Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bartira Macedo de Miranda Santos.pdf: 435044 bytes, checksum: 63a71fed71cf98856b24594c5e7d5159 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-10 / This research seeks to demonstrate the significance of social protection ideas that have shaped the criminal justice system like the Criminal Code and the 1940 s Code of Criminal Procedure. It discusses the ideas of social defense made by the Italian Positive School, as justification of the punitive system. For this school, the social defense is the reason of criminal justice. Given the biological determinism of the born criminal, Lombroso, Ferri and Garofalo are committed to building a criminal science that is able to promote an effective social defense. Appart from the metaphysical approach of the classics and its theorizing abstract regarding the legal concept of crime, the Italian positivists sought to understand the causes of crime within the criminal person, replacing the deductive method by the inductive one. From 1884 the anthropological positivism was widely spread in Brazil. By not having their proposals adopted by the Criminal Code of 1890, the positivists have used this law, the fame of "the worst of all the known codes . Originally from the legal discourse, the social defense shall be incurred, since the first decades of the twentieth century, as a movement of Criminal Policy with a strong influence on the laws of the period, including the Brazilian laws / Esta pesquisa busca demonstrar o significado das idéias de defesa social que modelaram o sistema penal brasileiro, com o Código Penal e do Código de Processo Penal de 1940. Aborda as idéias de defesa social formuladas pela Escola Positiva Italiana, enquanto justificação do sistema punitivo. Para esta escola, a defesa social é a razão da justiça penal. Diante do determinismo biológico do criminoso nato, Lombroso, Ferri e Garofalo se empenharam em construir uma ciência penal que fosse apta a promover uma eficaz defesa social. Afastando-se da abordagem metafísica dos clássicos, com suas teorizações abstratas acerca do conceito jurídico de crime, os positivistas italianos buscaram compreender as causas do crime na pessoa do criminoso, substituindo o método dedutivo pelo indutivo. O positivismo antropológico teve ampla divulgação no Brasil, a partir de 1884. Por não verem as suas propostas adotadas pelo Código Penal de 1890, os positivistas empregaram a este diploma, a fama de o pior de todos os códigos conhecidos . Oriunda do discurso jurídico, a defesa social passa a se constituir, desde as primeiras décadas do século XX, como um movimento de Política Criminal, com forte influência sobre as legislações da época, inclusive a brasileira

The reform measures recommended by the Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct (referred to as the "Fitzgerald Inquiry") radically transformed the face of policing in Queensland. The most significant of these recommendations was the establishment of an external oversight body, the Criminal Justice Commission (CJC), which has independence from executive government and holds the power to investigate not only police but any public servant or politician. Other recommendations included "Whistleblower" legislation, increasing sanctions for serious misconduct, lateral recruitment and promotion by merit rather than seniority. The first main research question tested in this thesis is whether these reform measures have produced improvements in the following areas: the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes for dealing with complaints against police; public confidence in those processes and the public standing of the Queensland Police Service (QPS) generally; standards of police behaviour; the incidence of corrupt conduct; and police attitudes towards reporting misconduct by their fellow officers. These Fitzgerald Inquiry reforms were strategies primarily derived from two schools of thought describing the nature and cause of police corruption: deterrence based theory (including "individual" or "rotten apple" theory) and cultural (also labeled "cultural" or "socialisation") based theory. To date most strategies used to combat police corruption have been underpinned by these theories. A third theory - situational based theory (sometimes titled "environmental" or "opportunity" theory) - which has had success in crime prevention, has been scarcely used in the area of police corruption. However, an extensive body of research has affirmed the effects of situational factors on police behaviour, suggesting the potential for the application of situational crime prevention initiatives in combatting police corruption. The second research question proposed in this thesis is whether situational based theory could also be beneficial in the prevention of police corruption. Data drawn upon to test the first research question were interviews and surveys with police officers, public attitude surveys and statistics from the processing of complaints against police. Although each source has limitations, collectively the data are sufficiently comprehensive - and robust - to defend conclusions about the general direction of the changes which have occurred. These data indicate that the Fitzgerald Inquiry reforms have, at least to some degree, had their intended impact on the QPS. These reforms have contributed to an apparent improvement in public confidence in the complaints system and the QPS generally. Moreover, the available evidence suggests that the Fitzgerald Inquiry reforms have resulted in a weakening of the police code of silence. As far as the specific issue of corruption in the QPS is concerned, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions from existing data sources. However, the weight of the available evidence is that such conduct is less pervasive and occurs at lower levels than was the case in the pre-Fitzgerald Inquiry QPS. It is very difficult to ascertain which reform components were the most effective and which were not helpful at all, as these reform measures were initiated simultaneously. For example, the negative elements of the police culture may have been eliminated or reduced but whether it was the cultural strategies or one of the deterrence based strategies influencing officer behaviour remains unknown. The second main research question the thesis poses is that the use of situational crime prevention techniques has potential for contributing to the prevention of police corruption. A situational analysis of complaints against police data, including the development of a typology for classifying types of police corruption and misconduct, was used as an example of how this may be accomplished in Queensland. The study provides some, albeit limited, support for the hypothesis that situational crime prevention methods are applicable to police corruption. Based upon three years of complaints data, enough homogenous cases were gathered to enable the analysis of four categories of police corruption - Opportunistic Thefts, Driving under the Influence, Assault (while off-duty), and Theft from Employer. Given that this study only used three years of complaints data held by the CJC and more than nine years of data exist, productive situational analyses of many other categories of corruption is probable. This study also illustrated that complaints against police data are being under utilised by the QPS and the CJC. For future research in the situational analysis of complaints data, I recommend improving the gathering of data from complaints files for storage in electronic form to enable situational prevention analysis to be conducted more readily. A geographical example was used to illustrate further how complaints against police data could be more extensively utilised as a prevention tool. This analysis was conducted at an organisation unit level determined primarily by geographical factors. The complaint patterns of units of similar "task environments", as measured by unit size and type of duties performed, were compared in an attempt to identify those units experiencing the presence or absence of "bad apples" or a "negative culture". This study led to the conclusion that a divisional analysis of complaints data can provide information valuable in combatting police corruption. When task environment was held constant, it was possible to identify units experiencing the effects of possible "bad apples" and/or "negative cultures". Once these particular units were identified, intervention strategies to address the units' particular problem could be constructed. Future research in this area would involve ongoing divisional data analysis followed-up by individual assessment of officers identified as "bad apples", or a "compare-and-contrast" procedure to distinguish features requiring correction in units identified as having a "negative culture". The research findings presented in this thesis are that progress has occurred in a number of areas in addressing the problems identified by the Fitzgerald Inquiry, but that there is undoubtedly scope for more to be achieved. Despite the very significant increase in the resources and powers available to investigators post-Fitzgerald, it is still difficult to prove that a police officer engaged in misconduct, or that other officers were aware of this fact and had failed to take action, because of the constraints imposed by evidentiary and legal requirements. Thus, while it is vital to maintain an effective and credible independent complaints investigation system and ensure that there is a proper internal discipline process in place, the scope for increasing the "deterrent power" of the present system is limited. Putting more resources into complaints investigations might make a difference at the margins, but is unlikely to lead to a significant increase in the probability of a complaint being substantiated and a sanction imposed. Investing more resources in investigations has an additional cost in that such resources are then lost to other efforts to combat corruption that may provide more fruitful results in the long term. The value of an occasional substantiation is placed above the ability to engage in a large amount of prevention work. Inevitably then, three clear messages are apparent. First, continued effort must be made to modify the organisational climate of the QPS in terms of commitment to integrity. Recommended strategies to accomplish this end are to continue the recruitment of more educated, female and older officers to reduce police-citizen conflict and the negative elements of the police culture, and also to develop a comprehensive, integrated approach to ethics education for QPS officers at all ranks and positions. Second, other forms of deterrence against misconduct are needed such as the use of covert strategies like integrity testing which could be conducted in conjunction with the CJC. Third, a greater emphasis needs to be placed on developing and implementing preventive strategies. This thesis has shown that valuable prevention strategies can be gained from situational and divisional analysis of complaints data, and a range of proactive management options based upon situational crime prevention theory are recommended. These strategies have application in any police service.

Dans l'histoire de la pensée criminologique, l'école positiviste s'est distinguée par ses idées quelque peu révolutionnaires sur le crime, le criminel et également sur la manière de s'en défendre. Enrico Ferri, illustre représentant de cette école, est celui qui a le mieux synthétisé et diffusé ces idées dans le champ juridique international. C'est lui qui le plus contribué à donner à cette école son caractère de politique criminelle et de doctrine de droit pénal. mais malgré tout, il reste très peu étudié. Contrairement à d'autres criminologues, il n' pas eu la chance de voir ses idées répandues et mises en relief dans les sphères de la littérature criminologique, bien que sa pensée ait exercé une influence importante sur les transformations du droit pénal et que certaines de ses idées connaissent aujourd'hui un regain d'actualité. La pensée de Ferri se distingue particulièrement par la réaction sociale qu’il préconise à l’égard du criminel. Celle-ci découle de sa nouvelle approche scientifique du phénomène criminel et des transformations qu’il voulait opérer dans le droit pénal, pour l’adapter aux données de la criminologie. Ferri propose un système positiviste préventif et répressif de défense sociale. La prévention s’effectuera par des substitutifs pénaux. La répression sera assurée par des mesures réparatrices, des mesures neutralisatrices et des mesures éliminatrices, adaptées à la dangerosité de chaque délinquant. Cette pensée de Ferri connaît un certain renouveau dans l’actuel système pénal, à travers la résurgence des deux notions fondamentales de sa réaction sociale, en l’occurrence, la notion de dangerosité et la notion de mesures de sûreté. / In the history of criminological thought, the positivist school has been to some extent distinguished by its revolutionary ideas about crime, the criminal, and also about how to defend oneself against it. Enrico Ferri, the illustrious representative of this school, is the person who has best synthesized and disseminated these ideas in the international legal field. It is he who most contributed to giving this school its character of criminal policy and criminal law doctrine. Nevertheless, Ferri remains very little studied. Unlike other criminologists, he has not had the chance to see his ideas spread and brought to the fore in the spheres of criminological literature, notwithstanding that his thinking has had a significant influence on the transformations of criminal law and some of his ideas are now gaining new relevance. Ferri's thinking is distinguished in particular by the social reaction he advocates towards the criminal, which stems from his new scientific approach to the criminal phenomenon and the transformations he wanted to make in criminal law, to adapt it to the data of criminology. Ferri proposes a positivist preventive and repressive system of social defence. Prevention will be carried out by criminal substitutes. Repression will be ensured by restorative measures, neutralizing measures and elimination measures, adapted to the dangerousness of each offender. Ferri's thinking is undergoing a certain renewal in the current penal system, through the resurgence of the two fundamental notions of his social reaction, in this case, the notion of dangerousness and the notion of security measures.

The opportunity theory for crime is composed of three partial concepts. The first concept is the routine activity theory that works with a potential offender, a suitable target and a capable guardian. The opportunity for crime occurs in the moment when the offender faces the target while guardians are absent. The second concept, the rational choice perspective, is based on the idea that the offender considers benefit and risk stemming from the crime. The third concept is the crime pattern theory that focuses on the importance of time and space. This master thesis focuses on the usability of the opportunity theory for crime in the context of our current society. Although the opportunity theory for crime is nearly forty years old, this work shows that it is also applicable on cybercrime since some of the "classical" crimes moved from physical space to cyberspace. The potential offender and suitable target exist and behave similarly in cyberspace and in physical space. The difference between the two worlds is notable for the capable guardian, who does not occur randomly in the cyberspace but is embodied in the form of ever-present protection. The opportunity theory also claims that the opportunities are highly specific, they play role in causing all crime, they are influenced by technological...

Studiens syfte är att undersöka influensers möjlighet att vara ett hjälpande verktyg i det brottsförebyggande arbetet som sker över sociala medier. Relevansen för studiens syfte kan diskuteras utefter det faktum att internetanvändningen är en stor del av svenskars vardag samt har en fortsatt ökning i användandet. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har studien övergripande använt en kvantitativ metod, med inslag av kvalitativa aspekter, där bland annat webbenkäter användes för att belysa frågeställningarna utifrån allmänhetens perspektiv. Likväl har studien använt ett mailutskick, vilket syftar till att besvara frågeställningarna utifrån influensers perspektiv. Resultatet för studien baseras således på 423 enkätsvar samt svar från en influenser. Således diskuteras studiens resultat övergripande utefter enkätsvaren. Utefter det resultat som studien erhöll kan det diskuteras föreligga en möjlighet för influensers att vara en informationsspridande kanal i det brottsförebyggande arbetet. Detta då resultatet påvisar att respondenterna dels innehar ett förtroende för det influensers belyser likväl som de uppges vara mottagliga för kriminologiskt relevant information som presenteras på sociala medier. Resultatet visar att informationsspridningen fördelaktigen kan ske på plattformar vilka är videoanpassade, som exempelvis Instagram, Tiktok och Youtube. Likväl finns det ett stort intresse från allmänheten att influensers sprider information genom att dela myndigheters inlägg samt diskutera ämnet genom korrekt kunskap med källhänvisning. Avslutningsvis kan således influensers anses vara en bistående kraft inom det brottsförebyggande arbetet som sker över sociala medier, om detta görs utefter vissa premisser. / The aim of the study is to examine the possibility of influencers to be a helping hand in the area of crime prevention that takes place over the internet. The study's relevance can be discussed based on the fact that internet use is a large part of Swedes' everyday life and has a continued increase in use. To answer the study's purpose, the study overall used a quantitative method with elements of qualitative aspects. Web surveys were used to shed light on the issues from the public's perspective. Additionally, the study used e-mail interviews which aimed to answer the questions from the perspective of influences. The results for the study are based on 423 questionnaire responses, as well as one influencer. Thus, the results of the study are discussed overall according to the survey results. Based on the results obtained by the study, influencers' possibilities to be an information-disseminating channel in crime prevention work can be discussed. This result is based on respondents reporting a partial trust in what influencers illuminate, as well as they report being receptive to criminologically relevant information that is presented on social media. The results show that the dissemination of information can advantageously take place on platforms that are video-adapted, such as Instagram, Tiktok and Youtube. Furthermore, there is also reported a great interest in influencers spreading information by sharing the authorities' posts and discussing the subject through correct knowledge with correct references. In conclusion, influencers can thus be considered as an assisting force in the crime prevention work that cuts across social media, if this is done according to certain premises.

This qualitative research and case study analysis resulted from the dearth of information on livestock theft and the livestock theft perpetrators. The purpose of this study was to explore, describe and explain the criminal behaviour associated with livestock theft from a criminological point of view by compiling a sample-specific profile of the perpetrators. Interviews were conducted with 35 offenders, 28 case dockets were analysed and additional interviews were conducted with the SAPS STU members and victims to determine the modus operandi, motives and causes of the crimes. Criminological theories were applied to explain the offending behaviour. The findings of this study revealed that the livestock theft perpetrators come from diverse backgrounds regarding age, qualification status and socio-economic class. Their crimes were of an organised nature and the motives and causes revealed that financial intent was the main driving factor of the behind the thefts. / Dinyakisiso tsa boleng le tshekatsheko ya dinyakisiso tsa tiragalo di feleleditse ka tlhokego ya tshedimoso ka ga bohodu bja leruo le basenyi ba bohodu bja leruo. Maikemisetso a dinyakisiso tse e bile go utolla, go hlatholla le go hlalosa maitshwaro a bosenyi a go amana le bohudu bja leruo go ya ka lehlakore la tsa bosenyi ka go ngwala phrofaele ya mabapi le sampole ya mahodu a leruo. Dipoledisano di swerwe le basenyi ba 35, ditokete tsa melato di ile tsa sekasekwa gomme dipoledisano tsa tlaleletso di ile tsa swarwa le maloko a Lekala la Maphodisa leo le somago ka Bohodu bja Leruo le batswasehlabelo ka nepo ya go tseba mokgwa wo o somiswago ka bohodung bja leruo, maikemisetso le tseo di bakago bosenyi. Diteori ka ga dithuto tsa bosenyi di ile tsa diriswa go hlalosa maitshwaro a tshenyo. Dikutollo tsa dinyakisiso di utollotse gore basenyi ba bohodu bja leruo ba tswa maemong ao a fapanego mabapi le mengwaga, maemo a tsa thuto le maemo a ekonomi ya setshaba. Bosenyi bja bona ke bjo bo rulagantswego gomme maikemisetso le dilo tseo di bakago bosenyi di utollotse gore maikemisetso a tsa ditshelete, bojato, go iphedisa, tlhokego ya mesomo, boipuseletso, kgatelelo ya sethaka, maemo a setshabeng le tshomisobosaedi ya diokobatsi e bile dilo tse kgolo tseo di bakago bohodu. / Uhlaziyo locwaningo lwe-qualitative kanye ne-case study luvezwe wumphumela wokusweleka kolwazi ngokuntshontshwa kwemfuyo kanye nalabo abantshontsha imfuyo. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola, ukucacisa kanye nokuchaza ukuziphatha kobugebengu obuhambisana nokuntshontshwa kwemfuyo, ngokulandela izifundo zezobugebengu ngokwenza uhlaka olulula lohlobo lwalabo abenza lobu bugebengu. Kwenziwe izingxoxo zama-interview nabenzi bubugebengu abangu 35, kwahlaziywa namadokethi amacala kwabuye kwenziwa ama-interview namalunga ezamaphoyisa abhekene nokuntshontshwa kwemfuyo abe-Stock Theft Unit kanye nalabo abangamaxhoba okuntshontshelwa imfuyo, ukuthola indlela okusetshenzwa ngayo, isisusa kanye nembangela yobugebengu. Amathiyori ezifundo ngobugebengu asethenziswe ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha kobugebengu. Okutholakele kucwaningo kuveze ukuthi izigebengu ezintshontsha imfuyo zivela emikhakheni ehlukene, maqondana neminyaka yobudala, izinga lemfundo kanye nesimo sezomnotho emphakathini. Ubugebengu yinhlobo yobugebengu obuhleliwe, kanti izisusa nezimbangela zikhombise inhloso yezezimali, ubugovu, ukuzama ukuziphilisa, ukusweleka kwemisebenzi, impindiselo, ingcindezelo ngontanga, isimo emphakathini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngezinye zezinto ezingumfutho obangela lokhu kuntshontshwa kwemfuyo. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

L’internationalisation des échanges économiques inscrit les économies nationales dans un ordre mondialisé. Ce contexte de la mondialisation intensifie les échanges commerciaux et la concurrence des entreprises. Celles-ci doivent perpétuellement lutter pour survivre sur le marché. Pour ne pas disparaître, elles doivent devenir plus fortes, et plus grandes. Elles sont dès lors contraintes à un développement externe. Ce mode de croissance externe se matérialise par des opérations de concentration : fusion, scission, apports partiels d’actifs, cession de contrôle, offres publiques. Il s’agit d’étudier les fusions-acquisitions. Depuis quelques années, ces opérations sont devenues une réalité de la vie des affaires. Relayées à chaque réalisation - du moins les plus significatives - par les médias, elles sont le plus souvent connues pour la synergie qu’elles réalisent et/ou les conséquences sociales qu’elles emportent. Traitées dans les manuels de sciences économiques et de sciences juridiques de manière générale, les fusions-acquisitions sont rarement envisagées sous l’angle exclusif du droit pénal. C’est précisément l’objet de cette étude. Néanmoins, seules les opérations de fusions, scissions, et offres publiques, en droit pénal sont envisagées. Les risques juridiques liés à ces opérations, en particulier les risques pénaux, se situent à tous les étages. Dans le cadre de ces opérations, le droit pénal a vocation à protéger les différents intérêts en jeu, c’est-à-dire les divers intérêts des acteurs, personnes physiques ou morales. Mais certains obstacles obligent à une application mesurée du droit pénal en la matière. Le premier est la notion de personnalité juridique, fondement de plusieurs principes de droit pénal ; le second est une conjugaison de plusieurs difficultés : La diversité et/ou la spécificité des réglementations applicables à ces opérations, le caractère souvent international de ces dernières et la portée limitée du droit pénal accessoire. Cette étude se propose de concilier ces obstacles avec la nécessité et les exigences d’une vraie, juste et meilleure répression lors de la réalisation de ces opérations de ces opérations de fusions-acquisitions. En ce sens, notre contribution insiste sur un renouvellement de l’application du droit pénal lors de la réalisation de ces opérations. Deux principales pistes sont envisagées : considérer le caractère économique de l’opération pour consacrer une pénalisation – entendue ici comme l’action de sanctionner et de renforcer la sanction - des fusions-acquisitions eu égard au droit pénal économique ; prendre appui sur la notion d’entreprise pour apporter une réponse pénale adaptée à la répression. C’est à cette double condition que le droit pénal aura un réel intérêt dans le cadre de ces opérations. / The Internationalization of economical exchanges inscribes national’s economies in a globalized order. This globalized context intensifies the business’s trades and the competition between companies. These have to perpetually struggle to survive on the market. To avoid disappearance, they have to become stronger and bigger. Thenceforth, they are constrained to an external growth. This type of external growth materializes itself by concentrations: such as mergers, scissions, acquisitions, partial transfers of assets, transfers of control, takeovers. We talk about mergers and acquisitions. For some years now, these transactions had become a reality in a business’s life. Relay at each realization – at least the most significant ones – by the media, they are most known for the synergy they realized and/or social consequencies they cary. Generally studied in economics sciences and legal sciences manuals, mergers and acquisitions are rarely considered exclusively by criminal approach. This is precisely the purpose of this study. Nevertheless, only concentrations such as mergers scissions and takeovers will be considered in this study. Legal risks tied to such transactions, in particular criminal ones, are found at all stages. In the context of those concentrations, criminal Law is intended to protect all different interests in presence, meaning actors, natural persons as well as legal persons. But some certain obstacles call for a measured or moderated application of criminal Law. The first one is the legal personality, the basis of multiples criminal Law principles. The second is a combination of many or multiples difficulties: the diversity and/or the specificity of the applicable rules to those transactions, usually the international character of the latter ones and the limited scope of the Law on secondary penalties. This study is proposing to conciliate those obstacles with the necessity of and the requirements of a true, just and better criminal repression during these transactions realization. For this purpose, our contribution lay stress on renewal of the criminal Law application during the mergers and acquisitions. Two mains avenues will be considered: consider the economic character of the transactions to apply a penalization; intended here as the act of sanctioning and re-enforce the penalty of mergers and acquisitions in view of economic criminal Law; laying on the notion of enterprise to bring a penal answer adapted to the penalty. It will be at this double condition that the criminal Law will have a real interest in the frame, limit of those transactions.

Department of Criminal Justice / See the attached abstract below

This qualitative case study research endeavour is a direct result of limited research on female fraud research in South Africa. The research questions that guided this research are: What are the different pathways and lived experiences of the females incarcerated for fraud?; What are the causes, contributory factors and motives of the sample-specific female fraud offenders? and Can the criminal behaviour of each female offender be explained by means of criminological theories?. Seven adult female offenders voluntarily participated in this research project and their unique narratives, pathways and lived experiences were depicted and analysed to determine the causes, contributory factors and motives related to their offending behaviour. Criminological theories and the gendered theory of female offending were applied to explain their fraud-related behaviours. The findings suggest that overlapping causes (i.e. lack of self-control), contributory factors (i.e. rationalisation of behaviour) and motives (i.e. greed) played a prominent role in the female offenders’ fraud-related behaviours. / Lolu cwaningo lwe-case study yengqikithi ngumphumela oqonde ngqo wocwaningo olufishane lwenkwabaniso eyenziwa ngabesimame eNingizimu Afrika. Imibuzo yocwaningo eyaba ngumkhombandlela walolu cwaningo yilena elandelayo: Ngabe yini imigudu nezipiliyoni zempilo abahlangabezana nayo abesimame ababoshelwe inkwabaniso?; Ngabe yini izimbangela zenkwabaniso, yini izinto ezinomthelela kanye nezinto ezigqugquzele abesimame abenza amacala enkwabaniso kulabo ababeyisampuli yabesimame abenza inkwabaniso? kanti futhi, Ngabe ukuziphatha kobugebengu kwabesimame abanamacala kungachazwa ngamathiyori emfundo ngobubegengu? Abesimame abayisikhombisa abanamacala enkwabaniso bangenela ucwaningo ngokuzithandela kuleprojekthi yocwaningo, kanti izipiliyoni zempilo yabo kwachazwa futhi kwahlaziyiwa ukuthola izimbangela, izinto ezibe nomthelela kanye nezinto ezigqugquzele ukuziphatha kwabo kobugebengu. Amathiyori emfundo ngobugebengu kanye namathiyori ngabesimame abenza amacala nawo asetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwabo kwenkwabaniso. Imiphumela yocwaningo ithole ukuxhumana kwezimbangela (isib. ukwehluleka ukuzilawula, ezinye izinto ezibe nomthelela (ukuzichaza impatho yabo ngezindlela ezithile), okubagqugquzelile (isib. umhobholo) konke lokhu kwaba nendima enkulu kwabesimame abenze amacala enkwabaniso nokuziphatha kwabo. / Patlisiso eno e e lebelelang mabaka mo kgetseng e e rileng ke ditlamorago ka tlhamalalo tsa dipatlisiso tse di lekanyeditsweng tsa patlisiso ya boferefere jo bo dirwang ke basadi mo Aforikaborwa. Dipotsopatlisiso tse di kaetseng patlisiso eno ke: Dikgato tse di farologaneng gongwe maitemogelo a basadi ba ba tshwaretsweng boferefere ke afe?; Mabaka, dintlha tse di tshwaelang le maitlhomo a batlolamolao ba boferefere ba basadi ba ba dirisitsweng jaaka sampole ke eng? le A maitsholo a bosenyi a motlolamolao mongwe le mongwe wa mosadi a ka tlhalosiwa ka ditiori tsa bosenyi? Batlolamolao ba basadi ba le supa ba ithaopile go nna le seabe mo porojekeng eno ya patlisiso mme dikgang tsa bona tse di kgethegileng, dikgato le maitemogelo a ba a tshetseng di tlhagisitswe le go sekasekwa go swetsa gore mabaka, dintlha tse di tshwaelang le maitlhomo a a amanang le mokgwa wa bona wa tlolomolao ke afe. Ditiori tsa bosenyi le tiori e e amanang le bong ya tlolomolao ya basadi di dirisitswe go tlhalosa mekgwa ya bona e e amanang le boferefere. Diphitlhelelo di supa gore mabaka (go tewa go tlhoka go itaola), dintlha tse di tshwaelang (go tewa go leka go tlhalosa mabaka a maitsholo) le maitlhomo (go tewa bogagapa) a nnile le seabe se segolo mo maitsholong a amanang le boferefere a batlolamolao ba basadi. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)