This programme of research focused on incorporating Behavioural Analysis (BA) within the digital forensics investigation process. A review of previously developed digital forensics investigation models indicated a lack of sufficient consideration of the behavioural and motivational dimensions of offending, and the way in which digital evidence can be used to address these issues during the investigation process. This programme of research aimed to build on previous work by scientific researchers and investigators by developing a digital forensics investigation model which incorporates greater consideration of the behavioural and motivational implications of case-related digital evidence based on current theoretical understandings of these aspects of offending from forensic psychology. This can aid with understanding of the crime events and reconstruction, and lead to the development of more detailed models and guidelines for examining computer-facilitated interpersonal crimes. The first study employed an abductive approach to forensically analyse individual cases (real cases obtained from the Dubai Police archives) applying BA to the online Sexually Exploitative Imagery of Children (SEIC) and cyberstalking. Its aim was to investigate what BA could contribute to the digital forensics investigation of cases within these crime categories. It identified five benefits: (1) providing focus, speed and investigative directions, (2) inferring victim/offender behaviours, (3) inferring offender motivation(s), (4) identifying potential victims, and (5) eliminating suspects. This was followed by a survey study empirically examining the perceptions of national and international digital forensics practitioners regarding the use and utility of BA during the process of investigating SEIC and cyberstalking cases. The results indicated that while the majority believed that BA has potential to contribute to many aspects of digital forensics investigations, their daily investigative activities involved a limited use of this technique. The implications of the study were outlined, and emphasised the need to design a digital forensics investigation model that provides guiding steps and illustrations on how to utilise BA in digital forensics investigations. Based on the findings from the conducted studies, a digital forensics investigation model that incorporates aspects of BA was designed. It aimed to provide a pragmatic, structured, multidisciplinary approach to performing a post mortem examination, analysis, and interpretation of the content of the digital devices associated with computer-facilitated interpersonal crimes. Two comprehensive case studies were also used to illustrate the investigative importance of the model in investigating computer-facilitated interpersonal crimes.

While studies about minority group prisoners are becoming more commonplace in prison research, knowledge about the experiences of hard of hearing (HoH) and d/Deaf prisoners remains limited. A primary aim of this thesis is to provide a more comprehensive understanding about the lives of HoH/d/Deaf people in prisons throughout England and Wales than what is already available, and to explore existing claims that d/Deaf prisoners suffer disproportionately whilst in custody. In order to do this a qualitative methodology is adopted, with semi-structured interviews being carried out with HoH, severely deaf and profoundly Deaf prisoners, and staff members across seven prisons in England, and observations being made at each establishment. This thesis shows that in an environment like prison, those who are seen as ‘different’ often become institutionally deficient. While this could apply to many different subsections of prison populations, findings presented throughout show that the difference of d/Deafness is unique because sound rules in prison, with penal regimes being reliant on sound in order to run. However, d/Deafness, it is shown, is not merely a lack of hearing, and on the contrary there are different levels and layers of d/Deafness. Consequently, how a d/Deaf person experiences prison depends strongly on the way in which they identify with their d/Deafness and the way their d/Deafness is viewed by the prison. Despite such differences, findings suggest that there is little room for either deafness or Deafness in prison, with HoH/deaf and particularly Deaf prisoners often experiencing the pains of imprisonment more severely than their hearing peers as a result the Prison Service's inability to accommodate such difference. This thesis makes an original and significant contribution to existing knowledge for a myriad of reasons. Firstly, it fuses together the fields of Deaf Studies and prison studies in a way that has not been done before, and considers d/Deafness on both an audiological and cultural level. In doing this, it notes the similarities and differences between the experiences of those who are HoH, those who are severely deaf, and those who are culturally and linguistically Deaf; giving meaningful consideration to the role of imported identity in prison. Secondly, excluding small-scale unpublished undergraduate dissertations, it is the first empirical study about d/Deaf prisoners in England and Wales to carry out face-to-face interviews with these prisoners. Finally, as the most in-depth research yet to be carried out about HoH/d/Deaf prisoners in England and Wales, this thesis provides a level of insight which has not been available previously.

Criminological theory and research has historically focused on explaining how people get into crime and much less on how and why they stop, despite the perennial finding that most of those with convictions do eventually stop offending. The very meaning of ‘desistance’ however has been much contested, yet has broadly been linked with themes such as maturity, adult social bonds, agency, identity and hope (Bottoms et al, 2004). Even more concerning, however, is the further marginalisation of already marginalised groups within the vast majority of desistance literature. The bulk of research in this area can be noted for the salience of the white, male perspective of offending trajectories. By revisiting maturational, social bonds and subjective theories of desistance through the eyes of women traveling desistance journeys, as well as considering current criminal justice approaches, this thesis gives a female voice to desistance research. The methodology which informs this work is observation research and individual narrative interviews of females with convictions. I argue for a feminist approach to desistance, which recognises that a huge proportion of women in the CJS stem from backgrounds of abuse, economic disadvantage and alcohol, drug and mental health issues. Yet we must move away from the dichotomy of narratives of victimisation and survival and recognise that women have agency. We must challenge the neo-liberal and patriarchal approach to desistance which promotes women's role as care givers and unpaid volunteer workers. Women's desistance can challenge neo-liberal, patriarchal constructs much in the same way that women's offending often does.

‘Car chase TV’ has become a staple of U.K. television schedules over the past two decades. Conveyed in a plethora of observational documentaries (ob-docs), mediated images of police vehicular pursuits (PVPs) are packaged as entertainment products. However, the rise of PVPs as a ubiquitous entertainment spectacle has taken place against a backdrop of concern around a steep rise in the human cost of PVPs emanating from police oversight bodies and widely reported in the national press. This research investigates whether car chase TV tends to legitimise the police, their work, and specifically the problematic practice of PVP. Historical analysis is used to map the developing concern around PVPs from 1900 through to 2011. The thesis then presents the findings of a thematic analysis carried out on an archive of ob-doc ‘car-chase TV’ programmes broadcast in the UK between 1993 and 2011. This analysis indicated that such programmes do tend to legitimise the police, police work and PVPs in particular. It also showed that the challenge to the legitimacy of PVPs expressed in official reports, the print media and elsewhere largely failed to permeate the mediated construction of PVPs in the ‘car-chase TV’ programmes broadcast on the commercial television networks, but did produce a limited response in the programmes broadcast on the BBC television network, a response which tended to (re)legitimise PVPs in the face of these concerns. The research found that there has been an historical decline in the visibility of PVPs presented in the television programmes contained in the archive, due to various possible factors. This research is significant in that it examines a hitherto under-developed area of criminal justice research and contributes a unique historical perspective on the issue of PVP. It makes a novel contribution to the literature on the legitimisation of the police in the mediated sphere of television.

This Master Thesis deals with a very urgent theme, criminological analysis of legal grounds for prevention of corruption, since in Lithuania, like in many other countries, the roots of corruption lie in the past, but nowadays the new forms of corruption are emerging and penetrating into various public institutions, politics, private sector, and they often acquire international character. All the above mentioned factors have negative impact on the country’s economic development, they impede free and fair competition, discredit the state authorities, and even the state itself, with the public. The Thesis aims at introducing the specific features of criminological characteristic of corruption and at discussing the legal grounds for prevention of the said phenomenon. With this aim in mind, through comparison and analysis of the Lithuanian laws and international legal acts providing the concept of corruption and principles of fight against this phenomenon, the features of corruption prevention were specified and explained, as well as the legal status and activities of institutions engaged in investigation of corruption were introduced. Finally, the Thesis gives conclusions and provides suggestions on how to improve prevention of corruption in Lithuania based on the opinion of various authors, analysis of laws and legal acts and data of the survey carried out. Analysis of legal acts and research materials, as well as the systematized results of the survey of the officers involved... [to full text]

The previous UK Coalition government (2010-2015) made significant efforts to professionalise the police service in England and Wales. One of their approaches was to require police students to study at university, before becoming police officers. It has been hypothesised that requiring police students to study at university may ensure that professionalism develops within these students/officers, with the higher education received. At the same time as developing professionalism within these officers it has been suggested some of the negative aspects of police culture may diminish. Whether or not these hopes are borne out by university training of police students was the central research question for this project. This original research examined socialisation and culture of police students, within a UK university institution. It evolved by utilising reflexive grounded theory to examine the student perception of the police service, using questionnaires, focus groups and content analysis of completed essays, by Foundation in Policing Degree students. In summary the findings of this research suggested that university training of police students may not have the desired effect on professionalism, as police culture appears to develop regardless of the setting. Further to this, minority ethnic students continue to report being less attracted to the police as a career choice. A number of reasons are suggested for these findings and future recommendations are set out. Ultimately, this research concludes that the way a police officer is trained and/or educated requires reviewing, as simply moving the process to a university setting does not automatically deliver the intended outcomes, and in fact can result in the police culture simply flourishing elsewhere.

Thefts are the most prevailed crime in Lithuania as they are common worldwide, they make the biggest part of the crimes, and the increasing number of the crimes is connected to the arising number of the thievery. The thefts in this research work are examined as a separate crime sort. The key attention is paid to the examination of the thefts executed in the city of Klaipeda, the examination period includes the years from 1995 to 2003. The paper work consists of three parts. The first part surveys the conception of the thievery, the state and the level of the thefts, as well as the structure and dynamics of the thievery are disclosed as they are researched in the context of the total delinquency of Lithuania. The general criminological characteristics of the thefts in Klaipeda is researched in the second part of this work; there is looked through the social and demographic peculiarities of the city, the features of the crime situation of Klaipeda city in comparison with the ones in other biggest cities and of Lithuania in whole are overviewed at this part of the work. The thefts executed in the city of Klaipeda are examined comparing the rates of Klaipeda and other cities within Lithuanian with the rates of the whole country. The rates of the thefts performed in the city of Vilnius are emphasized. There are given characteristics of the persons who execute the thievery in the city of Klaipeda. The third part of the research paper work covers the policy of thievery control and... [to full text]

A presente tese identifica o problema do aumento da criminalidade nos pequenos municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (menos que 100.000 habitantes) como um problema social e sociológico importante. Discute as contribuições mais importantes da literatura criminológica sobre esse tema e conclui que as análises carecem de um rumo analítico suficientemente claro e fértil, pois: não se perguntam ‘o por quê?’ do fenômeno. Como subsídio decisivo para preencher essa lacuna, se traz para a discussão a teorização típico ideal de Fandiño Mariño (2012), relativa ao que ele denomina como ‘transições criminológicas’. Uma revisão detalhada dessa teorização é apresentada. A partir dela são analisadas e interpretadas as tendências da interiorização do crime, estatisticamente descritas, para o Rio Grande do Sul. Essas incluem, principalmente, o fenômeno dos surtos criminológicos: aumentos temporários nas taxas de criminalidade municipais, acima de 1,5 (unidade de desvio padrão). Os surtos se tratam, pois, de uma forma peculiar, mas perfeitamente consistente, de desdobramento da criminalidade dos grandes centros urbanos. Com base em modelos de regressão múltipla e de regressão logística pudemos concluir que a interiorização do crime corresponde a uma extensão da área de influência dos chamados polos criminológicos. Esta extensão confirma a validade da teorização sobre ‘transições criminológicas’ de Fandiño Mariño (2012), mesmo exibindo uma forma ou perfil criminológico peculiar: os surtos criminológicos. Estes surtos, porém, não completam a reprodução da criminalidade dos grandes centros urbanos, e não têm como resultado uma desagregação social comparável a dos grandes centros urbanos. O perfil (sócio)moral das pequenas cidades do interior fica aparentemente preservado. / This thesis identifies the problem of crime increases in the group of small counties of Rio Grande do Sul state (less than 100,000 inhabitant) as a important social and societal problem. It discusses the most important contributions of criminological literature on this subject, concluding the analysis lack an analytical direction, sufficiently clear and fertile, especially in terms of the question 'why?' the phenomenon occcurrs. As a decisive aid to fill this gap, it is brought to the discussion the ideal-type theorization from Fandiño Mariño (2012) defined as ‘criminological transitions’. A detailed review of this theorizing is presented. From there, the crime internalization trends statistically described are analyzed and interpreted. These include mainly the crime outbreaks (temporary increases in municipal crime rates above 1.5 - standard deviation units). It is a peculiar way, but perfectly consistent with the unfolding crime of the large urban centers. Based on both multiple regression and logistic regression models, it was possible to conclude that the ‘interiorization’ of crime corresponds to an extension of the area of influence of the socalled criminological poles. This extension confirms the validity of criminological trends theorizing from Fandiño Mariño (2012), yet displaying a peculiar criminological profile: the criminological outbreaks. Thus, these outbreaks do not represent a type of crime reproduction from large urban centers, and neither they reproduce the kind of social disorganization and break down typical of the large urban centers. The (social)morale profile of the small towns is apparently preserved.

A presente tese identifica o problema do aumento da criminalidade nos pequenos municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (menos que 100.000 habitantes) como um problema social e sociológico importante. Discute as contribuições mais importantes da literatura criminológica sobre esse tema e conclui que as análises carecem de um rumo analítico suficientemente claro e fértil, pois: não se perguntam ‘o por quê?’ do fenômeno. Como subsídio decisivo para preencher essa lacuna, se traz para a discussão a teorização típico ideal de Fandiño Mariño (2012), relativa ao que ele denomina como ‘transições criminológicas’. Uma revisão detalhada dessa teorização é apresentada. A partir dela são analisadas e interpretadas as tendências da interiorização do crime, estatisticamente descritas, para o Rio Grande do Sul. Essas incluem, principalmente, o fenômeno dos surtos criminológicos: aumentos temporários nas taxas de criminalidade municipais, acima de 1,5 (unidade de desvio padrão). Os surtos se tratam, pois, de uma forma peculiar, mas perfeitamente consistente, de desdobramento da criminalidade dos grandes centros urbanos. Com base em modelos de regressão múltipla e de regressão logística pudemos concluir que a interiorização do crime corresponde a uma extensão da área de influência dos chamados polos criminológicos. Esta extensão confirma a validade da teorização sobre ‘transições criminológicas’ de Fandiño Mariño (2012), mesmo exibindo uma forma ou perfil criminológico peculiar: os surtos criminológicos. Estes surtos, porém, não completam a reprodução da criminalidade dos grandes centros urbanos, e não têm como resultado uma desagregação social comparável a dos grandes centros urbanos. O perfil (sócio)moral das pequenas cidades do interior fica aparentemente preservado. / This thesis identifies the problem of crime increases in the group of small counties of Rio Grande do Sul state (less than 100,000 inhabitant) as a important social and societal problem. It discusses the most important contributions of criminological literature on this subject, concluding the analysis lack an analytical direction, sufficiently clear and fertile, especially in terms of the question 'why?' the phenomenon occcurrs. As a decisive aid to fill this gap, it is brought to the discussion the ideal-type theorization from Fandiño Mariño (2012) defined as ‘criminological transitions’. A detailed review of this theorizing is presented. From there, the crime internalization trends statistically described are analyzed and interpreted. These include mainly the crime outbreaks (temporary increases in municipal crime rates above 1.5 - standard deviation units). It is a peculiar way, but perfectly consistent with the unfolding crime of the large urban centers. Based on both multiple regression and logistic regression models, it was possible to conclude that the ‘interiorization’ of crime corresponds to an extension of the area of influence of the socalled criminological poles. This extension confirms the validity of criminological trends theorizing from Fandiño Mariño (2012), yet displaying a peculiar criminological profile: the criminological outbreaks. Thus, these outbreaks do not represent a type of crime reproduction from large urban centers, and neither they reproduce the kind of social disorganization and break down typical of the large urban centers. The (social)morale profile of the small towns is apparently preserved.

A presente tese identifica o problema do aumento da criminalidade nos pequenos municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (menos que 100.000 habitantes) como um problema social e sociológico importante. Discute as contribuições mais importantes da literatura criminológica sobre esse tema e conclui que as análises carecem de um rumo analítico suficientemente claro e fértil, pois: não se perguntam ‘o por quê?’ do fenômeno. Como subsídio decisivo para preencher essa lacuna, se traz para a discussão a teorização típico ideal de Fandiño Mariño (2012), relativa ao que ele denomina como ‘transições criminológicas’. Uma revisão detalhada dessa teorização é apresentada. A partir dela são analisadas e interpretadas as tendências da interiorização do crime, estatisticamente descritas, para o Rio Grande do Sul. Essas incluem, principalmente, o fenômeno dos surtos criminológicos: aumentos temporários nas taxas de criminalidade municipais, acima de 1,5 (unidade de desvio padrão). Os surtos se tratam, pois, de uma forma peculiar, mas perfeitamente consistente, de desdobramento da criminalidade dos grandes centros urbanos. Com base em modelos de regressão múltipla e de regressão logística pudemos concluir que a interiorização do crime corresponde a uma extensão da área de influência dos chamados polos criminológicos. Esta extensão confirma a validade da teorização sobre ‘transições criminológicas’ de Fandiño Mariño (2012), mesmo exibindo uma forma ou perfil criminológico peculiar: os surtos criminológicos. Estes surtos, porém, não completam a reprodução da criminalidade dos grandes centros urbanos, e não têm como resultado uma desagregação social comparável a dos grandes centros urbanos. O perfil (sócio)moral das pequenas cidades do interior fica aparentemente preservado. / This thesis identifies the problem of crime increases in the group of small counties of Rio Grande do Sul state (less than 100,000 inhabitant) as a important social and societal problem. It discusses the most important contributions of criminological literature on this subject, concluding the analysis lack an analytical direction, sufficiently clear and fertile, especially in terms of the question 'why?' the phenomenon occcurrs. As a decisive aid to fill this gap, it is brought to the discussion the ideal-type theorization from Fandiño Mariño (2012) defined as ‘criminological transitions’. A detailed review of this theorizing is presented. From there, the crime internalization trends statistically described are analyzed and interpreted. These include mainly the crime outbreaks (temporary increases in municipal crime rates above 1.5 - standard deviation units). It is a peculiar way, but perfectly consistent with the unfolding crime of the large urban centers. Based on both multiple regression and logistic regression models, it was possible to conclude that the ‘interiorization’ of crime corresponds to an extension of the area of influence of the socalled criminological poles. This extension confirms the validity of criminological trends theorizing from Fandiño Mariño (2012), yet displaying a peculiar criminological profile: the criminological outbreaks. Thus, these outbreaks do not represent a type of crime reproduction from large urban centers, and neither they reproduce the kind of social disorganization and break down typical of the large urban centers. The (social)morale profile of the small towns is apparently preserved.