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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No-tillage (NT) is a tillage system more important for the sustainability of agro-ecosystems. However doubts remain concerning the formation of layers with high compaction level in NT, residual effects of soil chiseling, and alteration of soil structure during the time of adoption of NT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of crop rotation, chiseling and periodic time of adoption of NT on the physical quality of a Rhodic Eutrudox, and productivity of soybean and wheat. The tillage systems were: (i) conventional tillage by disk harrow (CT); (ii) NT with chiseling every year (NTC1); (iii) NT with chiseling every three years (NTC3); (iv) NT for 11 consecutive years (NT11) and; (v) NT for consecutive 24 years (NT24) while the cropping factor include: (i) crop rotation and (ii) crop succession. Sampling was conducted 10 and 22 months after last chiseling in NTC1 and NTC3, respectively. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in soil layers, 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m for the determination of physical attributes (particle density and particle size distribution, bulk density, porosity, macro and micropores, soil penetration resistance (SPR), SPR curve, water retention curve, least limiting water range), while disturbed samples were used to quantify soil chemical properties (soil acidity, macronutrients, organic carbon, nitrogen). In the soil depth, 0.10 and 0.20 m, three-dimensional infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity were determined in-situ. At maturity, the productivity of soybeans and wheat was determined. There was no interaction between tillage and cropping system. The variables analyzed did not change as a function of the cropping systems. The chemical attributes were not limiting the productivity of soybeans. The physical attributes indicated that the residual effects of soil chiseling did not persist for longer than 10 months. Increasing the time of adoption of NT from 11 to 24 years favored improvements in soil physical quality. The NT24 had higher yield of soybeans than SPC. Chiseling did not result in increased productivity of soybeans and wheat compared with NT. The increased time without tilling the soil, in the same soil bulk density and water content favored increase in resistance of soil structure. Critical limits of SPR (2 MPa) are inadequate for the assessment of soil physical quality in NT with or without soil chiseling. These SPR limits should be expanded to 3 MPa in NT with chiseling and 3.5 MPa in NT. The least limiting water range, regardless of soil management, cropping system and critical limits of SPR was not a good indicator of soil physical quality. / O sistema plantio direto (SPD) é o sistema de manejo mais importante para a sustentabilidade dos agroecossitemas. No entanto persistem dúvidas relacionadas com a formação de camadas com maior nível de compactação em SPD, efeitos residuais da escarificação do solo, e alteração da estrutura pelo tempo de adoção do SPD. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da rotação de culturas, da escarificação periódica e do tempo de adoção do SPD na qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, e na produtividade de grãos de soja e do trigo. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (manejos do solo x modelos de produção), com quatro repetições. Os sistemas de manejo do solo foram: (i) sistema de preparo convencional (SPC); (ii) SPD escarificado a cada ano (SPDE1); (iii) SPD escarificado a cada três anos (SPDE3); (iv) SPD contínuo por 11 anos (SPDC11); (v) SPD contínuo por 24 anos (SPDC24). Os modelos de produção foram: (i) rotação e; (ii) sucessão de culturas. A amostragem foi realizada após 10 e 22 meses da última escarificação no SPDE1 e SPDE3, respectivamente. Nas camadas de 0,0-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo para determinação de atributos físicos (densidade e distribuição do tamanho de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporos, resistência do solo à penetração (RP), curva de RP, curva de retenção de água, intervalo hídrico ótimo), e amostras deformadas para determinação de atributos químicos do solo (acidez do solo, macronutrientes, carbono, nitrogênio). Nas profundidades de 0,10 e de 0,20 m, foi determinada a taxa de infiltração tridimensional de água e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado no campo. Foi determinada a produtividade de grãos de soja e de trigo. Não houve interação entre os sistemas de manejo do solo e os modelos de produção. As variáveis analisadas não foram alteradas em função dos modelos de produção. Os atributos químicos não foram limitantes a produtividade de grãos de soja. Os atributos físicos indicam que os efeitos residuais da escarificação do solo não persistem por um período maior do que 10 meses. O aumento do tempo de adoção do SPD de 11 para 24 anos favoreceu melhorias na qualidade física do solo. O SPDC24 apresentou maior produtividade de grãos de soja do que o SPC. A escarificação do solo não resultou em aumento de produtividade de grãos de soja e de trigo em comparação com SPD. O aumento do tempo sem revolvimento do solo, em uma mesma densidade do solo e conteúdo de água, favorece incrementos na resistência da estrutura do solo. Os limites críticos de RP de 2 MPa são inadequados para avaliação da qualidade física do solo em SPD com ou sem escarificação do solo. Estes limites de RP devem ser ampliados para 3 MPa em SPD com escarificação e para 3,5 MPa em SPD consolidado. O intervalo hídrico ótimo, independente do manejo do solo, modelo de produção e limites críticos de RP, não foi um bom indicador da qualidade física do solo.

Du fait de la réduction de l'usage des produits phytosanitaires, les bioagresseurs du sol, notamment les champignons Sclerotinia et les nématodes à galles Meloidogyne, sont de plus en plus préoccupants en maraîchage sous abri. Des techniques alternatives existent, mais leurs efficacités partielles et variables nécessitent la recherche de nouvelles stratégies pour leur gestion.Cette étude vise à déterminer l'intérêt de combiner deux techniques, la solarisation et l'engrais vert (Sorgho sudanense) et les influences des successions culturales et des fréquences d'utilisation de ces techniques sur leurs efficacités.Pour cela, un dispositif en parcelles de producteurs a permis de suivre l'évolution des incidences et sévérités de Sclerotinia et Meloidogyne dans différents systèmes de culture.Les effets des cultures de melon sont prédominants sur ceux des techniques alternatives, de façon opposée pour ces deux bioagresseurs. Les successions incluant du melon favorisent les plus fortes attaques de Meloidogyne alors qu'elles réduisent celles de Sclerotinia. Pour ce pathogène, l'utilisation de solarisation tous les ans ou un an sur deux en combinaison avec l'engrais vert en assure le contrôle le plus efficace. Par contre, la culture de melon étant très sensible à Meloidogyne, elle masque les effets des techniques alternatives.Des propositions d'amélioration de systèmes de culture, basées sur la modification des fréquences de culture du melon et sur l'optimisation de l'usage des techniques alternatives, ont été faites pour la gestion commune de Sclerotinia et Meloidogyne.Ces résultats montrent les interactions entre les différentes pratiques culturales utilisées sur une parcelle et l'intérêt des études agronomiques systémiques. De plus, les effets opposés observés d'un même système de culture soulignent l'intérêt d'études multi-bioagresseurs, pour ne pas faire de propositions qui résolvent un problème mais en aggravent d'autres. / In the current context of the reduction of pesticide use, soilborne pests and diseases, and especially the fungi Sclerotinia and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne, become more and more worrying in vegetable production under shelter in Southern France. Alternative techniques exist, but their partial and varying efficiencies require the search for new strategies of management of these pests and diseases fit for producers.Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the benefit of combinations of two techniques, soil solarisation and green manure (Sorghum sudanense). It is also to determine the influences of crop successions and frequences of these techniques on their individual efficiencies.To this effect, a setup of producers' plots has been designed. The spatiotemporal evolution of incidences and severities of Sclerotinia and Meloidogyne in several cropping systems has been observed on this setup.The presence of a melon crop has a major influence on the efficiency of the alternative techniques. Opposite effects for the two considered pests and diseases appeared. Crops successions with melon are most favourable to highest infestations of Meloidogyne whereas, Sclerotinia infections are reduced. For this pathogen, a solarisation every year or every two years ensures the most effective control. On the contrary, in the case of Meloidogyne, the melon crop is very sensitive to this pest, a characteristic that masks the positive effects of alternative techniques.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Limpopo Province is a semi-arid region prone to drought. Crop yields continue to decline due to low soil fertility and poor cropping systems. Cowpea is nutritionally rich in proteins essential for human consumption and livestock feeding. It fixes N2 which becomes available for the succeeding crop in rotation. For this reason, it is used as a companion crop in cereal-legume intercropping systems. Maize is one of the most important grain crops in South Africa, it serves as the major staple food for many households. Phosphorus is one of the macro-nutrient elements required by crops to produce satisfactory yields. The interactions between different rates of P fertilisation and cowpea-maize strip intercropping have not been studied in detail under rain-fed maize-cowpea strip intercropping in Limpopo Province. Many smallholder farmers in Limpopo Province obtain low yields due to the practice of mixed intercropping. Two season (2014/15 and 2015/16) experiments were laid out in a split-split plot design at Syferkuil farm to determine the performance of cowpea and maize varieties in cowpeamaize strip intercropping at varying P application rates. Treatments consisted of factors namely, P levels (0, 15, 30, 45 kg/ha), cropping system (monocropping and intercropping), maize varieties (WE3127 and ZM1423) and cowpea varieties (PAN311, TVu13464, IT86D-1010 and IT82D-889). Data were collected from growth and yield parameters that included (number of days to flowering, plant height, number of days to physiological maturity, root weight, number of pods per plant, unshelled net pod weight, number of cobs per plant, unshelled net cob weight and grain yield) in order to determine their performance. Results obtained revealed that P application levels significantly influenced most of the measured growth and yield parameters of both crops. PAN311 flowered earliest (49 days) across P levels. Increasing P application hastened the maturity of the varieties of PAN 311 and TVu13464 in both seasons. The P levels of 30 and 45 kg/ha reduced the number of days to maturity as compared to 0 and 15 kg/ha. TVu13464 variety produced more pods per plant (30) than other varieties. PAN311 yielded more grains (2491 kg/ha) than other varieties. Maize varieties performed well between P applications of 30 and 45 kg/ha. WE3127 yielded 3462 kg/ha whereas ZM1423 yielded 3306 kg/ha. Intercropping vi system performed better than monocropping system based on the measured growth and yield parameters. Two promising cowpea varieties (PAN311 and TVu13464) performed well and were selected based on their early maturity, drought tolerance and high yielding. Increasing P application levels increased crop yield. Optimum P levels for cowpea-maize strip intercropping were between 30 and 45 kg/ha. The calculated LER values were greater than one which indicates that intercropping was advantageous in land utilisation. The study showed the importance of P application in improving cowpea yield in cowpeamaize strip intercropping. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and University of Missouri, USA

Rice and maize are global staple food and play an important role in world’s food security strategy. Vietnam is one of rice leading export countries but annually it has to import a considerate amount of maize for cattle food processing. Red River Delta in the north of Vietnam is the second rice bucket of the country, which is responsible formore than 20% of total rice production. The priority crops in the areas are rice and maize and rice-maize system is the leading cropping system in the area. Currently, it is reported that the rice-maize cropping system is not sustainable and its profit is reducing in most of production areas in the Red River Delta. Improving rice cropping system aims is not only to increase rice and maize yields and production but also to improve the land use efficiency, decline the cost of the production and to increase system sustainability. To increase sustainability there must be a linkage of various factors. This review emphasizes on increasing rice-maize crop sustainability by applying appropriate agriculture practices such as reducing chemical fertilization and intensive tillage. / Gạo và ngô là nguồn lương thực chính cho toàn cầu và đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong chiến lược an ninh lương thực của thế giới. Việt Nam là một trong những nước dẫn đầu về xuất khẩu gạo nhưng hàng năm vẫn phải nhập một số lượng lớn ngô để chế biến thức ăn gia súc. Đồng bằng sông Hồng là một trong hai vựa lúa lớn của Việt Nam sản xuất khoảng 20% sản lượng lúa gạo của cả nước. Ở đồng bằng sông Hồng, lúa và ngô là hai cây trồng chính là hệ canh tác lúa-ngô là cơ cấu cây trồng hàng đầu trong vùng. Tuy nhiên, trong những năm gần đây, rất nhiều đánh giá cho thấy hệ thống canh tác lúa-ngô là hệ thống canh tác không bền vững và các lợi nhuận của mang lại từ cơ cấu canh tác ở hầu hết các khu vực sản xuất ở vùng đồng bằng sông Hồng của Việt Nam đã và đang giảm dần. Do đó, việc cải thiện cơ cấu canh tác lúa-ngô không chỉ nhằm mục đích tăng năng suất lúa và ngô mà còn nâng cao hiệu quả sử dụng đất, giảm chi phí sản xuất và tăng cường hệ thống canh tác bền vững. Tuy nhiên, để tăng tính bền vững của hệ thống canh tác thì phải liên kết nhiều yếu tố khác nhau. Bài viết này dựa vào các kết quả nghiên cứu của các tác giả khác nhau để đưa ra những giải pháp tích cực làm tăng tính bền vững của hệ thống canh tác lúa-ngô bằng cách áp dụng các phương pháp canh tác hợp lý như giảm sử dụng phân hóa học và các biện pháp canh tác thâm canh như áp dụng phương pháp làm đất tối thiểu.

Second-generation biofuels could provide renewable energy while reducing the globaleconomy dependence on oil and mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gasemission balances, as well as their energy and environmental balances, are discussed,especially when they are produced from agricultural feedstock. The use of agriculturalfeedstock for energy purposes also raises the issue of competition with food production. Inthis context, this work contributes to the assessment of the sustainability of Miscanthus xgiganteus, a perennial C4 crop candidate to the production of second-generation ethanol. Theobjectives of this work are (i) to achieve a multicriteria evaluation of cropping systems basedon M. Giganteus using data collected in farmers’ fields and (ii) to compare these croppingsystems with cropping systems including other resources Agricultural candidates for biofuelproduction. The main contributions of this work are (i) the study of the variability of yieldsand winter nitrate losses in a network of commercial fields located in Burgundy (France), (ii)the characterization by modeling of M. giganteus long-term yield evolution and (iii) theintegration of these findings in a process of cropping systems design and assessment aimingat comparing M. giganteus with other feedstock candidate to the production of bioethanol.The study of M. giganteus in farmers’ fields shows that the high variability of yields andnitrate losses is linked to (i) crop age, (ii) soil type and (iii) the type of field (i.e. culturalhistory, size, shape, and environment). Contrasting yield scenarios, built by combining datacollected in commercial fields with a long-term yield evolution model, show that thesensitivity of assessment results regarding yields depends on the assessment field. Theinsertion of M. giganteus in a cropping system can significantly improve the greenhouse gasemission balance as well as the environmental balance, compared with a cropping systembased on a short cropping sequence. Economic results depend strongly on M. giganteus yield.Other agricultural feedstocks are also interesting, especially on soils where the yield potentialof M. giganteus is low: this is particularly the case of alfalfa stems, which can be used forsecond-generation ethanol production. / Second-generation biofuels could provide renewable energy while reducing the globaleconomy dependence on oil and mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gasemission balances, as well as their energy and environmental balances, are discussed,especially when they are produced from agricultural feedstock. The use of agriculturalfeedstock for energy purposes also raises the issue of competition with food production. Inthis context, this work contributes to the assessment of the sustainability of Miscanthus xgiganteus, a perennial C4 crop candidate to the production of second-generation ethanol. Theobjectives of this work are (i) to achieve a multicriteria evaluation of cropping systems basedon M. Giganteus using data collected in farmers’ fields and (ii) to compare these croppingsystems with cropping systems including other resources Agricultural candidates for biofuelproduction. The main contributions of this work are (i) the study of the variability of yieldsand winter nitrate losses in a network of commercial fields located in Burgundy (France), (ii)the characterization by modeling of M. giganteus long-term yield evolution and (iii) theintegration of these findings in a process of cropping systems design and assessment aimingat comparing M. giganteus with other feedstock candidate to the production of bioethanol.The study of M. giganteus in farmers’ fields shows that the high variability of yields andnitrate losses is linked to (i) crop age, (ii) soil type and (iii) the type of field (i.e. culturalhistory, size, shape, and environment). Contrasting yield scenarios, built by combining datacollected in commercial fields with a long-term yield evolution model, show that thesensitivity of assessment results regarding yields depends on the assessment field. Theinsertion of M. giganteus in a cropping system can significantly improve the greenhouse gasemission balance as well as the environmental balance, compared with a cropping systembased on a short cropping sequence. Economic results depend strongly on M. giganteus yield.Other agricultural feedstocks are also interesting, especially on soils where the yield potentialof M. giganteus is low: this is particularly the case of alfalfa stems, which can be used forsecond-generation ethanol production.

An drei Standorten wurde die schädlingsregulierende Wirkung einer Raps-Rübsen-Mischsaat (Verhältnis 9:1) gegenüber einer Raps-Reinsaat bewertet. Des Weiteren wurden naturstoffliche und nach § 6a PflSchG selbst hergestellte Pflanzenschutzmittel als auch eine Käfersammelmaschine zur Regulierung der Stängelrüssler (Ceutorhynchus spp.) und des Rapsglanzkäfers (Meligethes aeneus F.) in Labor- und Freilandversuchen angewandt. In der Mischsaat war die Schaderregerabundanz gegenüber der Reinsaat zumeist erhöht. Diese führte zu einem teils signifikant stärkeren Schaderregerbefall der Rapspflanzen in der Mischsaat. Die Mischsaat erbrachte zudem einen teils signifikant geringeren Kornertrag. Natur-Pyrethrum und Spinosad führten im Labor zu deutlich erhöhten Mortalitäten bei den Stängelrüsslern. Im Freiland war kein Effekt erkennbar. Bei der Regulierung der Rapsglanzkäfer wies Spinosad in Feld- und Laborversuchen Wirkungsgrade bis zu 100 % auf. Gespritztes Gesteinsmehl und SiO2 zeigten einen nur geringen Effekt. Für die gleichmäßige Benetzung der Pflanzen mit diesen Präparaten kommt der Formulierung der Pflanzenschutzbrühe und der wiederholten Applikation eine hohe Bedeutung zu. Ökonomisch sind mehrfache Applikationen jedoch abzulehnen. Gestäubtes Gesteinsmehl und die Käfersammelmaschine sind aus Praktikabilitätsgründen nicht geeignet zur Regulierung der Rapsglanzkäfer. Ebenso wenig geeignet sind Quassin, Azadirachtin oder ein Bacillus thuringiensis-Präparat (B.t.t.). Mit Ausnahme einer Spinosad Applikation erzielte keine Pflanzenschutzmaßnahme einen wirtschaftlichen Mehrertrag. Stickstoffmangel und Unkrautkonkurrenz scheinen im ökologischen Rapsanbau häufig stärker auf die Limitierung der Kornerträge zu wirken als ein leichter bis mittlerer Schädlingsbefall. Je besser die Nährstoffversorgung und je geringer die Unkrautkonkurrenz, desto eher kann durch Pflanzenschutz ein wirtschaftlicher Mehrertrag realisiert werden. Die nötigen Pflanzenschutzkonzepte fehlen jedoch weiterhin. / On three sites the pest-regulating effect of a rape-turnip rape mixed cropping system (ratio 9:1) in comparison to rape in pure stand was assessed. Further, natural and self-produced natural insecticide solutions (§ 6a Plant Protection Act) and a beetle collecting machine to regulate the stem weevils (Ceutorhynchus spp.) and the pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus F.) were applied in laboratory and field experiments. Compared to the fields in pure stand the mixed crop showed a significantly greater abundance of pests. This resulted in a sometimes significantly greater pest infestation of the rape plants in the mixed crop. Furthermore, the mixed crop often had a significantly lower grain yield. The use of natural pyrethrum and Spinosad resulted in significantly higher mortality rates of the stem weevils in laboratory tests. Under field conditions no effect could be detected. In the regulation of the pollen beetles, Spinosad demonstrated under field and laboratory conditions efficiencies of up to 100 %. Sprayed mineral powder or SiO2 had only a slight effect. For a uniform wetting of the plants with these compounds the formulation of the phytosanitary broth and its repeated application are important factors. From an economic perspective, however, repeated applications are inefficient. For reasons of practicality rock-dusted flour and the beetle-collecting machine are not suitable for pollen beetle regulation. Quassin is just as inappropriate as Azadirachtin, or Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.t.) for the regulation of the pollen beetle. With the exception of one Spinosad application, no protection measure provided an economic surplus. Nitrogen deficiency and weeds seem to more frequently limit grain yield than slight to moderate pest infestation levels. The better the nutrient supply and the lower the weed competition, the more likely by crop protection can be realized an economic surplus. Adequate crop protection strategies, however, have not yet been developed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karine Sato da Silva.pdf: 1399940 bytes, checksum: 7e4d6aa73a1bc504cbbbf109e805da76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The subsoil acidity is harmful towards the growing of plants roots and, consequently, affects the agricultural productivity. In handled areas in the no-till cropping system (SPD), the toxic effects caused by high levels of Al and Mn, due to the soil acidity, are corrected by the superficial liming. This technique improves the acidity of the superficial layers, but it presents no great efficiency in the acidity correction of deeper layers of the soil. The agricultural gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is an input that might help in the improvement of the subsoil’s chemical conditions, because besides of being a Ca and S source, it is also able to transport cationic nutrients to the sub superficial layers and reduce the Al activity. It happens, however, that there are questions about which situations may be expected beneficial effects regarding the agricultural gypsum use, and as for the amount that should be applied to reach such effects. A possible form to assist the comprehension of these questions is with the Data Mining (MD) utilization. However, the agronomic databases usually involve a limited number of registers, which difficult the MD use. As a result, this study addresses, beyond the MD utilization, a new research area involving MD in small databases. Therewith, the goals of this work were:(i) obtaining a better comprehension of the gypsum application effects in the chemical attributes of handled soil in SPD, (ii) identifying the chemical attributes of the soil that present narrower correlations with the estimation of the need of gypsum using selection techniques at the pre-processing stage, and (iii) defining models to the estimation of the need of agricultural gypsum in soils under SPD. The database used in this study was obtained from three distinct areas of the region of Campos Gerais do Parana, containing chemical attributes of the soil in different epochs coming from SPD experiments, which received increasing doses of agricultural gypsum on their surfaces. It was used Principal Component Analysis techniques based on B2 and B4 criteria, and also the Supervised ACP technique. Still regarding the pre-processing techniques, it was implemented a covariance matrix that assumes the marginal independence between the base attributes in their calculus and utilizes the B2 and B4 criteria for the attributes selection. For the databases expansion, besides the SMOTE technique, it was implemented the megatrend-diffusion (MTD) method. The M5Rules algorithm was utilized to find models of estimation of the need of agricultural gypsum. The results showed that the elapsed time after the gypsum application (epoch), the saturation through Ca and the saturation through Mg in the capacity of effective cations exchange (CTCe) of soil were the attributes which presented the narrower correlations with the dose estimation of gypsum. The work identified four possible models for the estimation of the need of agricultural gypsum, showing that the M5Rules algorithm was efficient for such prediction. The MTD method presented positive results because increased the correlation coefficient and reduced the average absolute error. / A acidez do subsolo é prejudicial ao crescimento das raízes das plantas e, consequentemente, afeta a produtividade agrícola. Em áreas manejadas no sistema plantio direto (SPD), os efeitos tóxicos causados pelos teores elevados de Al e Mn, decorrentes da acidez do solo, são corrigidos pela calagem superficial. Essa prática melhora a acidez das camadas superficiais, mas não apresenta grande eficiência na correção da acidez em camadas mais profundas do solo. O gesso agrícola (CaSO4.2H2O) é um insumo que pode auxiliar na melhoria das condições químicas do subsolo, pois além de ser fonte de Ca e S, também é capaz de transportar nutrientes catiônicos para as camadas subsuperficiais e reduzir a atividade do Al. Acontece,porém, que ainda existem dúvidas sobre quais as situações em que podem ser esperados efeitos benéficos do uso de gesso agrícola e também quanto à dose que deve ser aplicada para alcançar tais efeitos. Uma forma possível para auxiliar na compreensão dessas dúvidas é a utilização da Mineração de Dados (MD). Entretanto, as bases de dados agronômicos normalmente envolve um número limitado de registros, o que dificulta o emprego da MD. Em decorrência disso, estudou-se, além da utilização da MD, uma nova área de pesquisa que envolve a MD em pequenas bases. Com isso, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: (i) obter melhor compreensão dos efeitos da aplicação do gesso nos atributos químicos de solos manejados no SPD, (ii) identificar os atributos químicos do solo que apresentam correlações mais estreitas com a estimativa da necessidade de gesso usando técnicas de seleção na etapa de pré-processamento, e (iii) definir modelos para estimativa de necessidade de gesso agrícola em solos sob SPD. A base de dados utilizada nesse estudo foi obtida de três áreas distintas da região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná, contendo atributos químicos do solo em diferentes épocas provenientes de experimentos sob SPD que receberam doses crescentes de gesso agrícola na superfície. Utilizaram-se técnicas de Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) baseada nos critérios B2 e B4 e, ainda, a técnica de ACP Supervisionado. Quanto às técnicas de pré-processamento, implementou-se também uma matriz de covariância que assume a independência marginal entre os atributos da base no seu cálculo e utiliza os critérios B2 e B4 para a seleção dos atributos. Para ampliação da base de dados, além da técnica SMOTE, foi empregado o método mega-trend-diffusion (MTD). O algoritmo M5Rules foi utilizado para encontrar modelos de estimativa da necessidade de gesso agrícola. Os resultados mostraram que o tempo decorrido após a aplicação de gesso (época), a saturação por Ca e a saturação por Mg na capacidade de troca de cátions efetiva (CTCe) do solo foram os atributos que apresentaram as correlações mais estreitas com a estimativa da dose de gesso. O trabalho identificou quatro possíveis modelos para a estimativa da necessidade de gesso, mostrando que o algoritmo M5Rules foi eficiente para tal predição. O emprego do método MTD apresentou resultados positivos porque aumentou o coeficiente de correlação e diminuiu o erro médio absoluto.

L’utilisation des Produits Résiduaires Organiques (PRO) par l’agriculture peut permettre de substituer une partie des engrais minéraux et augmenter les niveaux de matière organique des sols. Elle peut également générer des pollutions azotées via la lixiviation de nitrate ou des émissions gazeuses. Mieux connaitre le devenir du carbone (C) et de l’azote (N) après applications de PRO sur les sols agricoles contribue à améliorer les bénéfices de cette pratique et à en limiter les impacts environnementaux. Cette thèse a pour objectif: (i) de prédire les dynamiques du C et du N en cas d’applications de PRO sur les sols agricoles, (ii) d’étudier les effets de scenarios d’apports de PRO sur les stocks de carbone dans les sols, la substitution des engrais azotés et les pollutions azotées dans le contexte du territoire de la Plaine de Versailles, en prenant en compte la diversité des sols, de leurs teneurs en C et des successions culturales, (iii) d’améliorer ces bénéfices à l’échelon du territoire via une distribution optimale des PRO. Le modèle CERES-EGC a été utilisé pour simuler les effets de 13 ans d’apports de PRO sur les dynamiques de C et de N dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère de l’expérimentation QualiAgro, située au cœur du territoire d’étude. Le sous-modèle NCSOIL a été paramétré à partir de cinétiques de minéralisation de C et N mesurées en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire. Le transfert de ces paramètres dans CERES-EGC a permis de simuler correctement les évolution des stocks de carbone dans les sols, les rendements et les prélèvements de N par les cultures ainsi que l’évolution des stocks de N minéral dans les sols. Les dynamiques de minéralisation de C et N des 18 PRO disponibles sur le territoire ont été déterminées. NCSOIL a été paramétré à partir des caractéristiques analytiques et des résultats de fractions biochimiques des PRO. Les types de sol du territoire n’ont pas impacté significativement le paramétrage. Les PRO ont été classés selon 4 types : (1) composts stables, (2) composts moins matures restant plus réactifs et les fumiers stables, (3) des fumiers très réactifs correspondant à des fumiers de chevaux, (4) des PRO très réactifs tels que des boues et des fientes pouvant plutôt être utilisés comme fertilisants. De nombreux scenarios d’apport de PRO, contraints par les flux de phosphore et de N apportés, ont été simulés sur 20 ans dans tous les contextes de sols, successions culturales et teneurs en C organique des sols du territoire. Le type de sol a impacté le plus le stockage de C et les lixiviations de nitrate tandis que les successions culturales étaient prépondérantes sur la substitution des engrais. Des composts ont permis de stocker 1.1 t C ha- 1 an-1 allant jusqu’63% du C apporté. Des substitutions de 74 kg N ha-1 an-1 ont été atteintes avec une boue mais aussi un compost en prenant en compte la substitution des engrais liée aux augmentations de matière organique dans les sols. La substitution des engrais a pu atteindre plus de 90% du N apporté par les PRO, ceci étant lié aux arrières-effets sur le stockage de matière organique dans les sols et dépendant des hypothèses de calcul de la substitution des engrais azotés. Un modèle d’optimisation a été développé pour sélectionner les scenarios d’apports de PRO pour chaque ilot du territoire (sol x succession de culture x teneur en C organique initiale x surface) tenant compte de la disponibilité des PRO et avec pour objectif de maximiser le stockage de C ou les substitutions en engrais azotés ou de minimiser la lixiviation de nitrate au niveau du territoire. En apportant préférentiellement les PRO les plus stables sur les sols à fort potentiel de stockage de C (fortes teneurs en argile et calcaire), jusqu’à 0.47 t C ha-1 an- 1 pourrait être stocké. En appliquant préférentiellement les PRO fertilisants sur les successions à maïs, et les PRO amendants sur les successions à colza jusqu’à 53 kg N ha-1 an-1 de N de synthèse pourrait être économisés. / The use of Exogenous Organic Matter (EOM) in agriculture could be an efficient way to substitute mineral fertilisation and increase soil organic matter (SOM) enhancing soil fertility and storing carbon (C). It could also cause nitrogen (N) pollutions such as nitrate leaching and gas emissions. Better understanding of C and N fate after EOM applications on cropped soils would allow improving these benefits while limiting environmental impacts. This thesis aims at: (i) predicting EOM impacts when applied on cropped soils, (ii) studying the effects of various scenarios of EOM applications in terms of C storage, synthetic N saving and N pollutions in the context of the Plain of Versailles region (221 km²) and taking into account soil diversity, crop successions and soil organic C contents, (ii) studying the potential for improving these benefits at the regional scale with an optimal distribution of EOM. The CERES-EGC crop model was used to simulate the effects of repeated applications of EOM over 13 years on both soil C and N dynamics in the soil-crop-water-air system of the long-term field experiment QualiAgro located within the region. The sub-model NCSOIL was parameterised from C and N mineralisation kinetics of EOM measured in laboratory conditions. When transposing the parameters into the CERES-EGC model, C storage at the field scale was well simulated, together with crop N uptake and yields, as well as soil mineral N contents. The kinetics of C and N mineralisation of the 18 EOM available in the region were used along with EOM biochemical fractionations for parameterising the NCSOIL model. The soil type did not significantly change EOM parameters. Four groups of EOM were distinguished based on their C and N dynamics: (i) stable composts, (2) more reactive and less mature composts and stable manures, (3) manures with reactive OM corresponding to horse manures and (4) very reactive EOM as sludges, litters that should be used as fertilisers. Numerous scenarios of EOM applications, constrained on the phosphorus and N quantities they bring (and limiting the input in trace elements), were simulated for 20 years in all regional contexts of soil, crop successions and soil organic C contents. The soil type was the main factor controlling C storage and N leaching while it was crop successions for N saving. Some composts allowed C storage up to 1.1 t C ha-1 yr -1 reaching 63% of C applied. N saving of 74 kg N ha-1 yr -1 were possible with a dried sewage sludge and a compost. N substitution could reach more than 90% of N applied with EOM, these high percentages being related with the indirect effect of EOM on soil OM and the hypothesis made for N substitution An optimisation model was developed to select EOM application scenario for each crop plot (soil x crop succession x initial soil OC content x area) accounting for EOM availability in the region with the objectives of maximising C storage or synthetic N saving or minimising N leaching at the regional scale. Applying preferentially the most stable EOM on soils with the highest potential for C storage i.e. with the highest calcareous and clay contents, up to 0.47 t C ha-1 yr-1 could be stored. Applying preferentially fertilising EOM on crop succession with maize and amending EOM on succession with rapeseed, up to 53 kg N ha-1 yr -1 could be saved.

The energy analysis aims to compare the performance between productive units and activities, searching an approach to link the energy with the economic, social and cultural parameters in the management of natural resources in economic systems. The main question that arises and guides this dissertation is the analysis of the energy produced and consumed during the production process of major crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, namely, rice, soybeans and wheat, opposed to the economic results of such activities. The research was exploratory and based on multi-case studies with the use of literature review, laboratory analysis and interviews with producers. The choice of the production units studied favored the production systems that adopt modern technologies, where precision agriculture and controlled use of natural resources, such as water, are developed. Calculations were performed considering the energy available with workforce, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides (herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) machinery and equipment as well as fuels (lubricating oils, greases and diesel). To obtain the results of economic activities the added-value theory was used. The results demonstrate that the activity of soybean in no-tillage system with crop rotation achieved the highest energy efficiency between 25.58 MJ.ha-1 and 38.39 MJ.ha-1, whereas wheat culture showed the lowest efficiency with 3.13 MJ.ha-1. Regarding the economic performance of crops, soybeans showed the highest economic efficiency 2,47 and wheat the lowest 1,14. It is worth mentioning the significant economic results achieved by the rice crop, expressed by the high added-value obtained per unit area (VAL/ha R$ 3,802.00) due to its high physical productivity. In spite of having positive energy indicators, significant expenses on fertilizer, fuel and pesticides were observed in all properties studied. Thus, we reinforce the importance of the debate on social and environmental sustainability of the systems studied, especially when analyzed from the perspective of energy expenses of non-renewable resources and social problems attributed to workforce. / A presente análise tem a finalidade de comparar o desempenho entre unidades e atividades produtivas, interligando os parâmetros energéticos aos econômicos, sociais e culturais, na gestão dos recursos naturais nos sistemas de produção. Sendo assim, a dissertação tem como questão norteadora analisar a relação entre a energia produzida e consumida durante o processo de produção das principais culturas de cereais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a saber: trigo, arroz e soja, em contraposição aos resultados econômicos das respectivas atividades. A pesquisa foi do tipo exploratório, a partir de estudos de multicaso, com uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, análises de laboratório e entrevistas com produtores. A escolha das unidades de produção estudadas privilegiou as que adotam sistemas produtivos tecnificados, onde se desenvolve a agricultura de precisão e a utilização controlada de recursos naturais, como a água. Para determinar os resultados de análises energéticas foram realizados os balanços energéticos e as eficiências culturais e energéticas das culturas, ao passo que para os resultados econômicos das atividades estudadas foi utilizada a teoria do Valor Agregado. Os resultados demonstram que a atividade da soja, em sistema de plantio direto com rotação de culturas, alcançou a maior eficiência energética, entre 25,58 MJ.ha-1 a 38,39 MJ.ha-1, sendo que a relação de menor eficiência foi a cultura do trigo, com 3,13 MJ.ha-1. Em relação ao desempenho econômico das culturas, a soja igualmente mostrou a melhor eficiência econômica 2,47 e o do trigo 1,14 a menor. Cabe destacar os significativos resultados econômicos obtidos pela cultura do arroz, expressos pelo alto valor agregado obtido por unidade de área (VAL/ha de R$ 3.802,00) em função de sua alta produtividade física. Apesar dos indicadores energéticos serem positivos, houve significativos gastos com fertilizantes, combustíveis e agrotóxicos em todas as propriedades estudadas. Desta forma reforça-se a importância do debate sobre a sustentabilidade socioambiental dos sistemas estudados, principalmente quando analisados sob a ótica dos gastos energéticos de bens não-renováveis e da problemática social atribuída a mão-de-obra.