No abstract available / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

This research is on the challenges that the state parties faced in including the crime of aggression under the international affairsfuture challenges that might arise in prosecuting the crime of aggression. The crime of aggression, formerly known as crimes against peace, is the use of unlawful force by a state against another state. Its prohibition started before World War One but successful prosecutions for this crime took place after World War Two when Nazi and Japanese leaders were prosecuted by the Allied Powers. The research will analyse some important international criminal law principles that will affect the laws prohibiting aggression since it is an international crime that has to be bound by principles already adopted and received by the international community. The biggest obstacle that the state parties had to overcome was an accepted definition of the crime for purposes of the Rome Statute. A definition was adopted in 2010 at the Kampala Review Conference but at least 30 states parties need to ratify these adoptions that will be reviewed again in 2017. The ICC will only have jurisdiction over this crime if enough ratifications are obtained from the state parties. Other challenges include: personal jurisdiction (who the ICC may prosecute for this crime); the leadership nature of this crime; the exclusion of non-state actors from the definition of this crime; immunity of state leaders that will further complicate their prosecution if responsible for committing aggression; the inclusion of humanitarian intervention as aggression; and the application of the principle of complementarity with regard to the crime of aggression. States, particularly the United States of America, have objected to the inclusion of this crime in the Rome Statute for fear that its nationals (military and political leaders) will be held criminally liable for making political decisions to use military force against another state. Current international affairs will be used to demonstrate why this crime has been difficult to prosecute compared to the other international crimes. After raising the challenges that the ICC might face I am going to offer possible solutions and recommendations that the ICC should first implement to be able to have more successful prosecutions of the crime of aggression. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

The recent proliferation of jihadist incidents of terrorism in recent years has heightened interest in the modus operandi of terrorist operations. Available literature suggests a strong link between criminality and terrorism and the emergence of a crime-terror nexus. Current research on the nexus is based on dated examples and very rarely incorporates theory or an analytical lens. The purpose of this thesis is to explore modern manifestations of the crime-terror nexus from a social perspective in response to emerging data. The research reviews recent open-source data and literature at the institutional level, organisational level and the individual/social level. Analysis was approached from selected social and criminological angles including rational choice theory and a social psychological standpoint. Conclusions pointed to the increasing importance of social factors in areas such as radicalisation and group interactions to the processes of terrorism. Rather than attempting to explain causality, the study simply encourages the use of alternative perspectives when addressing the threat of terrorism. The thesis encourages academics and policy-makers to address the crime-terror nexus as a social problem that is fast becoming a national security threat. The research also highlights the importance of...

This research aims to identify to what extent the primary drivers of migration gain influence due to social contagion effects – in other words, to what extent the metaphor of an “epidemic” can be used to describe emigration. The scope of the research is limited to the migration of individuals from South Africa to countries abroad. A model is developed as a means with which to analyse the premise that social contagion influences migration due to its effect on the underlying driver's thereof. Results obtained through analysis of secondary data reveal the primary drivers of migration, their trends and their relative influence within the population. Results obtained through simulation revealed that the impact of general crises attributable to a particular determinant of migration is fleeting and that increased rates will subside in time. In contrast, as random isolated events related to the primary drivers of migration increase in frequency and intensity, so too does migration. In addition, drivers disseminated through social contagion discouraging migration from South Africa are found to be capable of negating the influence of the determinants of migration. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Public representation of highwaymen and footpads in the press spawned a climate of fear in London.  Descriptions of the violence that highwaymen and footpads employed in the course of their crimes generated this fear.  Violence set them apart from other non- or less-violent thefts that occurred in much greater numbers in the capital, but received less coverage in the public discussion of crime at the time.  Victims of robbery came from all different social classes and demographic groups, and this too contributed to the fear by creating an image of robbers who could attack anyone at any time.  This ardent fear appeared to have overshadowed some of the new social and economic explanations of criminals' motives and emerging humanitarian approaches to crime prevention. The court records suggest that highwaymen and footpads were often young men who operated in organized gangs and used violence to create fear and ensure success in their attack -- and this paralleled the public perceptions.  However, the trials show that women did in fact account for a small -- but noticeable -- percentage of robbers, and robbers also acted individually as well as in groups.  The court proceedings also <demonstrated that highwaymen and footpads created networks with prostitutes, alehouses, pawnshops, and workhouses in order find potential victims, recruit new robbers, peddle pilfered goods, and increase the odds of successfully accomplishing their crime and escaping. / Master of Arts

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Community Work in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014 / Juvenile Delinquency is not an inherent condition, but it is learned through association, imitation, pressure, needs, wants, influence and desires. There is a growing tendency in South Africa of juvenile involvement in crime. Somehow, it is believed that the juveniles are motivated by the Bill of Rights, Section 28 of the South African Constitution, which prohibits co operative punishment. In the year 2008 statistics of Empangeni Magistrates court, 15 % of juveniles appeared in court for different offences. In the year 2009 juvenile cases showed a 21 % increase and in 2011 they increased by 32 %. It is believed that if nothing is done, the economy of the country will never improve. In this study 25 Juvenile offenders were interviewed. 2 case studies of juvenile offenders who had been arrested and charged were done and 3 parents of juvenile offenders who had been arrested then successfully put on non custodial rehabilitation were interviewed. The results proved that causes are systemic. This explains that the whole community is part of the causes. Therefore, the involvement of the community is essential in the prevention of juvenile crimes. The revolutionary awareness campaigns around Umhlathuze are essential. The offender rehabilitation organizations should be given slots at schools, community meetings and conferences. Juveniles with antisocial behavior should be treated for the prevention of crime as a career. The Department of Social Development should be given staff to enable to plan, implement and evaluate policies and programs. The recreational constructive facilities should be offered in an environment that is safe. Adequate support should be given to parents as well. The South African Police need community support in this area.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education of the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 2010. / The study investigated the effect of crime in schools on a culture of teaching and learning. In this study the researcher employed a survey to achieve the aims of the study, and a questionnaire to obtain facts and opinions about the effect of crime in schools on a culture of teaching and learning. All children between the ages of 7 and 15 have a right to education. However, this right becomes meaningless unless the Department of Education, principals, educators, parents, children, learners, citizens and community members commit themselves to curbing crime and making the school environment conducive to learning. Crime has a negative influence on the morale of both educators and learners, as well as the culture of teaching and learning. Each educator and learner has the right to work and play in a secure and safe school environment and neighbourhood. Therefore it is important to do everything possible to eliminate crime in schools and neighbourhoods. Schools need to create a space where educators can teach and learners can learn. Teaching and learning require a safe and tolerant learning environment that celebrates innocence and values human dignity. From the literature study it became clear that many of the young people of South Africa will end up as drug addicts, violent criminals and anti-social individuals, rather than being an asset to the nation and the country’s economy. According to Shone (2007:27) crime is a “runaway train, reckless, out of control, unpredictably dangerous, picking up speed as it careers down the track towards schools”. For the purpose of the empirical investigation, a self-structured questionnaire for educators was utilized. The data obtained from the completed questionnaires was processed and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. The findings from the empirical study confirmed that crime in schools has a negative effect on a culture of teaching and learning. In conclusion a summary of the study was presented and based on the findings of the literature and empirical study, the following recommendations were made:  The Department of Education must develop a practical formal policy on the safety of schools in collaboration with stakeholders like community structures, local private security companies, the South African Police Service, Social Workers and Psychologists.  Sufficient human and financial resources must be made available by the Department of Education for the training, supervision and monitoring of the school safety policy.  The Department of Education must also encourage communities, non-governmental organizations, faith-based organizations, and business, to support school safety initiatives and promote a safe learning environment.  The school’s code of conduct must be consulted when school safety policy is formulated. The code of conduct’s primary function is to ensure the safety of learners at school.  A code of conduct should contain regulations outlining the rules that the principal and the governing body must ensure are included in the code. The code of conduct must, inter alia: • aim to establish a disciplined and purposeful school environment; dedicated to the improvement and maintenance of a quality learning process, • outline how learners who disobey the code of conduct will be punished, • include a process for protecting the learner and any other party involved in disciplinary proceedings, and • include rules relating to school wear (cf.5.4.1).  For the code of conduct to be functional and successful class teachers must ensure that: • All learners have a copy of the code of conduct. • A copy of the code of conduct is displayed on the notice board in the classroom. • Learners follow the regulations as laid down in the code of conduct. • A code of conduct is periodically scrutinized by the school safety committee and amended when necessary.  The school safety policy must have clear and concise directives as to what is expected from the regions, districts, circuits, wards and schools.

No description available.

The following dissertation uses fictional crime dramas to determine whether there are gendered patterns in the use of techniques of neutralization between and among male and female offenders. It utilizes a mixed method approach to answer three separate research questions: (1) how techniques of neutralization are used in fictional crime dramas, (2) whether such portrayals vary between and among male and female offenders, and (3) how elements of doing gender play a role in the gendered nature of males and female offenders’ techniques of neutralization. The sample included 124 episodes from four different fictional crime dramas and 383 individual offenses were used in the data. The quantitative data found that while both genders utilize the techniques in similar proportions, there are specific differences in their applicability. One salient difference was that men tended to commit offenses without using a technique of neutralization to excuse their offense more often than were women. The qualitative data showed several themes in how men and women utilized these techniques as well. Women were not depicted speaking the technique used for their offense as often as were men. Further, they were more likely to have someone else offer a technique on their behalf. When women did use a technique of neutralization they were likely to use more than one whereas, this was not found with men. There were also specific variations that occurred within each technique that played off of how the gender of the offenders was portrayed in the shows.

True Crime ist gegenwärtig eines der beliebtesten Podcast Genres unter weiblichen Hörerinnen. Dies erscheint zunächst paradox in Anbetracht dessen, dass gewalthaltige Medieninhalte überwiegend vom männlichen Publikum konsumiert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, warum insbesondere Frauen von True Crime Podcasts, die sich grausamen und gewalthaltigen Themen, wie Kindesmissbrauch, Vergewaltigung und Femiziden widmen, angezogen fühlen. Dieses Rezeptionsphänomen wird mit dem Konzept des eudaimonischen Unterhaltungserlebens analysiert, welches impliziert, dass die Zuwendung zu bestimmten Medieninhalten nicht nur aufgrund eskapistischer Motive erfolgt, sondern auch mit dem Erleben von Sinnhaftigkeit und Bedeutsamkeit einhergeht. Neben der Analyse von Motiven, werden auch die Auswirkungen auf den lebensweltlichen Alltag, sowie die Gesamtheit an Medien zur Nutzung von True Crime analysiert. Es wurden problemzentrierte Interviews inklusive Struktur-Lege-Techniken mit 22 True Crime Hörerinnen durchgeführt und ausgewertet, die ein umfassendes Konstrukt an Nutzungsmotiven sowohl für den Bereich der Podcasts als auch medienübergreifend ergaben. Die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse konnten weiterhin aufzeigen, dass die Zuwendung zu diesen Formaten neben unterhaltenden Motiven, insbesondere auch durch die Vermittlung wissenschaftlicher Fakten sowie eines umfangreichem Hintergrundwissens zu Täterinnen und Opfern erfolgte. Im Hinblick auf den Realitätsbezug der Fälle ergab sich zudem, dass die True Crime Podcasts tiefgreifend auf die Lebenswelt der Rezipientinnen einwirken und dass die Gesamtheit an Medien zur Konsumierung von True Crime aus verschiedenen Repertoires besteht.:1 EINLEITUNG 1.1 Zielsetzung und Relevanz 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 2.1 Unterhaltungserleben 2.1.1 Hedonisches Unterhaltungserleben 2.1.2 Eudaimonisches Unterhaltungserleben 2.2 Lebenswelt 2.3 Medienrepertoires 3 FORSCHUNGSSTAND 3.1 Faszination True Crime 3.2 Motive für die Nutzung von True Crime Podcasts 3.3 Geschlechterspezifische Zuwendung zu True Crime 3.4 Medienübergreifendes Nutzungsverhalten 4 FORSCHUNGSDESIGN UND METHODISCHE DURCHFÜHRUNG 4.1 Methodisches Einordnung 4.2 Datenerhebung 4.2.1 Das problemzentrierte Interview 4.2.2 Interviewleitfaden und Pretest 4.3 Fallauswahl 4.4 Durchführung 4.5 Heidelberger Struktur-Lege-Technik (H-SLT) 4.6 Transkription 4.7 Auswertung der Interviews und Kategoriensystem 5 DARSTELLUNG UND INTERPRETATION DER ERGEBNISSE 5.1 Quantitative Daten 5.2 Qualitative Daten 5.2.1 Allgemeine Nutzungsgewohnheiten 5.2.2 Nutzungsmotive 5.2.2.1 Produzentinnen 5.2.2.2 Unterhaltungsmotive 5.2.2.3 Lernmotive 5.2.2.4 Lebensweltlicher Kontext 5.3 Medienrepertoires 5.4 Struktur-Lege-Modelle 6 DISKUSSION 7 FAZIT UND AUSBLICK