Finansiniai nusikaltimai - tai Baudžiamajame kodekse numatytos pavojingos veikos, kuriomis kėsinamasi į Lietuvos Respublikos finansų sistemą, vengiant mokėti mokesčius, išleidžiant į apyvartą netikrus pinigus, vertybinius popierius ar pažeidžiant šių vertybių apyvartos tvarką. Analizuojant kriminologinius tyrimus Lietuvoje, užsienio šalių literatūrą, Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymus, Informatikos ir ryšių departamento prie LR VRM statistines ataskaitas, Finansinių nusikaltimų tyrimo tarnybos metines veiklos ataskaitas, kriminologinę, baudžiamosios teisės ir kitų mokslo šakų literatūrą, darbe atskleidžiama finansinių nusikaltimų sąvokos esmė, išanalizuoti finansinių nusikaltimų kriminologinės charakteristikos ypatumai, apžvelgtos finansinių nusikaltimų tendencijos Lietuvoje 1995-2005 m., išskirti finansinių nusikaltimų Klaipėdos apskrityje kokybiniai ir kiekybiniai bruožai, išnagrinėti struktūriniai pokyčiai ir jų ypatumai, remiantis finansinių nusikaltimų mechanizmo analize bei asmeniškai atliktais tyrimais pateiktos finansinių nusikaltimų latentiškumo priežasčių pagrindines gairės, nustatyta, kokių priemonių reikėtų imtis, kovojant su finansiniais nusikaltimais ir jų latentiškumu. Kad ir kokiomis priemonėmis stengiamasi kovoti su finansiniais nusikaltimais, jie tebelieka vieni latentiškiausių nusikaltimų. Tokių nusikaltimų išaiškinimas užima labai daug laiko ir reikalauja ne tik gerai paruoštų specialistų, bet ir šiuolaikinių technologijų, informatyvios informacinės bazės... [to full text] / Financial crimes are a certain criminal activity described in the Criminal Code, performance of which cause threat to the financial system of the Republic of Lithuania by evading taxes, releasing counterfeit money, securities or by violating the order of turnover of such valuables. The nature of financial crime concept is revealed, peculiarities of financial crimes criminological characteristics analysed, tendencies of financial crimes in Lithuania during 1995-2005 reviewed, qualitative and quantitative features of financial crimes in Klaipeda district, structural changes and their peculiarities analysed, main guidelines of financial crimes latenticity cause supplied with reference to the analysis of financial crimes mechanism and personal researches, means, that ought to be taken in prevention of financial crimes and their latenticity, were determined by analysing the criminological researches in Lithuania, literature of foreign countries, Laws of Lithuanian Republic, statistical reports of IT and Communication Department under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania, annual activity reports of Financial Crime Investigation Service, literature of criminology, criminal law and other sciences. Despite the variety of measures taken against financial crimes they still remain among of the most latent crimes. Solving of such offences takes not only a lot of time and requires well-prepared specialists but also modern technologies, up-to-date informational... [to full text]

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This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.

Magister Legum - LLM

Since the aftermath of the brutal civil war in Somaliland, no one has systematically considered the human rights atrocities committed by one of the most brutal regimes in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is the objective of this study, firstly, to throw light on the international rules which govern those crimes committed in Somaliland during the military regime. Secondly, the study will apply those rules to the case of Somaliland, based on the available evidence. Thirdly, the study will establish a case for the international prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibilities for the human rights atrocities that occurred in Somaliland. Fourthly, this study will investigate which international mechanism provides the best chance of serving as an adequate prosecutorial mechanism. Finally, the study will analyse the role of individual criminal responsibility under international criminal law / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Frans Viljoen of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Au cours d’un peu plus de deux décennies, la RDC, située au cœur de l’Afrique, dans la région des grands lacs, a été le théâtre des crimes de masse les plus violents. De nombreux rapports relatent les violations à grande échelle des droits de l’homme et du doit international humanitaire commises dans ce pays démontrent. Ils démontrent l’horreur innommable infligée aux populations civiles dans la partie Est du pays. ll s'agit notamment, de Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Bénie, Rusthuru,Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasai, Maniema, Shaba. Dans un contexte global de conflit et de trouble persistant, d’instabilité socio-économique et de crise politique profonde, la commission des crimes graves se trouve exacerbée par la présence des centaines de groupes armés politico-militaro-affairistes, des Forces Armées de la R.D.C., tous soutenus par des troupes étrangères et multinationales. L'environnement politique et sécuritaire empêche la justice congolaise d'évaluer dans la sérénité la quasi-totalité d’éléments de crimes sur le territoire en vue d’identifier les auteurs, d’établir les responsabilités, procéder à leur répression, assurer la réparation des nombreuses victimes et la réconciliation nationale. L'association d'autres formes de justice serait plus que nécessaire, toujours à travers la logique de la complémentarité de la CPI. / . For almost over two decades, the DRC, located in the heart of Africa, in the Great Lakes region, has benn the scene of the most violent crimes. Tremendous public and non government organizations have reported the large-scale violations international humanitarian law and human rights committed in this country. They display the horror inflicted upon the civilian populations in the eastern part of the country. These include amonsgt others the areas of Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Béni, Rusthuru, Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasaï, Maniema, Shaba. In a global context of conflict and persistent turmoil, socio-economic instability and deep political crisis, the commission of serious crimes is exacerbated by the presence of hundreds of armed politico-military-mercenary groups, the Armed Forces of the DRC, all supported by foreign and multinational troops. The currently political and security environment prevents the Congolese justice system from smoothly assessing all elements of crimes on the territory in order to identify the perpetrators, establish the responsibilities, carry out investigation and prosecution as well as legal proceedings, ensure the reparations to millions of victims and the national reconciliation at large. The combination of other forms of justice would be more than ever necessary through the logic of the complementarity of the ICC.

Despite the pervasiveness of political corruption in Mexico, the topic has received little scholarly attention. Two objectives guide the current study: to contribute to the comparative literature on political corruption, and to incorporate corruption into an analysis of Mexican politics broadly conceived. Prompted by a host of problems with prior approaches to the study of corruption, the theoretical framework highlights the separation of the normative and behavioral dimensions of the central concept, ties corruption to a three-part model of the state and identifies bribery and extortion as two primary types of corruption. A state-society theory of corruption is presented that underscores the relative balance of state and social forces to offer routes of social mobility as the major determinant of political corruption. The direction of the imbalance between state and society determines, in turn, the bribery or extortion type of corruption dominating the system. Applying this framework, attention centers on the causes, consequences and dynamics of political corruption in Mexico. As to cause, it is argued that the overwhelming power of the Mexican state and the relative weakness of social organizations create the incentives for widespread extortion. Analysis focuses on factors internal to the state, the linkages between state and society and general aspects of society. Data on corruption are used to examine types of corruption, bureaucratic location and denouncing parties. In terms of the consequences of corruption, analysis underscores its contribution to political stability by integrating the political elite, cushioning the impact of policy, displacing political accountability and serving as a symbolic device to mobilize society. Although corruption has fostered widespread distrust of the government and governmental officials among the public, it is portrayed and seen as a non-systemic problem and hence does not erode diffuse system support. A survey of public opinion confirms high levels of distrust and shows such factors as socio-economic status and political involvement to be weak yet significant determinants of opinions towards corruption. Examination of the dynamics of corruption center on the short-term impact of the Mexican sexenio (six year political term) on the incidence and intensity of corruption and anti-corruption campaigns. Also, analysis focuses on the "crisis of corruption" characterizing Mexico in the decade of the eighties.

摘要 犯罪係人類社會長期持續存在的問題，其成因涉及複雜的政治、經濟、思想、文化、教育、人際關係及地理、環境等多方因素型塑而成，也反映出一個社會的病態現象。由於現今社會，顯現出交通日趨便利、資訊快速流通、經濟蓬勃發展、網路世界無遠弗界、社會日益多元開放等特質，由此導致治安情勢日趨複雜，犯罪型態日趨多元、犯罪模式亦隨之變異與難以捉摸，犯罪工具更加精緻，犯罪組織分工更為細緻，犯罪手法更為殘暴、狡黠等，面對此一趨勢，警察人員偵辦刑案之處境，殊值深究。 本研究採取深入訪談法，以13位員警為訪談對象，藉以深入瞭解犯罪狡黠之態樣，探討犯罪狡黠化對員警所造成工作負荷、工作成就之影響，並藉由資深員警的經驗歸納因應對策。研究結果如下： 一、犯罪狡黠、用詞妥適 現行犯罪隨著社會型態的改變而越趨狡黠，以狡黠來形容犯罪尚稱妥適，至於犯罪狡黠的態樣堪稱極其多元。 二、員警負荷、超出預期 由於犯罪越趨狡黠，受訪者之工作負荷有增無減，猶如排山倒海般紛至沓來，相關負荷諸如勤業務繁重、人力不堪負荷，裝備老舊不足等。 三、員警成就、感受不同 在犯罪狡黠之情況下，員警對工作成就的看法，頗多分歧，因人而異，隨著自已的感觸而有所不同。 四、因應對策、多頭併進 犯罪狡黠化所帶來的工作負荷是多元的，因應之道在做法上，可採辦理訓練講習提昇刑案偵辦能力、打擊跨域犯罪、缺額補實強化警察陣容等措施。 五、狡黠犯罪、全面抑制 今日科技產物已淪為犯罪工具、毒品惡瘤再度成為國內萬惡淵藪、暴力犯罪造成社會震撼，跨域犯罪與組織犯罪問題日趨嚴重，企需全面抑制狡黠犯罪。 本研究依據研究結果，提以下建議：一、對警察機關的建議：狡黠用詞可以援引，科技犯罪應嚴予查緝，毒品惡瘤亟待壓制，組織犯罪應逐案控管，因公涉訟確實輔助，因公傷殘落實關懷照護；二、對員警的建議：積極進取，強化專業職能，才能自立自強，對抗狡黠犯罪。 關鍵字：犯罪狡黠化 / Abstract Crimes are persistent in the long history of human society. Their causes are complex due to reasons in politics, economy, thinking, culture, education, human relations, geography and environment. Crimes are shaped by these reasons and also reflect the sickness a society has. In current days, the causes of criminal matters have become even more complicated due to the increasing convenience in transportation, rapid replay of information, the omnipresent Internet and the openness of society. The types of crime have diversified and their patterns have also become more difficult to predict. Crime makers have begun using more refined tools, their organization is highly developed and they've become more violent and sly. In the face of this change, it is a special matter to be given more studies on the environment of police's investigation of crime cases. The research adopts in-depth interview to communicate with 13 police officers. The research wishes to understand the pattern of sly crime makers and also discuss the pressures and influences due to the increasing sly level of them. The research concludes response to these matters with the experiences of senior officers. The results are listed in the following: 1. Sly crimes and proper wording Current crimes types have become slyer with the changes of social pattern. Using 'sly' to describe these cases are quite appropriate and the varieties of crimes are diversified. 2. Officers' burdens are beyond expectation Since the crime makers have become slyer, the pressures of all interviewees have increased. Also, various kinds of pressure accumulate on their shoulders, such as heavy workload, insufficient police officers and antique equipment. 3. Every police officer has his own meaning of achievement As the crimes turn to slyer, police officers have their own definition of achievement in work. Each varies from each other, based on individual sense of feeling. 4. Response strategies should be carried out in various directions The change of crime nature has brought multi-faceted pressure to police officers. To respond to the situation, it is possible to organize training camps to improve crime investigation abilities, break cross-zone crimes and recruit new people to enforce the strength of police. 5. Total crack on sly crimes Current technological products are now used for crime commitment. Drugs are still the source of crimes and violence shocks the whole society. The issues of cross-zone crime and organized crimes are increasingly serious. The police have to crack these sly crimes with a total force. According to the results, the research proposes the following: 1. Suggestions for the police agencies: Use the word sly, strictly investigate technological crimes, crack on drugs, control organized crimes, accusations caused by service should be aided, injuries caused by service should be taken care of, 2. Suggestions to police officers: Be more active, improve professional abilities, be independence and fight against sly crimes. Keywords: Sly crimes

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"Each computer on a network has an OS Fingerprint that can be collected through various applications. Because of the complexity of network systems, vulnerabilities and exploitations of the same to gain access to systems will always be a problem. Those wishing to attack a system can use the OS Fingerprint to identify the types of vulnerabilities and software exploits that will be effective against the system. This paper discusses how system vulnerabilities become exploited and used by network attackers. Because OS Fingerprints are one of many tools network attackers will use to identify and attack a system, concealing a system's OS Fingerprint becomes an important part of securing that system. To demonstrate the capability of concealing the OS Fingerprint of a system, a prototype system was developed. This prototype changed the OS Fingerprint of a Linux system so that it matched a Windows NT system.