During a forensic investigation of a computer system, the ability to retrieve volatile information can be of critical importance. The contents of RAM could reveal malicious code running on the system that has been deleted from the hard drive or, better yet, that was never resident on the hard drive at all. RAM can also provide the programs most recently run and files most recently opened in the system. However, due to the nature of modern operating systems, these programs and files are not typically stored contiguously-which makes most retrieval efforts of files larger than one page size futile. To date, analysis of RAM images has been largely restricted to searching for ASCII string content, which typically only yields text information such as document fragments, passwords or scripts. This thesis explores the memory management structures in a SUSE Linux system (kernel version 2.6.13-15) to make sense out of the chaos in RAM and facilitate the retrieval of files/programs larger than one page size. The analysis includes methods for incorporating swap space information for files that may not reside completely within physical memory. The results of this thesis will become the basis of later research efforts in RAM forensics. This includes the creation of tools that will provide forensic analysts with a clear map of what is resident in the volatile memory of a system.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Management by Dissertation (MM-D). October, 2016 / The role played by a governing authority is crucial to the long term survival and development of its governed unit, irrespective of the size and function of the said unit. In the event that a government fails to protect the interests of its governed, a state of wide-spread dissatisfaction and palpable frustration becomes inevitable. Through the application of an Interpretive Research Paradigm, this study assessed the role of the Nigerian government in one of the country’s most promising industries; The Mobile Telecommunications Industry. The study aimed to expose the predominant role of the Nigerian government in this industry with a focus on the relevant issues of Cybercrime and Mobile Broadband. This research enquiry applied the Qualitative Research Approach. As such, the researcher analyzed relevant policy documents on telecommunications and elicited the expert opinions of key industry players. In all, 18 industry representatives were questioned about the happenings in the Mobile Telecommunications Industry. The interview respondents for this research study included representatives of the Ministry of Communications, individuals within the Nigerian Communications Commission, and Mobile Telecommunications service providers/operators. To further validate the information gathered from these individuals, various industry reports were also examined. After a thorough analysis of the research data gathered from multiple sources, the conclusion drawn by this study was that the Nigerian government has failed to do what is necessary to ensure the long-term growth and development of the country’s Mobile Telecommunications Industry. The study proved that the government has constantly taken a somewhat lackadaisical stance with regard to the implementation of the policies and initiatives governing the industry and has subsequently given no explanations or justifications for its actions, or more appropriately, inactions. Conclusively, this research study recommended that the governing environment of the Nigerian Mobile Telecommunications Industry be restructured to include a government that not only formulates telecoms development strategies and expansion initiatives, but also executes these plans whilst maintaining an unwavering accountability for its actions and decisions. / MT 2017

A RESEARCH REPORT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK SCHOOL OF HUMAN AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND JOHANNESBURG IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE MASTERS OF ARTS IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT MARCH, 2016 / The cases of children involved in criminal activities are on the increase all over the world, including in South Africa. Offering services to all children and youth, whilst upholding the rights of children, is one of the fields of practice in social work. South Africa has adopted a restorative approach that aims to rehabilitate and return children in conflict with the law back into their communities. At the heart of applying restorative approaches as intervention with children in conflict with the law are social workers. The study attempts to explore the experiences of social workers regarding their intervention strategies with young sexual offenders. The study applied a qualitative approach and narrative research design. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select 12 research participants from organisations that facilitate diversion programmes for child sex offenders. To ensure trustworthiness of the research, three prosecutors were also interviewed. Semi-structured interview schedules were utilised to conduct in-depth telephonic interviews with the participants. The data was transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. The main finding which emerged from the study was that social workers’ challenges with diversion are mainly associated with external factors such as poor parental co-operation. The study concludes that diversion contributes to reducing the level of recidivism with child sex offenders and is a necessary form of intervention for children in conflict with the law. Key words: Children in conflict with the law, Diversion, Rehabilitation, Sexual offences, Child sex offenders, Social workers.

Thesis advisor: Charles Morris / In September 2005 the former dictator of Chad, Hissène Habré, was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity, and torture. Following an extradition request, Habré was arrested in Senegal – the country he had been living in since 1990, when he was deposed in a coup. The Senegalese government, however, did not follow through on the extradition order. The charges and order had not come from a Chadian court but rather from a Belgian judge. Faced with the delicate issue of extraditing a former African head of state to stand trial in the court of a former colonial power, the Senegalese government turned to the African Union, asking the organization to recommend how to try Habré.During the period between Habré’s arrest in November 2005 and the African Union’s ruling in July 2006, the Habré case appeared in the news framed in several different contexts. For human rights groups, the trial was not only the chance to bring Habré to justice; it was also a chance to further develop the legal precedent established in the Pinochet case. For the Senegalese government, the Belgian extradition order was a threat to African sovereignty.The Habré case as it appears in the media and as it is framed by the involved parties reveals the complexities of the case, demonstrating that the Habré case is not simply about trying a former head of state; rather it is about the politics of war crimes, from the scope and limitations of international law to the emerging role of the African Union on the world stage. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Communications.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

L’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes sont l’une des régions plus violentes du monde. Le niveau de violence est particulièrement élevé dans les plus grandes villes de cette région (UNODC, 2013). La compréhension des déterminants de la criminalité urbaine est donc un défi majeur pour ces pays. Cette thèse a pour but d’explorer le rôle de trois déterminants de la criminalité en Équateur: les inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et le role des émotions liés aux évènements sportifs tels que les matchs de football.Avant d’entreprendre cette analyse empirique, nous proposons une revue des littératures théorique et empirique sur les déterminants de la criminalité urbaine. Une conclusion importante est que les incitations économiques conduisant à des activités criminelles sont influencées par les schémas de localisation des criminels et des victimes. Partant de ce constat, la thèse propose d’entreprendre trois analyses empiriques à différentes échelles géographiques. Tout d’abord, nous explorons l'effet des inégalités de revenus sur le risque de victimisation en Équateur, en utilisant des données individuelles issues de l’enquête nationale de victimisation. Le principal résultat est que, contrairement aux prédictions, le coefficient de Gini a un effet négatif sur la probabilité d’être victime de vols. Ce résultat pourrait être lié à une ségrégation résidentielle élevée ou à un contrôle social élevé contre la criminalité. De plus, les estimations révèlent une relation croissante et concave entre le niveau de revenu des victimes et la probabilité de victimisation concernant les vols de véhicule, qui augmente avec un revenu mensuel jusqu’à 5,100 dollars, et puis diminue.Ensuite, nous testons l'existence d'une prime de criminalité urbaine (criminalité plus élevée dans les zones urbaines) en Équateur, à l’échelle des paroisses. Le principal résultat indique que la taille des villes a une influence non-monotone sur le taux d’homicide. La probabilité de constater un ou plusieurs homicides est plus élevée dans les paroisses les plus peuplées. Toutefois, le taux d’homicide diminue avec le niveau de population dans les paroisses où se produisent des homicides. Concernant les crimes contre la propriété, les résultats confirment l’influence positive de la population sur le nombre de crime par habitant. Enfin, nous estimons l’impact des matchs de football sur le nombre d'homicides et de crimes contre la propriété dans 16 cantons d’Équateur, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. L’objectif est d’étudier l’influence des matchs de football sur les profils temporels et géographiques des crimes, ainsi que l’impact des émotions (frustration et euphorie) liées aux résultats des matchs sur la criminalité. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre d'homicides augmente 0.18% avant le match, tandis que le nombre de crimes contre la propriété augmente 12% après le match, à proximité du stade. Les matchs de football entraînent également une diffusion spatiale de la criminalité dans des quartiers éloignés des stades. Les jours de matchs, les crimes contre la propriété diminuent 0.88% avant le match et les homicides diminuent 0.05% pendant le match, dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Après le match, les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété augmentent de manière significative dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Enfin, l'effet des émotions sur les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété n'est pas significatif au niveau agrégé, alors qu’il est significatif en ce qui concerne les homicides commis dans la capitale de l'Équateur, Quito. / Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most violent regions in the world. Importantly, higher levels of violence prevail in most urbanized LAC cities (UNODC, 2013). Understanding the determinants of urban crime is therefore a major challenge for those countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the role of three crime determinants in Ecuador: economic inequalities, city size, and the emotions caused by soccer events.Before conducting this empirical analysis, we first review the theoretical and empirical literature on urban crime determinants. An important conclusion is that economic incentives that lead individuals to commit crime are influenced by the location pattern of criminals and victims. Building on these considerations, we perform three empirical analyses at different geographic levels.First, we explore the effect of income inequality on victimization in Ecuador, using data at the individual level thanks to the Ecuadorian Victimization survey. The main result is that, contrary to the predictions, the Gini coefficient has a negative effect on victimization by robbery. This result could be related to a high residential segregation or a high social control against crime. In addition, we provide evidence for an increasing and concave relationship between the income level of victims and the probability of victimization by vehicle theft, which first increases with a monthly household income up to $5,100, and then falls.Second, we test the existence of an urban crime premium (higher crime in urban areas) in Ecuador, at the parish level. Our main result is that population exerts a non-linear influence on the homicide rate. The probability that a homicide happens is higher in larger parishes. However, the homicide rate decreases with population in parishes with positive homicides. By contrast, the results regarding property crimes confirm that the level of population increases the number of pecuniary crimes per inhabitant.Third, we explore the effect of soccer matches on the number of homicides and property crimes in 16 cantons of Ecuador, at the intra-city level. The aim is to test whether soccer matches alter the temporal and spatial patterns of crime, and the role of emotions (frustration and euphoria) resulting from soccer matches on crime. Results reveal that the number of homicides increases by 0.18% before the match whereas the number of property crimes increases by 12% after the match, near the stadium. Soccer matches also cause spatial spillovers of crime in locations distant from stadiums. On game days, the number of property crimes falls by 0.88% before the match and the number of homicides falls by 0.05% during the match, in these distant locations. After the game, the homicides and property crimes significantly increase in locations distant from stadiums. Finally, the effect of emotions on homicides or property crimes is not significant at the aggregate level but it is significant regarding homicides that occur in the capital of Ecuador, Quito.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-09-01T20:46:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CassioMachadoDissertacao2016.pdf: 1019822 bytes, checksum: 44cc87316aab46724764eaad73936629 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-09-01T20:52:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CassioMachadoDissertacao2016.pdf: 1019822 bytes, checksum: 44cc87316aab46724764eaad73936629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T20:52:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CassioMachadoDissertacao2016.pdf: 1019822 bytes, checksum: 44cc87316aab46724764eaad73936629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-23 / The aim of this study is to verify the correlation between the economic monetary penalty attributed to environmental crimes agents and their damage, based on the economic analysis of law. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach, in that it seeks to demonstrate the close relationship between law and economics to identify the economic and social impacts of environmental crimes and for their valuation degraded property. To support the work, the environment was characterized as well legal, listing up the penalties charged to agents of crimes against him; described is the social function of the sentence and its value to the law; They were listed basic principles of Traditional Theory of Criminal Law and Economic Theory of Crimes and Punishments and analyzed briefly fines charged against environmental crimes agents, with regard to the said correlation. The research was guided by questions such as: how are valued monetized degraded natural resources for penalty purposes for environmental crimes? Environmental crimes, the penalty has maintained its sense of "sensitive and powerful means to quell the despotic spirit that returned to plunge society into chaos"? "As the rules (or feathers) can affect behavior and how they can be modified to generate more beneficial behavior for society?" The conclusion was that there is a positive correlation between the monetary penalty attributed to environmental crimes agents and their damage done. / O objetivo deste trabalho ?? verificar a correla????o entre a pena pecuni??ria imputada a agentes de crimes ambientais e o respectivo dano causado, com base na an??lise econ??mica do Direito. O estudo tem uma abordagem interdisciplinar, na medida em que procura demonstrar a estreita rela????o entre Direito e Economia na identifica????o dos impactos econ??micos e sociais de crimes ambientais e para valora????o de bens degradados. Para subsidiar o trabalho, caracterizou-se o meio ambiente como bem jur??dico, elencando-se as san????es imputadas a agentes de crimes contra ele; descreveu-se a fun????o social da pena e seu valor para o Direito; foram enumerados princ??pios b??sicos da Teoria Tradicional do Direito Penal e da Teoria Econ??mica dos Crimes e das Penas e analisadas, brevemente, multas imputadas a agentes de crimes ambientais, no que diz respeito ?? correla????o citada. A pesquisa foi norteada por quest??es como: de que forma s??o valorados pecuniariamente bens naturais degradadas para fins de san????o penal por crimes ambientais? Em crimes ambientais, a pena tem mantido seu sentido de ???meio sens??vel e poderoso para sufocar o esp??rito desp??tico que voltou a mergulhar a sociedade em um caos???? ???Como as normas (ou as penas) podem afetar comportamentos e como elas podem ser modificadas para gerar comportamentos mais ben??ficos para a sociedade???? A conclus??o foi de que n??o h?? uma correla????o positiva entre a pena pecuni??ria imputada a agentes de crimes ambientais e o respectivo dano causado.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-01-18T15:47:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoD???OliveiraVieiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1779168 bytes, checksum: d6dd88417a306d42ae749db19beb77ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-01-18T15:47:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoD???OliveiraVieiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1779168 bytes, checksum: d6dd88417a306d42ae749db19beb77ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T15:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoD???OliveiraVieiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1779168 bytes, checksum: d6dd88417a306d42ae749db19beb77ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21 / This study aims to make an analysis of the extended confiscation pending in Congress. To face that issue, the structure of the Draft Law n?? 4.850/2016 (DL) and the evolution of the institute in comparative law from de Merida and Palermo Conventions and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances to the current consolidation with the Directive 2014/42/EU are presented. Portugal was selected as parameters for analyzes the draft because of the similarity. The conclusion, in the view of the study, indicates some imperfect approach on DL 4.850/2016 regarding the definition of the evidential standard, the reversal of the burden of proof, the negative points of the proceeds chosen burden of proof and finally to forecast state agency specialized for the specific purpose of performing equity research. The Draft is in line with international guidance when presenting the list of crimes that allow extended confiscation application. / O presente trabalho pretende analisar a proposta legislativa de confisco alargado pendente de aprecia????o no Congresso. A estrutura do Projeto de Lei n?? 4.850/2016 (PL) e a evolu????o do instituto no Direito Comparado, desde as Conven????es de M??rida, de Palermo e das Na????es Unidas contra o Tr??fico de Entorpecentes at?? a atual consolida????o com a Diretiva 2014/42/UE s??o estudadas. Portugal foi selecionado para a proposta legislativa em raz??o da aproxima????o do projeto legislativo em discuss??o no Congresso. A conclus??o, na ??tica do estudo, indica o desenvolvimento insuficiente no PL n?? 4.850/2016 quanto ?? defini????o do standard probat??rio, ?? invers??o do ??nus da prova, ?? dificuldade do rito escolhido para a execu????o do novo instrumento e ?? aus??ncia de previs??o de especializa????o de ??rg??o estatal com o objetivo espec??fico de realizar a investiga????o patrimonial. O Projeto segue em linha ?? orienta????o internacional ao apresentar o rol de crimes que permitem o confisco alargado.

This study explores the issues of subordination of women in Tajikistan through studying the phenomenon of violence against women. This study presents a socio-legal analysis of the responses of state and non-state institutions and how the justice system works for women, this study engaged in the feminist discourse on women's individual experiences of violence, the ‘woman question' in public and private, the construction of law and its effect on women and their subordinate position and how the laws and the legal and executive mechanisms construct the culture of inferiority of women in society. It employed qualitative methods of data collections, such as interviewing and participant observation along with a questionnaire. It draws on theoretical studies and the empirical work conducted in Tajikistan to present its findings. Theoretical input allows drawing on explanations and experiences provided in studies of VAW in other societies and empirical input allows placing them within the context of Tajikistan. This gives an opportunity to explore the interplay between hierarchical and structural basis of gender relations and women's individual experiences of violence. This study explores the power of societal norms and values pertaining women's subordination and male domination on individuals' perceptions of VAW and their responses to it. It analyses the socio-economic and legal context in Tajikistan and its influence on women's daily lives. This context also determines the choices women victims of violence are given and impacts women's decisions whether or not to seek solutions. The study establishes that the focus on increasing awareness of legal rights, or introducing new laws and making changes in the law, cannot in themselves provide women with long-awaited responses to the violence they experience. Changing the law, introducing well-developed law would be significant step forward but has to be accompanied by measures to bring a fundamental shift in attitudes. This study emphasises that the responses should encompass a number of initiatives and presents some examples of these.