wide, 0,60m deep, and 1% slant. The seedbeds were waterproofed with a black plastic blanket of 250 μ. The soil material used for the filling of the seedbeds was removed from a nearby area located by the place of the experiment. For comparative analysis, the six seedbeds were divided into two groups of three each. The first one was irrigated with underground water pumped from a deep well located in the place of the experiment, and the second one was irrigated with domestic sewage pumped from the sewage collecting pipe, which goes through the Pici Campus. The water volume used in the irrigation of the seedbeds was of 0,70 mÂ/day. The seedbeds were still divided into 2m sectors in order to better to evaluate the production along the seedbeds. The production was evaluated through the counting of the number of seeds and pods, and the productivity was assessed by the weight of seeds per useful area of 10,00m located in each seedbed. In the rainy season, the seedbeds irrigated with domestic sewage presented average seed production data of 248,52 Kg ha-1, and the ones irrigated with raw water showed an average production of 1.377,52 Kg ha-1. The average productivity of grains in the dry season was of 767,08 Kg.ha-1 in the seedbeds irrigated with domestic sewage, and 757,43 Kg.ha-1 in the ones irrigated with water. The domestic sewage, despite being an alternative source of water and nutrients for the plants, cares regarding the agricultural handling should be considered to avoid risks to the environment and the health of the population. It was concluded, therefore, that the disposal of domestic sewage into the soil through the sub-superficial infiltration contributed to a larger production of cowpea beans, which makes this practice advisable in small rural communities, mainly in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian northeast.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foram conduzidos ensaios de avaliação de 17 genótipos de feijão-caupi de porte semi-ereto nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, no período de julho a setembro de cada ano, com o objetivo de identificar aqueles com ampla adaptabilidade e estabilidade de produção no Estado de Roraima. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de Blocos Completos Casualizados, com 17 tratamentos (genótipos) e quatro repetições. Foram coletados dados de número de dias transcorridos da emergência das plantas até o início da floração, comprimento de cinco vagens, massa de cinco vagens, número de grãos de cinco vagens, peso de grãos de cinco vagens e peso de grãos na área útil da parcela, corrigida para umidade padrão de 13% e transformada para produtividade (kg ha-1). Com base nos dados coletados foram estimados o peso de 100 grãos e o índice de grãos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância individual e conjunta e, posteriormente, foram realizadas as análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade de produção pelas metodologias propostas por: Eberhart e Russell (1966) e Annicchiarico (1992). Os melhores genótipos foram as cultivares BRS Cauamé, BRS Tumucumaque e BRS Guariba. Nenhuma linhagem experimental superou essas três cultivares quando consideradas todas as variáveis analisadas. / Trials have been conducted to evaluate 17 semi erect cowpea genotypes in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009, in the period from July to September of each year aiming identify those with wide adaptability and stability of production in Roraima State. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 17 treatments (genotypes) and four replications. The collected data were the number of days elapsed from plant emergence until the beginning of flowering, lodging, length of five pods, mass of five pods, number of grains of five pods, grains weight of five pods and grains weight in each plot, corrected to standard moisture of 13% and transformed to productivity (kg ha-1). Based on data colected were stimated weight of 100 grains and grain index. The results were submitted to individual and jointly analysis of variance and were later carried out the analysis of adaptability and stability of production by the methodologies proposed by Eberhart and Russel (1966) and Annicchiarico (1992). The best genotypes were BRS Cauamé, BRS Tumucumaque and BRS Guariba cultivars. No experimental lines overcame these three cultivars when considering all variables evaluated.

Apesar da espécie Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ser bastante rústica e estar adaptada às condições adversas de clima e solo brasileiros, seu rendimento é muito baixo. Diversas causas têm sido levantadas para explicar esse comportamento; entre elas destacam-se as doenças fúngicas, sobretudo aquelas cujos patógenos são transmitidos por sementes, em especial a podridão cinzenta do caule, causada por Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. A abordagem analítica desse patossistema revelou alguns problemas emergentes. Entre eles, destacam-se: a) desconhecimento da qualidade sanitária das sementes de caupi, utilizadas para semeadura; b) desunifomidade na metodologia usada para detectar os patógenos presentes nas semente; c) dificuldade na esporulação do patógeno, máxime de alguns isolados reticentes em esporular em meios artificiais de cultivo, cujo comportamento dificulta os trabalhos de seleção de genótipos resistentes; d) carência de medidas de controle do patógeno, que empreguem práticas naturais, como uso de sementes sadias, de indutores de resistência e de cultivares resistentes, de fácil uso e passível de adoção por parte dos produtores. Na estruturação da matriz lógica do presente estudo, referidos problemas foram transformados em objetivos. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba-SP. Os resultados indicaram o teste de sanidade de sementes de caupi empregando o método do papel de filtro com restrição hídrica utilizando NaCl a –0,8Mpa, como o mais adequado para detecção dos fungos presentes nas sementes de caupi, especialmente M. phaseolina. A análise sanitária das amostras de sementes originadas de vários estados brasileiros revelou que, em 62% das amostras analisadas, o fungo M. phaseolina estava presente, sendo as amostras originadas do estado da Paraíba, Piauí, Pará e Bahia as que apresentaram maiores níveis de incidência do patógeno. Os melhores níveis de esporulação do patógeno foram conseguidos com a combinação de sobreposição de discos de folhas de trigo ao meio BDA, com temperatura de 25oC. Quanto à identificação de indutores de resistência, capazes de controlar M. phaseolina, os resultados revelaram que o acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) foi o mais eficiente, quando comparado com quitosana e com um produto silicatado derivado de rocha micronizada (PSiM), apresentando um controle residual por mais de 40 dias após a semeadura. A maior eficiência verificada pelo ASM ocorreu devido a sua capacidade de ativar mecanismos bioquímicos de defesa, configurando-se em efetivo ativador da resistência induzida nas plantas de caupi, por atuar na cinética de importantes enzimas relacionadas à defesa, como a fenilalanina amônia-liase, peroxidase e quitinase. Quanto à reação de cultivares de caupi à doença, foi possível verificar razoável nível de resistência de algumas cultivares, tendo sido consideradas resistentes Mulato, Guariba e Maratauã. / Notwithstanding the specie Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp is sufficiently rustic and adapted to the adverse conditions of the Brazilian soil and climate, its improvement is very low. Many causes have been raised in order to explain such behavior; among them the fungal diseases stand out, over all those whose pathogens are transmitted by the seeds especially the charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. The analytical approach of such pathosystem has revealed some emerging problems. Among them, it stands out: a) the ignorance of the sanitary quality of the cowpea seeds used for sowing; b) the non-uniformity in the used methodology in order to detect the pathogens, which are present in the seed; c) the difficult in pathogen sporulation, principally of some isolated reticent in forming spores in cultivation artificial environments whose behavior hampers the selection works of the resistant genotypes; d) lack of pathogen control measures, which utilize natural practices, such as the use of healthy seeds, resistance inducers and resistant cultivars of easy utilization and liable to adoption by the producers. In structuring the logical matrix of this study, such problems were transformed into objectives. The works were conducted at the Entomology, Phytopathology and Agricultural Zoology Departments of ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba-SP. The results have pointed out the sanity test of the cowpea seeds through the method of filter paper with hydric restriction using NaCI – 0,8Mpa, as the most suitable for detecting the current fungus in cowpea seeds, especially M. phaseolina. The sanitary analysis of the seeds samples originated from several Brazilian states has revealed that in 63% of the analyzed samples, the fungus M. phaseolina was present, and the samples originated from the states of Paraíba, Piauí, Pará and Bahia were those that have presented higher incident levels of pathogen. The best levels of sporulation were obtained with the combination of the superposition of wheat leaves disks in the middle of BDA in 25ºC. As to the identification of the resistance inducers, capable of controlling the M. phaseolina, the results have revealed that the acinbezolar-S-methyl (ASM) was more efficient when compared to chitosan and with a silicate product originated from micronized rock (PsiM), presenting a residual control for more than 40 days after the sowing. The greatest efficiency ascertained by ASM has occurred due to its capacity of activate the defense biochemistries mechanisms, forming itself in an activator effect of the induced resistance in cowpea plants because it acts in the kinetic of important enzymes related to the defense, such as the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and chitinase. As to the cowpea cultivars reaction to the disease, it was possible to ascertain a reasonable resistance level of some cultivars, and BR 14 Mulato, Guariba e Maratauã were considered as resistant.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T13:52:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_bruno_souza_lemos.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T22:16:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_bruno_souza_lemos.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T22:18:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_bruno_souza_lemos.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T22:18:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_bruno_souza_lemos.pdf: 782400 bytes, checksum: ad69337eab827e4daebef0eb78a32a58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-02 / Sem bolsa / O incremento da área semeada em safrinha com feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), no centro-oeste brasileiro, causou um aumento na demanda de sementes de boa qualidade e alto vigor. O teste de tetrazólio é uma das opções disponíveis para avaliar a qualidade e vigor das sementes e, embora exista metodologia padronizada pelas Regras para Análise de Sementes (Brasil, 2009), a metodologia mostra-se ineficiente sendo necessário adequá-la para obtenção de resultados confiáveis. Dessa maneira, foi conduzido trabalho com o objetivo de estudar diferentes concentrações de sal de tetrazólio e tempo de coloração na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão-caupi. Utilizaram-se sementes das cultivares BRS Guariba (Classe Branco Liso), BRS Novaera (Classe Branco Rugoso) e BRS Pajeú (Classe Mulato Liso), cada uma representada por um lote, produzido na safrinha de 2014. As sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e classificação do vigor de plântulas. O teste de tetrazólio foi conduzido utilizando três concentrações diferentes de sal de tetrazólio (0,500%, 0,075% e 0,050%) com tempo de exposição de 90 minutos, 150 minutos e 960 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando apresentaram diferença significativa, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey à 5% e submetidas à análise de correlação de Pearson, correlacionando o teste em areia e diferentes tempos e concentrações testados no teste de tetrazólio. Os resultados revelaram que a leitura do teste de tetrazólio é possível nos três tempos de embebição para as três concentrações de solução, exceto na concentração de 0,500% de sal de tetrazólio no tempo de 960 minutos. / The increase in area sown in off-season with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), In the Brazilian Midwest, caused an increase in good quality seed demand and highforce. The tetrazolium test is one of the options available to assess the quality and vigor and, although there is standardized methodology by the Rules for Seed Analysis (Brazil, 2009), the methodology proves to be inefficient and it is necessary to adapt it to obtain results reliable. Thus, work was conducted in order to study different tetrazolium salt concentrations and staining time in evaluating the physiological potential of cowpea seeds. They used seeds of BRS Guariba (Class White Smooth), BRS Novaera (White Class Rough) and BRS Pajeú (Class Mulato Straight), each represented by a lot, produced in 2014. The second-crop seeds were submitted to the test germination and seedling vigor classification. The tetrazolium test has been conducted using three different concentrations of tetrazolium salt (0.500%, 0.075% and 0.050%) with exposure time of 90 minutes, 150 minutes and 960 minutes. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when presented significant difference, the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% and subjected to Pearson correlation analysis, correlating the test in sand and different times and concentrations tested in the test tetrazolium . The results showed that the reading of the tetrazolium test is possible in the three soaking times for the three solution concentrations, except in the concentration of 0.500% tetrazolium salt in time of 960 minutes.

The reported requirement for a higher weeding effort due to increased weed infestations under conservation agriculture (CA) relative to conventional mouldboard plough tillage is perceived by both smallholder farmers and extension workers as the main limiting factor to the widespread adoption of CA by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. However, proponents of CA argue that weeds are only a problem under CA in the initial two years and decline afterwards resulting in reduced labour requirements for weeding under CA. They further posit that weeds are only major problem where minimum tillage (MT) is adopted without crop residue mulching and diverse crop rotations. This thesis explores the effect of time under CA on weed population dynamics and crop growth under the recommended CA practices and actual smallholder farmer practice in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Assessment of weed and crop growth on a long-term CA experiment at Matopos Research Station revealed that the MT systems of planting basins and ripper tine were associated with higher early season weed density and biomass than conventional early summer mouldboard tillage (CONV) in both the fifth (cowpea phase) and sixth (sorghum phase) years of CA. This increased weed infestation within the first four weeks after planting in CA necessitated early weeding to provide a clean seedbed and avert significant crop yield loss. Maize mulching only suppressed early season weed growth in sorghum mostly at a mulch rate of 8 t ha-1 which is not a mulching rate that is attainable on most smallholder farms. However, the lower maize residue mulch rate of 4 t ha-1 was consistently associated with increased weed emergence and growth as from the middle of the cropping season in both crop species. The increased weed infestations under the mulch were probably due to the creation of ‘safe sites’ with moist conditions and moderate temperatures. The high weed growth under the mulch contributed to the low sorghum grain yield obtained under mulched plots. In addition, maize mulching was also associated with a less diverse weed community that was dominated by the competitive Setaria spp. and difficult to hoe weed Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. However, the weed community under CA was similar to that under CONV tillage with no evidence of a shift to the more difficult to control weed species. The increased early season weed growth and high weed pressure under CA meant that it was still necessary to hoe weed four times within the cropping season to reduce weed infestations and improve crop growth even after four years of recommended CA practices. Early and frequent weeding was effective in reducing weed growth of most species including Setaria spp. and E. indica demonstrating that on smallholder farms where labour is available hoe weeding can provide adequate weed control. The wider spacing recommended for use in CA contributed to the low cowpea and sorghum grain yields obtained under CA compared to CONV tillage. On smallholder farms in Masvingo District, the MT system of planting basin (PB) was the only conservation farming (CF) component adopted by farmers. There was no difference in the total seedling density of the soil weed seed bank and density of emerged weeds in the field in PB and conventional mouldboard ploughing done at first effective rains (CONV tillage). However, the first weeding in PB was done at least 15 days earlier (P < 0.05) than in CONV tillage suggesting high early season weed growth in PB relative to CONV tillage. As weed density did not decline with time in PB, weed management did not differ with increase in years under PB. Shortage of inputs such as seed and fertiliser was identified by smallholder farmers as the most limiting factor in PB crop production with the area under PB was equivalent to the seed and fertiliser provided by CARE International for most farmers. On this small area, weeds could be managed by available family labour. Double the maize grain yield was obtained in PB (mean: 2856 kg ha-1) due to improved weed management and soil fertility. However, the use of poorly stored composts was found to introduce weeds into some PB fields. The findings of this study demonstrated that weed pressure was still high and weed management were still a challenge under the practice recommended to smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe even in the sixth year of practice. There is, therefore, a need for research on the economic feasibility of using herbicides, intercropping and optimal crop density to ameliorate the high weed pressure under CA. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

This study’s main goal was to evaluate Bacillus subtilis inoculation and mine water irrigation effect on germination, growth, nodulation, physiology and shoot/grain quality of cowpea genotypes exposed to extreme climatic conditions (elevated temperatures). The first experiment evaluated the interactive effect of Bacillus subtilis (BD233) inoculation and elevated temperature on germination indices and plumule lengths of three genotypes (Asetanapa, Soronko and Nyira) of cowpea. The results showed that interaction between B. subtilis (BD233) and temperature significantly (p<0.05) influenced the germination indices (germination percentage (G%), germination index (GI) and germination rate index (GRI)) and plumule length of cowpea seedlings and genotype responses were significantly different. At elevated temperature (35oC), inoculation with B. subtilis (BD233) enhanced seed germination and growth of cowpea. The second experiment evaluated the effect of temperature on growth and nutritional content of cowpea incubated for seven days in a growth chamber. The results showed that when cowpea genotype, Soronko, was incubated at different temperature regimes, the whole plant biomass, shoot carbon and crude protein contents were significantly affected with temperature increases at all three stages of the plants’ life cycle. The results suggest that the pre-flowering (40 DAP) and flowering (90 DAP) stages of cowpea compared to post-flowering (123 DAP) are more susceptible to elevated temperatures (30-35oC). The third experiment evaluated Bacillus subtilis inoculation and mine water irrigation effect on growth, nodulation, physiology and nutritional content of cowpea under glasshouse conditions. The results revealed that the interaction of B. subtilis (BD233) inoculation and mine water (75% AMD) irrigation was significant for the growth, nodulation, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll contents and shoot/grain nutritional quality of cowpea genotypes. In comparison with control, generally, B. subtilis inoculation enhanced the growth, nodulation and yield of all tested cowpea genotypes and irrigation with mine water significantly influenced the mineral contents in both shoot and grain of cowpea. Taken together, findings in this study have implications for cultivation of cowpea, an important candidate for food/nutrition security in Africa, under future climate change scenarios. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)