This research proposes FruitPAL and FruitPAL 2.0. They are full automatic devices that can detect fruit consumption to reduce the risk of disease. Allergies to fruits can seriously impair the immune system. A novel device (FruitPAL) detecting fruit that can cause allergies is proposed in this thesis. The device can detect fifteen types of fruit and alert the caregiver when an allergic reaction may have happened. The YOLOv8 model is employed to enhance accuracy and response time in detecting dangers. The notification will be transmitted to the mobile device through the cloud, as it is a commonly utilized medium. The proposed device can detect the fruit with an overall precision of 86%. FruitPAL 2.0 is envisioned as a device that encourages people to consume fruit. Fruits contain a variety of essential nutrients that contribute to the general health of the human body. FruitPAL 2.0 is capable of analyzing the consumed fruit and then determining its nutritional value. FruitPAL 2.0 has been trained on YOLOv5 V6.0. FruitPAL 2.0 has an overall precision of 90% in detecting the fruit. The purpose of this study is to encourage fruit consumption unless it causes illness. Even though fruit plays an important role in people's health, it might cause dangers. The proposed work can not only alert people to fruit that can cause allergies, but also it encourages people to consume fruit that is beneficial for their health.

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is currently challenged by low productivity trends and labor shortages. Efforts in academia and industry alike invested in developing solutions to this pressing issue. The majority of such efforts moved towards modernization of the industry, making use of digitalization approaches such as cyber-physical systems (CPS). In this direction, various research works have developed methods to capture information from construction environments and elements and provide monitoring capabilities to measure construction productivity at multiple levels. At the root of construction productivity, the productivity at the worker level is deemed critical. As a result, previous works explored monitoring the productivity of construction workers and resources to address the industry's productivity problems. However, productivity trends are not promising and show a need to more rigorously address productivity issues. Labor shortages also exacerbated the need for increasing the productivity of the current labor workers. Active means to address productivity have been explored as a solution in recent years. As a result, previous research took advantage of CPS and developed systems that sense construction workers' actions and environment and enable interaction with workers to render productivity improvements. One viable solution to this problem is providing on-demand activity-related information to the workers while at work, to decrease the need for manually seeking information from different sources, including supervisors, thereby improving their productivity. Especially, construction workers whose activities involve visual and manual limitations need to receive more attention, as seeking information can jeopardize their safety. Multiple labor trades such as plumbing, steel work, or carpenters are considered within this worker classification. These workers rely on knowledge gathered from the construction project documentation and databases, but have difficulties accessing this information while doing their work. Research works have explored the use of knowledge retrieval systems to give access to construction project data sources to construction workers through multiple methods, including information booths, mobile devices, and augmented reality (AR). However, these solutions do not address the need of this category of workers in receiving on-demand activity related information during their work, without negatively impacting their safety. This research focuses on voice, as an effective modality most appropriate for construction workers whose activities impose visual and manual limit actions. to this end, first, a voice-based solution is developed that supports workers' productivity through providing access to project knowledge available in Building Information Modeling (BIM) data sources. The effect of the selected modality on these workers' productivity is then evaluated using multiple user studies. The work presented in this dissertation is structured as follows: First, in chapter 2, a literature review was conducted to identify means to support construction workers and how integration with BIM has been done in previous research. This chapter identified challenges in incorporating human factors in previous systems and opportunities for seamless integration of workers into BIM practices. In chapter 3, voice-based assistance was explored as the most appropriate means to provide knowledge to workers while performing their activities. As such, Chapter 3 presents the first prototype of a voice-based intelligent virtual agent, aka VIVA, and focuses on evaluating the human factors and testing performance of voice as a modality for worker support. VIVA was tested using a user study involving a simulated construction scenario and the results of the performance achieved through VIVA were compared with the baseline currently used in construction projects for receiving activity-related information, i.e., blueprints. Results from this assessment evidenced productivity performance improvements of users using VIVA over the baseline. Finally, chapter 4 presents an updated version of VIVA that provides automatic real-time link to BIM project data and provides knowledge to the workers through voice. This system was developed based on web platforms, allowing easier development and deployment and access to more devices for future deployment. This study contributes to the productivity improvements in the AEC industry by empowering construction workers through providing on-demand access to project information. This is done through voice as a method that does not jeopardize workers' safety or interrupt their activities. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by developing an in-depth study of the effect of voice-based support systems on worker productivity, enabling real-time BIM-worker integration, and developing a working worker-level productivity support solution for construction workers whose activities limit them in manually accessing project knowledge. / Doctor of Philosophy / The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is currently challenged by low productivity trends and labor shortages. At the root of productivity, the improving productivity of construction workers is of critical essence. Therefore, academia and industry alike have shown great interest in research to develop solutions addressing construction worker productivity. For this purpose, monitoring systems for construction worker support have been developed, but productivity trends do not seem to improve, while labor shortages have increased productivity concerns. Other approaches to address productivity improvements have explored active means for productivity support. These include monitoring systems that also interact with the user. Construction workers performing activities that require allocating immense attention while using both hands, e.g. plumbers, steel workers, carpenters, have not been the focus of previous research because of the challenges of their conditions and needs. The activities performed by these workers require access to construction project data and documentation. Still, it is difficult for these workers to access information from the documents while doing their work. Therefore, previous researchers have explored methodologies to bring project data and documentation to the field but providing workers on-demand access to this data and documents have not been thoroughly studied. This research focuses on identifying the most appropriate method to provide workers access to information during activities that require more visual and manual attention. Worker support is provided by developing a solution that provides workers access to knowledge during their activities without being disruptive. The study then evaluated the effect of providing non-disruptive access to information sources enabled through the developed solution on the productivity for workers. First, in chapter 2, this study reviews the literature on approaches to connect construction project databases, a.k.a. Building Information Modeling (BIM), and workers. This review identified system types, integration approaches, and future research trends for linking BIM sources and with workers. In addition, this chapter's outcomes highlight system interoperability challenges and challenges in developing interactive systems involving humans. In chapter 3, a voice-based support system was developed as the most appropriate method for worker support during work activities that limit visual and manual worker capabilities. Then, the performance benefits of using a voice-based support system for construction workers was evaluated through a user study involving simulated construction activities. Finally, in chapter 4, this study provided a new integration method to connect BIM and workers in real-time. This system allows workers to interact with information from BIM through voice. The system was developed based on web platforms, allowing easier development and deployment and access to more devices for future deployment. This study contributes to the productivity improvements in the AEC industry by empowering construction workers through providing on-demand access to project information. This is done through voice as a method that does not jeopardize workers' attention or interrupt their activities.

The development of high integrity embedded systems remains an arduous and error-prone task, despite the efforts by researchers in inventing tools and techniques for design automation. Much of the problem arises from the fact that the semantics of the modeling languages for the various tools, are often distinct, and the semantics gaps are often filled manually through the engineer's understanding of one model or an abstraction. This provides an opportunity for bugs to creep in, other than standardizing software engineering errors germane to such complex system engineering. Since embedded systems applications such as avionics, automotive, or industrial automation are safety critical, it is very important to invent tools, and methodologies for safe and reliable system design. Much of the tools, and techniques deal with either the design of embedded platforms (hardware, networking, firmware etc), and software stack separately. The problem of the semantic gap between these two, as well as between models of computation used to capture semantics must be solved in order to design safer embedded systems. In this dissertation we propose a methodology for the end-to-end modeling and analysis of safety-critical embedded systems. Our approach consists of formal platform modeling, and analysis; formal application modeling; and 'correct-by-construction' code synthesis with the aim of bridging semantic gaps between the various abstractions and models required for the end-to-end system design. While the platform modeling language AADL has formal semantics, and analysis tools for real-time, and performance verification, the application behavior modeling in AADL is weak and part of an annex. In our work, we create the APECS (AADL and Polychrony based Embedded Computing Synthesis) methodology to allow an embedded system design specification all the way from platform architecture and platform components, the real-time behavior, non-functional properties, as well as the application software modeling. Our main contribution is to integrate a polychronous application software modeling language, and synthesis algorithms in order for synthesis of the embedded software running on the target platform, with the required constraints being met. We believe that a polychronous approach is particularly well suited for a multiprocessor/multi-controller distributed platform where different components often operate at independent rates and concurrently. Further, the use of a formal polychronous language will allow for formal validation of the software prior to code generation. We present a prototype framework that implements this approach, which we refer to as the AADL and Polychrony based Embedded Computing System (APECS). Our prototype utilizes an extended version of Ocarina to provide code generation for the AADL model. Our polychronous modeling language is MRICDF. Our prototype extends Ocarina to support software specification in MRICDF and generate multi-threaded software. Additionally, we implement an automated translation from Simulink to MRICDF, allowing designers to benefit from its formal semantics and exploit engineers' familiarity with Simulink tools, and legacy models. We present case studies utilizing APECS to implement safety critical systems both natively in MRICDF and in Simulink through automated translation. / Ph. D.

Yes / Background: The NHS in the UK supports pharmacists’ deployment into general practices. This article reports on the implementation and impact of the Primary Care Pharmacy Programme (PCPP). The programme is a care delivery model that was undertaken at scale across a city in which community pharmacists (CPs) were matched with general practices and performed clinical duties for one half-day per week. Aim: To investigate (a) challenges of integration of CPs in general practices, and (b) the perceived impact on care delivery and community pharmacy practice. Design & setting: This mixed-methods study was conducted with CPs, community pharmacy employers (CPEs), scheme commissioners (SCs), and patients in Sheffield. Method: Semi-structured interviews (n = 22) took place with CPs (n = 12), CPEs (n = 2), SCs (n = 3), and patients (n = 5). A cross-sectional survey of PCPP pharmacists (n = 47, 66%) was also used. A descriptive analysis of patient feedback forms was undertaken and a database of pharmacist activities was created. Results: Eighty-six of 88 practices deployed a pharmacist. Although community pharmacy contracting and backfill arrangements were sometimes complicated, timely deployment was achieved. Development of closer relationships appeared to facilitate extension of initially agreed roles, including transition from ‘backroom’ to patient-facing clinical work. CPs gained understanding of GP processes and patients’ primary care pathway, allowing them to follow up work at the community pharmacy in a more timely way, positively impacting on patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perceived delivery of care. Conclusion: The PCPP scheme was the first of its kind to achieve almost universal uptake by GPs throughout a large city. The study findings reveal the potential for CP–GP joint-working in increasing perceived positive care delivery and reducing fragmented care, and can inform future implementation at scale and at practice level.

Företags framtid ligger i dess egna händer; beroende på hur väl de anpassar sig till nya förutsättningar i alla dess former så kommer vissa att överleva medan andra går i graven. Under flera hundra år har utvecklingen inom industrin medfört att företag kommit och gått. Idag står vi enligt flera inför randen till en ny teknisk era med en fjärde industriell revolution som följd, Industri 4.0. Vi har en evolution mot en mer automatiserad tillverkningsindustri där allt fler moment sker utan en människas händer bakom spakarna. Industri 4.0 ses av många som en vision om hur framtiden kommer att se ut inom tillverkningsindustrin. Många av de idéer samt teknik som finns inom denna vision går att ta del av redan idag och möjligheterna till att förbereda sig för framtiden finns redan och det gäller att så snabbt som möjligt börja ställa om för detta. I takt med att industrin och dess konkurrens förändras kommer kraven på kvalité öka samtidigt som tillverkningen måste blir mer resurseffektiv. Området är mycket viktigt att belysa då det är ett nytt område där det tidigare inte skett mycket forskning. Att belysa detta område kan även komma att inspirera andra till ytterligare studier inom området och främja utvecklingen för fler företag än endast fallföretaget i denna studie: HordaGruppen. Syftet med studien har varit att inledningsvis få en förståelse för vilka tankar och idéer om framtiden som finns inom industrin idag för att senare kunna testa lösningar baserade på dessa idéer på några befintliga problem inom HordaGruppen, vars verksamhet finns inom plastindustrin. Lösningarna kan ses som de första stegen mot Industri 4.0 för att underlätta för företaget ifråga inför en framtida utveckling och ger även företaget möjlighet att börja samla in data kring processen, vilket i framtiden ger företag som HordaGruppen en fördel gentemot konkurrenter som påbörjar sin omställning senare. Utgångspunkten för studien har varit en kvalitativ studie med aktionsforskning och fallstudie som angreppsätt. Fallstudien har utförts genom en intervju med John Lejon, affärsutvecklare på HordaGruppen och en öppen diskussion med produktionsledare Valdet Berisha angående maskinen som är fokuserad på. Data till studien har erhållits genom artiklar skrivna inom området samt en intervju med grundaren till ett stort statligt projekt i Tyskland, Philipp Ramin, där de startat ett innovationscentrum för Industri 4.0. Resultatet i rapporten är att med hjälp av dagens teknik går det att ta de första stegen mot visionen Industri 4.0. All teknik finns självklart inte, men med hjälp av den teknik som finns idag kan olika företag inom tillverkningsindustrin dra fördelar av att starta omställningen mot Industri 4.0 redan idag. / The future of industry is in companies own hands. Today we are going to a more automated manufacturing industry where human beings are less involved and it is more crucial than ever before to adapt to new changes in the industry and technology. Internet of things and cyber physical systems are becoming a bigger part of our lives. This case study on HordaGruppen is focused on how HordaGruppen from the plastic industry can develop with some ideas from the vision Industry 4.0 in order to ensure the quality of the product. Most of the technology needed for Industry 4.0 is available today and there is no reason not to start using it. The study will introduce to Industry 4.0 and the basic ideas that the vision stands for and then try to define and solve some problems within one machine in one of their plants. The results presented in this study shows that using sensors and other technology available today you can take the first steps towards Industry 4.0.

O desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi motivado pela alta demanda de novas aplicações para o mercado do consumidor que necessitam de sistemas de transmissão e recepção de dados sem fio trabalhando na região de ondas milimétricas (mmW - entre 30 GHz e 300 GHz). Para estes tipos de sistemas, os defasadores são cruciais por definir o custo e o tamanho do dispositivo final. A pesquisa bibliográfica mostra que a melhor opção são os defasadores passivos do tipo linha carregada que utilizam Sistemas Microeletromecânicos (MEMS) como elemento de ajuste para a mudança de fase. Por esse motivo neste trabalho foi feito o estudo de diferentes tecnologias para o desenvolvimento de defasadores baseados em MEMS distribuídos e linhas de transmissão com efeito de ondas lentas de tipo shielded-CoPlanar Stripline (S-CPS) e shielded-Coplanar Waveguide (S-CPW). Foram estudadas três diferentes tecnologias: a tecnologia CMOS; a tecnologia dedicada desenvolvida pelo Laboratoire d\'électronique des technologies de l\'information (CEA-Leti) e a tecnologia in-house desenvolvida no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizando a tecnologia CMOS foram fabricadas linhas de transmissão de tipo S-CPS utilizando a tecnologia de 250 nm da IHP (Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics) e a tecnologia de 0,35 µm da AMS (Austria Micro Systems). A tecnologia de 0,35 µm da AMS foi utilizada também para o desenvolvimento de defasadores de 2-bits e 3-bits baseados em linhas de transmissão de tipo S-CPW. Para estes defasadores foi definido um processo de liberação da camada de blindagem, reprodutível, que permitiu a atuação do dispositivo. Outros defasadores baseados em S-CPW que foram desenvolvidos anteriormente com a tecnologia dedicada CEA-LETI, foram modelados eletrostaticamente utilizando o Comsol MultiPhysics e o Ansys Workbench. Os modelos desenvolvidos permitiram entender o comportamento eletromecânico do defasador e foram utilizados reprojetar o defasador com um desempenho otimizado. Finalmente, visando o desenvolvimento dos dispositivos otimizados utilizando a tecnologia in house com os materiais e métodos disponíveis no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da USP (LME-USP), foram estudadas algumas etapas críticas do processo de fabricação. / The development of this work is motivated by the high demand for new applications for the consumer market that require wireless systems for data transmission and reception working in the millimeter wave region (mmW - between 30 GHz and 300 GHz). For these kinds of systems, the phase shifter are crucial to define the cost and size of the final device. The bibliographical research shows that the best option are the passive load line-type phase shifters using Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) as tuning element. Therefore, in this work, the study of different technologies for the development of phase shifter based on distributed MEMS and slow-wave transmission lines. The two types of transmission lines considered were the shielded-CoPlanar Stripline (S-CPS) and shielded-Coplanar Waveguide line (S-CPW). Three different technologies were studied: CMOS technology; the dedicated technology developed by the Laboratoire d\'électronique des technologies de l\'information (CEA-Leti) and the in-house technology developed at the Microelectronics Laboratory of the University of São Paulo. Using the CMOS technology, S-CPS-type transmission lines were fabricated using IHP\'s 250 nm CMOS technology and AMS\'s 0.35 µm CMOS technology. AMS\'s 0.35 µm technology has also been used for the development of 2-bit and 3-bit phase-shifters based on S-CPW type transmission lines. For these phase shifters, a reproducible shielding layer release process was defined that allowed the device to operate. Also, another phase shifter based in S-CPW-type transmission lines that were previously developed with dedicated CEA-LETI technology was electrostatically modeled using Comsol MultiPhysics and Ansys Workbench. The developed models allowed to understand the electromechanical behavior of the phase shifter and was used for a new design of the phase shifter with an optimized performance. Finally, in order to develop the optimized devices using the in-house technology with the materials and methods available at the USP Microelectronics Laboratory (LME-USP), some critical stages of the fabrication process were studied.

O desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi motivado pela alta demanda de novas aplicações para o mercado do consumidor que necessitam de sistemas de transmissão e recepção de dados sem fio trabalhando na região de ondas milimétricas (mmW - entre 30 GHz e 300 GHz). Para estes tipos de sistemas, os defasadores são cruciais por definir o custo e o tamanho do dispositivo final. A pesquisa bibliográfica mostra que a melhor opção são os defasadores passivos do tipo linha carregada que utilizam Sistemas Microeletromecânicos (MEMS) como elemento de ajuste para a mudança de fase. Por esse motivo neste trabalho foi feito o estudo de diferentes tecnologias para o desenvolvimento de defasadores baseados em MEMS distribuídos e linhas de transmissão com efeito de ondas lentas de tipo shielded-CoPlanar Stripline (S-CPS) e shielded-Coplanar Waveguide (S-CPW). Foram estudadas três diferentes tecnologias: a tecnologia CMOS; a tecnologia dedicada desenvolvida pelo Laboratoire d\'électronique des technologies de l\'information (CEA-Leti) e a tecnologia in-house desenvolvida no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizando a tecnologia CMOS foram fabricadas linhas de transmissão de tipo S-CPS utilizando a tecnologia de 250 nm da IHP (Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics) e a tecnologia de 0,35 µm da AMS (Austria Micro Systems). A tecnologia de 0,35 µm da AMS foi utilizada também para o desenvolvimento de defasadores de 2-bits e 3-bits baseados em linhas de transmissão de tipo S-CPW. Para estes defasadores foi definido um processo de liberação da camada de blindagem, reprodutível, que permitiu a atuação do dispositivo. Outros defasadores baseados em S-CPW que foram desenvolvidos anteriormente com a tecnologia dedicada CEA-LETI, foram modelados eletrostaticamente utilizando o Comsol MultiPhysics e o Ansys Workbench. Os modelos desenvolvidos permitiram entender o comportamento eletromecânico do defasador e foram utilizados reprojetar o defasador com um desempenho otimizado. Finalmente, visando o desenvolvimento dos dispositivos otimizados utilizando a tecnologia in house com os materiais e métodos disponíveis no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da USP (LME-USP), foram estudadas algumas etapas críticas do processo de fabricação. / The development of this work is motivated by the high demand for new applications for the consumer market that require wireless systems for data transmission and reception working in the millimeter wave region (mmW - between 30 GHz and 300 GHz). For these kinds of systems, the phase shifter are crucial to define the cost and size of the final device. The bibliographical research shows that the best option are the passive load line-type phase shifters using Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) as tuning element. Therefore, in this work, the study of different technologies for the development of phase shifter based on distributed MEMS and slow-wave transmission lines. The two types of transmission lines considered were the shielded-CoPlanar Stripline (S-CPS) and shielded-Coplanar Waveguide line (S-CPW). Three different technologies were studied: CMOS technology; the dedicated technology developed by the Laboratoire d\'électronique des technologies de l\'information (CEA-Leti) and the in-house technology developed at the Microelectronics Laboratory of the University of São Paulo. Using the CMOS technology, S-CPS-type transmission lines were fabricated using IHP\'s 250 nm CMOS technology and AMS\'s 0.35 µm CMOS technology. AMS\'s 0.35 µm technology has also been used for the development of 2-bit and 3-bit phase-shifters based on S-CPW type transmission lines. For these phase shifters, a reproducible shielding layer release process was defined that allowed the device to operate. Also, another phase shifter based in S-CPW-type transmission lines that were previously developed with dedicated CEA-LETI technology was electrostatically modeled using Comsol MultiPhysics and Ansys Workbench. The developed models allowed to understand the electromechanical behavior of the phase shifter and was used for a new design of the phase shifter with an optimized performance. Finally, in order to develop the optimized devices using the in-house technology with the materials and methods available at the USP Microelectronics Laboratory (LME-USP), some critical stages of the fabrication process were studied.

Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'un capteur de pixel monolithique CMOS utilisé pourl’identification et le comptage des particules ionisés dan l’espace avec un flux élevé. Un nouveauconcept pour l’identification de l’espèce des particules proposé dans la présente étude, est basésur l'analyse des amas de particules déclenchés. Pour valider ce nouveau concept, un capteur detaille complet, qui comprend la matrice de pixel sensible aux particules ionisés signal, une chaînede traitement du signal analogique, un convertisseur analogue numérique de 3 bits, et untraitement du signal numérique a été conçu dans un processus de 0.35 μm. Le capteur sortiedirectement des informations de flux à travers 4 canaux avec un débit de données très faible(80 bps) et dissipation d’énergie minimale (~ 100 mW). Chaque canal représente particules avecdifférentes espèces et les énergies. La densité maximum de flux mesurable est jusqu'à 108particules/cm2/s (coups s'accumulent < 5%). Un prototype à échelle réduite a été fabriqué et testéavec trois types d'illumination de rayonnement (rayons X, les électrons et laser infrarouge). Tousles résultats obtenus valident le nouveau concept proposé. Un moniteur de rayonnement spatialtrès miniaturisé basé sur un capteur de pixel CMOS peut être prévu. Le moniteur peut présente lesmêmes performances que les compteurs actuels, mais avec une dissipation de puissance réduited'un ordre de grandeur qu'un poids, un volume d'encombrement et un coût moindre. En outre, enraison de ses sorties de haut niveau et faible débit de données, aucune traitement supplémentairedu signal dehors du capteur est nécessaire, ce qui le rend particulièrement attrayant pour desapplications dan les petits satellitaires. / This thesis focuses on the development of a CMOS monolithic pixel sensor used for space ionizingparticles identification and counting in high flux. A new concept for single particle identification isproposed in this study, which is based on the analysis of particle triggered clusters. To validate thisnew concept, a full size sensor including the sensitive pixel matrix, an analogue signal processingchain, a 3-bit analogue to digital converter, and a digital processing stage was designed in a 0.35μm process. The sensor directly output particles flux information through 4 channels with a verylow data rate (80 bps) and minimal power dissipation (~ 100mW). Each channel representsparticles with different species and energies. The highest measurable flux density is up to 108particles/cm2/s (hits pile up < 5%). A reduced scale prototype was fabricated and tested with 3types of radiation illumination (X-ray, electrons and infrared laser). All the results obtained validatethe proposed new concept and a highly miniaturized space radiation monitor based on a singleCMOS pixel sensor could be foreseen. The monitor could provide measurements of comparable orbetter quality than existing instruments, but at around an order of magnitude lower powerconsumption, mass and volume and a lower unit cost. Moreover, due to its high level and low datarate outputs, no signal treatment power aside the sensor is required which makes it especiallyattractive for small satellite application.

”Say sorry now, it’s time for class” is a scientific essay written with the purpose of investigating to what degree we allow the pupils to take part in the process of solving conflicts. Do we let the pupil’s own thoughts, feelings and ideas be a part of the solution when solving conflicts or do we as teachers take over in these situations? The essay starts with a story portraying situation which is difficult to interpret that I have experienced in my profession in the afterschool care. The story depicts how teachers speak to pupils in different situations and how we talk to them when they are upset. The dilemmas I experienced in these situations are what brought me to this scientific essay. The method used in the scientific essay is writing with a hermeneutic approach, this means that I will focus on my own experiences and thoughts. I will reference literature and theories thereby deepening my reflections in order to learn from my own actions and evolve in my role as extended school teacher. Ross Greene’s theory of CPS (collaborative &amp; proactive solutions) is the most prominent theory in this essay. / ”Säg förlåt nu, det är dags för lektion!” är en vetenskaplig essä skriven med syftet att undersöka till hur stor del vi låter eleverna vara delaktiga i processen kring konflikthantering. Låter vi elevernas egna tankar, känslor och idéer ta plats vid konflikthantering eller är det vi pedagoger som tar över dessa situationer? Essän utgår från en berättelse som gestaltar svårbedömda situationer som jag erfarit i min yrkesroll på fritidshemmet. Berättelsen skildrar hur pedagoger bemöter elever i olika konfliktsituationer och hur vi pratar med dem när de är i affekt. De dilemman jag upplever i dessa situationer är det som för mig vidare in i denna undersökande essä. I min vetenskapliga essä använder jag skrivandet som metod, samt tar mig an ett hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt, detta gör att jag sätter mina egna erfarenheter och tankar i fokus. Jag väver även in litteratur och teorier kring min erfarenhet och fördjupar min reflektion i syfte att lära mig från mina egna handlingar och utvecklas i min roll som blivande grundlärare med inriktning mot fritidshem. Ross Greenes teori kring samarbetsbaserad problemlösning CPS är den teori som lyfts mest i denna essä.

In the era of Industry 4.0, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) plays the driving role comparable to steam power in the first industrial revolution. IoT provides the potential to combine machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction and real time data collection within the field of manufacturing. Therefore, the adoption of IoT in industry enhances dynamic optimization, control and data-driven decision making. However, the domain suffers due to interoperability issues, with massive numbers of IoT devices connecting to the internet despite the absence of communication standards upon. Heterogeneity is pervasive in IoT ranging from the low levels (device connectivity, network connectivity, communication protocols) to high levels (services, applications, and platforms). The project investigates the current state of industrial IoT (IIoT) ecosystem, to draw a comprehensive understanding on interoperability challenges and current solutions in supporting of IoT-based smart manufacturing. Based upon a literature review, IIoT interoperability issues were classified into four levels: technical, syntactical, semantic, and organizational level interoperability. Regarding each level of interoperability, the current solutions that addressing interoperability were grouped and analyzed. Nine reference architectures were compared in the context of supporting industrial interoperability. Based on the analysis, interoperability research trends and challenges were identified. FIWARE Generic Enablers (FIWARE GEs) were identified as a possible solution in supporting interoperability for manufacturing applications. FIWARE GEs were evaluated with a scenario-based Method for Evaluating Middleware Architectures (MEMS).  Nine key scenarios were identified in order to evaluate the interoperability attribute of FIWARE GEs. A smart manufacturing use case was prototyped and a test bed adopting FIWARE Orion Context Broker as its main component was designed. The evaluation shows that FIWARE GEs meet eight out of nine key scenarios’ requirements. These results show that FIWARE GEs have the ability to enhance industrial IoT interoperability for a smart manufacturing use case. The overall performance of FIWARE GEs was also evaluated from the perspectives of CPU usage, network traffic, and request execution time. Different request loads were simulated and tested in our testbed. The results show an acceptable performance in terms with a maximum CPU usage (on a Macbook Pro (2018) with a 2.3 GHz Intel Core i5 processor) of less than 25% with a load of 1000 devices, and an average execution time of less than 5 seconds for 500 devices to publish their measurements under the prototyped implementation. / I en tid präglad av Industry 4.0, Internet-of-things (IoT) spelar drivande roll jämförbar med ångkraft i den första industriella revolutionen. IoT ger potentialen att kombinera maskin-till-maskin (M2M) -interaktion och realtidsdatainsamling inom tillverkningsområdet. Därför förbättrar antagandet av IoT i branschen dynamisk optimering, kontroll och datadriven beslutsfattande. Domänen lider dock på grund av interoperabilitetsproblem, med enorma antal IoT-enheter som ansluter till internet trots avsaknaden av kommunikationsstandarder på. Heterogenitet är genomgripande i IoT som sträcker sig från de låga nivåerna (enhetskonnektivitet, nätverksanslutning, kommunikationsprotokoll) till höga nivåer (tjänster, applikationer och plattformar). Projektet undersöker det nuvarande tillståndet för det industriella IoT (IIoT) ekosystemet, för att få en omfattande förståelse för interoperabilitetsutmaningar och aktuella lösningar för att stödja IoT-baserad smart tillverkning. Baserat på en litteraturöversikt klassificerades IIoT-interoperabilitetsfrågor i fyra nivåer: teknisk, syntaktisk, semantisk och organisatorisk nivå interoperabilitet. När det gäller varje nivå av driftskompatibilitet grupperades och analyserades de nuvarande lösningarna för adressering av interoperabilitet. Nio referensarkitekturer jämfördes i samband med att stödja industriell driftskompatibilitet. Baserat på analysen identifierades interoperabilitetstrender och utmaningar. FIWARE Generic Enablers (FIWARE GEs) identifierades som en möjlig lösning för att stödja interoperabilitet för tillverkningstillämpningar. FIWARE GEs utvärderades med en scenariebaserad metod för utvärdering av Middleware Architectures (MEMS). Nio nyckelscenarier identifierades för att utvärdera interoperabilitetsattributet för FIWARE GEs. Ett smart tillverkningsfodral tillverkades med prototyper och en testbädd som antog FIWARE Orion Context Broker som huvudkomponent designades. Utvärderingen visar att FIWARE GE uppfyller åtta av nio krav på nyckelscenarier. Dessa resultat visar att FIWARE GE har förmågan att förbättra industriell IoT-interoperabilitet för ett smart tillverkningsfodral. FIWARE GEs totala prestanda utvärderades också utifrån perspektivet för CPU-användning, nätverkstrafik och begär exekveringstid. Olika förfrågningsbelastningar simulerades och testades i vår testbädd. Resultaten visar en acceptabel prestanda i termer av en maximal CPU-användning (på en Macbook Pro (2018) med en 2,3 GHz Intel Core i5-processor) på mindre än 25% med en belastning på 1000 enheter och en genomsnittlig körningstid på mindre än 5 sekunder för 500 enheter att publicera sina mätningar under den prototyperna implementateringen.