La cohabitation du créole et du français est décrite ici dans un cadre interlectal et dans une épistémologie de la complexité. En assumant l'implication du chercheur dans son objet d'étude, jamais la posture du militant n'est adoptée afin d'écarter toute surenchère idéologique. Les corpus récoltés auprès de locuteurs réunionnais variés sont traités dans leur globalité, comme dans leurs constituants, refusant d'isoler ou de rejeter le moindre élément qui pourrait contrarier les hypothèses. Des formes syntaxiques particulières, différentes de celles des adultes, se réalisent chez de jeunes locuteurs en situation d'apprentissage ou lors de leur phase d'acquisition du langage, ce qui permettrait de mettre en relief des énoncés qui seraient proches des mécanismes de l'interlangue. L'économie d'une approche glottopolitique complexe a été rejetée. À partir des années 1960, et jusqu'à aujourd'hui, de fortes revendications linguistiques sont portées par des intellectuels et des artistes de talent. Depuis l'époque des premiers travaux universitaires en créolistique, les scientifiques font des propositions d'interventions pédagogiques qui accorderaient une place au créole dans les apprentissages. Pourtant, le monde politique ne s'est pas encore emparé de cette question, la laissant ainsi aux mains de forces glottopolitiques autres, autour de la question de la graphie, de la littérature et de l'école. Nous sommes allé jusqu'à proposer les grandes lignes de ce que pourrait être une didactique du plurilinguisme réunionnais. / The cohabitation of Creole and French is described here in an interlectal framework and in an epistemology of complexity. Assuming the researcher's involvement in his study, the militant's inclination is never adopted so as to brush aside any ideological excess. The corpuses gathered from local native speakers are treated in their entirety, as in their constituents, refusing to set apart or to reject the least element that could act against the hypothesis. Specific syntactic forms, different from the grown ups', are created among young local speakers while learning or through their language acquisition, which would allow to bring out utterances close to interlingual mechanisms. A complex glottopolitical approach hasn't been ruled out. From the 1960s and until today strong linguistic demands have been brought forward by intellectuals and talented artists. From the time of the first academic researches in creolistics, scientists have been suggesting educational interventions that would grant room to creole in language learning. However, politicians haven't tackled this question yet, thus leaving it in the hands of other glottopolitical forces focusing on spelling, literature and school. We've been up to suggesting the broad outline of what could be a teaching of reunionese plurilingualism.

This thesis entitled Umoya Wamagama endeavors to establish the nature of the relationship between IsiZulu and Haitian Kreyòl. As a member of the Nguni group, IsiZulu is spoken by Africans. On the other side, Kreyòl is spoken by African descendants of Haiti, the world's first Black independent Republic. Viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective, these two languages exhibit a significant relationship, hence this important observation: IsiZulu- Haitian Krèyol: So Close, Yet So Far! In other words, they are far from a linguistic point of view but close from a psycho-theological perspective. * So Far: Comparative linguistics shows that Kreyòl is genetically related to French and Latin. * So Close: Born in Haiti during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, Kreyòl keeps alive the spirit of the African ancestors and still contains linguistic roots of ancestral languages. Vital and vibrant is this historical relatedness linking the two languages. While Haitian Kreyòl is genetically related to French and Latin, it shares with IsiZulu an ancestral psychodynamic and theological paradigms deeply rooted in Ubuntu. Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu. These words crystallize the essence of Ubuntu. Its psychological and theological study transcends the literal language. In that regard Umoya Wamagama refers to both literal and figurative linguistic expressions. The emphasis however is more on the words which connote additional layers of meaning rather than those which simply denote their meanings. The method used in this thesis is comparative, descriptive, investigative, analytic and exegetic when necessary. Providing evidence of linguistic relationships, the comparative and analytic approach then embraces the semantic field of IsiZulu-Kreyòl as a significant psycholexicology where explanations puts an emphasis on the meaning and the spirit of the words. Siye ngomoya wamagama. Hence, the core question of addressing the psychological and theological dimensions of this research which is based on a multidisciplinary approach. After 500 years, in the wake of European colonial expansion, the Spirit of the African slaves is still alive in the psyche and the language of the Haitian people. As we said above: Yize isiKreyòl saseHaiti sifuze nesiFulentshi nesiLatini, sabelana nesiZulu ngokwemisuka nangokwezimiso zezinkolelo okunezimpande ezijulile emfundisweni yobuntu. IsiZulu and Kreyòl are related through an ancestral psychodynamic and theological paradigms rooted in Ubuntu. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis entitled Umoya Wamagama endeavors to establish the nature of the relationship between IsiZulu and Haitian Kreyòl. As a member of the Nguni group, IsiZulu is spoken by Africans. On the other side, Kreyòl is spoken by African descendants of Haiti, the world's first Black independent Republic. Viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective, these two languages exhibit a significant relationship, hence this important observation: IsiZulu- Haitian Krèyol: So Close, Yet So Far! In other words, they are far from a linguistic point of view but close from a psycho-theological perspective. * So Far: Comparative linguistics shows that Kreyòl is genetically related to French and Latin. * So Close: Born in Haiti during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, Kreyòl keeps alive the spirit of the African ancestors and still contains linguistic roots of ancestral languages. Vital and vibrant is this historical relatedness linking the two languages. While Haitian Kreyòl is genetically related to French and Latin, it shares with IsiZulu an ancestral psychodynamic and theological paradigms deeply rooted in Ubuntu. Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu. These words crystallize the essence of Ubuntu. Its psychological and theological study transcends the literal language. In that regard Umoya Wamagama refers to both literal and figurative linguistic expressions. The emphasis however is more on the words which connote additional layers of meaning rather than those which simply denote their meanings. The method used in this thesis is comparative, descriptive, investigative, analytic and exegetic when necessary. Providing evidence of linguistic relationships, the comparative and analytic approach then embraces the semantic field of IsiZulu-Kreyòl as a significant psycholexicology where explanations puts an emphasis on the meaning and the spirit of the words. Siye ngomoya wamagama. Hence, the core question of addressing the psychological and theological dimensions of this research which is based on a multidisciplinary approach. After 500 years, in the wake of European colonial expansion, the Spirit of the African slaves is still alive in the psyche and the language of the Haitian people. As we said above: Yize isiKreyòl saseHaiti sifuze nesiFulentshi nesiLatini, sabelana nesiZulu ngokwemisuka nangokwezimiso zezinkolelo okunezimpande ezijulile emfundisweni yobuntu. IsiZulu and Kreyòl are related through an ancestral psychodynamic and theological paradigms rooted in Ubuntu. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Cette thèse porte sur les marqueurs de temps, de mode et d’aspect [TMA] dans deux créoles français : le mauricien et le haïtien. Deux objectifs sont visés : 1] apporter des arguments pour soutenir l’idée du caractère non exceptionnel des langues créoles et 2] mettre en lumière les différences constrastives du marquage TMA entre les systèmes verbaux des deux créoles. Premièrement, nous remettons en question le concept de « Creole Specific Reanalysis » [Detges 2000] en discutant de l’opposition entre deux mécanismes importants du changement linguistique que sont la grammaticalisation et la réanalyse et nous menons une étude diachronique sur les marqueurs TMA en créole mauricien à partir d’un corpus de textes anciens. Par son exploitation systématique, ce travail permet d’arriver à une description de l’émergence et du développement du système verbal TMA en mauricien. Deuxièmement, nous faisons une étude comparative synchronique des systèmes des marqueurs TMA du mauricien et du haïtien en nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique général de la temporalité et à partir de données contemporaines, issues entre autres d’une enquête suivant le questionnaire de Dahl [1985]. Nous présentons les éléments communs et ceux qui différencient les marqueurs TMA des deux créoles en raison de leurs fonctions communicatives et de leurs sémantismes dans leurs emplois et usages respectifs. / This study concerns the tense, mood and aspect [TMA] markers in two French Creoles: Mauritian and Haitian. The objectives of this doctoral thesis are twofold : 1] provide arguments to support the idea that Creole languages are non-exceptional and 2] highlight the contrastive differences of TMA marking between the verbal systems of the two creoles. First, we question the concept of "Creole Specific Reanalysis" [Detges 2000] by discussing the opposition between two important mechanisms in language change : grammaticalization and reanalysis, and we conduct a diachronical study on TMA markers in Mauritian Creole based on a corpus of old texts. Through its systematic exploitation, this work describes the emergence and the development of the TMA verbal system in this Creole. Secondly, a comparative analysis of the synchronic systems of TMA markers in Mauritian and Haitian is done, based on a general theoretical framework on Temporality and on contemporary data, resulting inter alia from a survey using Dahl’s [1985] questionnaire. The study presents the common elements and those that differentiate the TMA markers in the two Creoles because of their semantics and the communicative functions they fulfill.

Nesta Dissertação empreendemos a primeira descrição e análise das construções relativas na variedade caboverdiana do crioulo da ilha de São Nicolau (daqui em diante CSN) grupo de Barlavento enfocando a tipologia dessas construções, suas estruturas sintáticas e a natureza dos elementos que as introduzem. O trabalho apresenta também uma primeira descrição dos pronomes-Whs em CSN que nos auxiliou na categorização dos elementos introdutores de relativas nesta variedade do caboverdiano. A partir da descrição dos relativizadores, recorrendo a leituras semânticas e diferenças estruturais das relativas, apresentamos a tipologia e estratégias de relativização atestadas na língua. Ao descrevermos as construções relativas em CSN, deparamo-nos com um conjunto de dados que assumimos não conter relativas: construções clivadas. Corroborando trabalhos prévios de que clivadas são estruturas de foco, comparamos estas estruturas com outras semelhantes em CSN: as copulativas. Recorremos a testes prosódicos a fim de corroborarmos as leituras de foco para as clivadas e ainda para apontarmos a existência de relativas, mas somente nas construções copulativas. Nosso trabalho aponta que o morfema k pode desempenhar as funções de complementizador relativo, mas ainda a de marcador de foco na língua. / In this research we undertak the first description and analysis of relative constructions in the Cape Verdean Creole variety of the island of São Nicolau (hereinafter CSN) from the Barlavento group - focusing on the typology of such constructions, their syntactic structures and nature of the elements that introduce them. The work also presents a first description of pronouns-Wh in CSN which helped us to categorize the relative introducer elements for this variety of the Cape Verdean language. From the description of the markers, and resorting to semantic readings and structural differences, we present the typology and strategies of relativization attested in the language. In describing the relative constructions in CSN, we observed a set of data which we assume do not contain relatives: the cleft constructions. Confirming previous studies that cleft constructions are structures of focus, we compare these with other similar structures in CSN: the copulatives. We make use of prosodic tests in order to confirm readings of focus for the cleft structures and also to point out that there are relative constructions, but only in the copulative constructions. Our work points to the fact that the morpheme K\' can perform the functions of a relative complementizer, as well as those of a focus marker on this language.

Nesta Dissertação empreendemos a primeira descrição e análise das construções relativas na variedade caboverdiana do crioulo da ilha de São Nicolau (daqui em diante CSN) grupo de Barlavento enfocando a tipologia dessas construções, suas estruturas sintáticas e a natureza dos elementos que as introduzem. O trabalho apresenta também uma primeira descrição dos pronomes-Whs em CSN que nos auxiliou na categorização dos elementos introdutores de relativas nesta variedade do caboverdiano. A partir da descrição dos relativizadores, recorrendo a leituras semânticas e diferenças estruturais das relativas, apresentamos a tipologia e estratégias de relativização atestadas na língua. Ao descrevermos as construções relativas em CSN, deparamo-nos com um conjunto de dados que assumimos não conter relativas: construções clivadas. Corroborando trabalhos prévios de que clivadas são estruturas de foco, comparamos estas estruturas com outras semelhantes em CSN: as copulativas. Recorremos a testes prosódicos a fim de corroborarmos as leituras de foco para as clivadas e ainda para apontarmos a existência de relativas, mas somente nas construções copulativas. Nosso trabalho aponta que o morfema k pode desempenhar as funções de complementizador relativo, mas ainda a de marcador de foco na língua. / In this research we undertak the first description and analysis of relative constructions in the Cape Verdean Creole variety of the island of São Nicolau (hereinafter CSN) from the Barlavento group - focusing on the typology of such constructions, their syntactic structures and nature of the elements that introduce them. The work also presents a first description of pronouns-Wh in CSN which helped us to categorize the relative introducer elements for this variety of the Cape Verdean language. From the description of the markers, and resorting to semantic readings and structural differences, we present the typology and strategies of relativization attested in the language. In describing the relative constructions in CSN, we observed a set of data which we assume do not contain relatives: the cleft constructions. Confirming previous studies that cleft constructions are structures of focus, we compare these with other similar structures in CSN: the copulatives. We make use of prosodic tests in order to confirm readings of focus for the cleft structures and also to point out that there are relative constructions, but only in the copulative constructions. Our work points to the fact that the morpheme K\' can perform the functions of a relative complementizer, as well as those of a focus marker on this language.

Pourquoi Jean Arceneaux, Deborah Clifton et David Cheramie – trois poètes francophones louisianais – font-ils le choix de se représenter sous les traits du monstre dans leur poésie ? L’étude comparée des recueils Cris sur le bayou, Suite du loup, A cette heure la louve et Lait à mère met en évidence l’existence d’un espace intertextuel, métaphorisé par les poètes eux mêmes sous les traits du « pays des loups », où les errances de leurs doubles poétiques dessinent les fondations d’un nouveau mythe américain.Dédoublement et enchâssement des différents alter ego de l’auteur en un processus poétique de « schizophrénie linguistique », projection de soi dans une figure monstrueuse à des fins de recolonisation d’un espace textuel devenu non-lieu poétique puis corps de substitution du poète, jeu carnavalesque où le texte devenu palimpseste figure une superposition de masques trahissant l’existence d’un monde littéraire caché, esthétique du louvoiement et prolifération d’une monstruosité formelle, tels sont les artéfacts poétiques mis en place par nos auteurs dans un jeu de stratégie du dire. Fidèles à une forme de pensée clandestine, les recueils donnent ainsi libre cours à une inversion des valeurs sociales, esthétiques et linguistiques, laissant le vide et le silence d’une condition d’aliéné devenir les matériaux d’une entreprise d’exploration mnésique à des fins de réhabilitation du soi.Se définissant dans cette difformité inscrite au cœur du texte, nos poètes semblent avoir réinventé et reconquis une langue française au potentiel performatif décuplé, faisant de cet Autre anglophone redouté, le complice médusé d’un rituel poétique de déconstruction et d’auto-gestation. / Why do Jean Arceneaux, Deborah Clifton and David Cheramie – three francophone poets from Louisiana – choose to represent themselves as the monster in their poetry? The comparative study of their works Cris sur le bayou, Suite du loup, A cette heure, la louve and Lait à mère reveals the existence of a special location in between their different texts the poets themselves imagine as " the wolves' country ", where the wanderings of their poetical doubles draw the bases of a new American myth.The splitting and setting of the different alter ego of the writer in a poetical process of " linguistic schizophrenia ", the throwing of one’s own picture as a monstrous figure in order to recolonize a textual space turned into a poetical non-place before becoming a substitute body for the poet, the carnivalesque game in which the text now a palimpsest represents a superposition of masks that betrays the existence of a hidden literary world, the aesthetic of the wolf-like gait and the proliferation of a formal monstrosity, these are the poetical artifacts used by our writers in a strategy game to express themselves. Thus, keeping to a form of secret thought, their works present inverted social, aesthetic and linguistic values, allowing the emptiness and silent specific to alienation to become the materials to set out for an amnesic exploration in order to rehabilitate one’s own self.As they define themselves by this deformity written down in the texts, our poets seem to have invented and conquered again a French language ten times more powerful that makes of the “Other one” the anglophone they fear, the dumbfounded accomplice of a poetical ritual of deconstruction and self-gestation.

(in English): The aim of this thesis, called Portuguese in Macau, is to examine the situation of Portuguese language in the former Portuguese colony. The thesis is divided into several main parts. In order to examine the situation of Portuguese language in detail, a complete understanding of historical development in this territory as well as in China, where it belongs nowadays, is required. The history of Portuguese presence in Macau is outlined in the first chapter. The second chapter focuses on Macau's demographics. Development in number of inhabitants and ethnic composition is described. The chapter also takes account of population age composition, place of birth and religion. As a result of interaction of diverse cultures in Macau peninsula, a specific group of inhabitants has been formed. This community does identify themselves neither with the Chinese majority nor with the Portuguese minority. The chapter tends to define, who these native inhabitants of Macau, the so called filhos da terra, are. The historical formation and the most important characteristics are described. Considering the diverse ethnic composition of Macau's population, we can expect that this fact will be reflected in language situation of the territory. The fourth chapter focuses on language situation. Its first parts...

Louisiana's unique social and cultural history with its three-tiered racial system (rather than the biracial system that governed much of the United States) left the region and the history of its black inhabitants, outside of familiar narratives of United States black history. Marcus B. Christian, the self-trained intellectual, sought to research, and make public, the history of blacks in Louisiana. His career demonstrates the importance of training, economic status, and geographical focus in the production of African American history. Many of the stories he told, through writing and research, retrieved the largely forgotten history of Creoles of color. In fact, his own story was an extension of the black intellectual traditions of that Creole population. Even as his work revealed black Louisiana's unique culture, it also served as the foundation for Christian's own intellectual legacy, one with both material and intellectual dimensions.

Despite the popularity of free people of color in New Orleans as a research topic, the history of free people of color remains misunderstood. The prevailing view of free people of color is that of people who: engaged in plaçage, attended quadroon balls, were desperately dependent upon the dominant population, and were uninterested or afraid to garner rights for themselves. Contemporary historians have endeavored to amend this stereotypical perception; this study aims to be a part of the trend of revisionist history through an in-depth analysis of the co-plaintiffs in Boisdoré and Goulé, f.p.c., v. Citizens Bank and their case. Because Boisdoré and Goulé sue at critical time in New Orleans history, three decades after the Louisiana Purchase during the American transformation of New Orleans, their case epitomizes the era in which it occurs. In bringing suit, Boisdoré and Goulé attempted to thwart some of those forth coming changes.