Three crosses were used to study the inheritance of the sedimentation properties in hard red winter wheat. The parents of the three crosses were the variety Delmar, and the breeding lines 217-61- 7-14 and 217 - 19- 5. Delmar has high sedimentation properties, 217-6 1-7-14 is intermediate, and 217-19-5 has very poor sedimentation qualities. Sedimentation tests were run on five replications of the parents and 300 samples of the F3 populations in each cross. A semi-micro sedimentation test (a one-fourth scale test) was run on 200 F2 plants and the F1's from each cross. The distributions from each cross were analyzed and the type of gene action and possible number of genes involved were estimated. There were two general trends apparent in the progeny of all three crosses. (1) In the F2 generation there were more low parental types than high parental types recovered. This situation was reversed in each of the F3 populations where more high parental types were recovered than the low parental types (2) All three F3means were about 10 units higher than their respective F2 means. The type of gene action appeared to be mainly additive but with some partial dominance for the high parent in each cross . Depending on the cross, from one to three genes were estimated to be functioning in the determination of the sedimentation properties.

Sweet clover has become increasingly important as a forage and green manure crop. The main objection in recent years to sweet clover is its coumarin content, identified by a sweet odor and bitter taste, making it less desirable to farm animals. When sweet clover hay spoils, the coumarin is converted into dicoumarol which is toxic to animals, especially to ruminants. When ingested this may cause internal and/or external hemorrhages.

Maize is susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. The most important abiotic stresses in Africa are drought and low soil fertility. Aflatoxin contamination is a potential problem in areas facing drought and low soil fertility. Three studies were conducted to evaluate maize germplasm for tolerance to stress. In the first study, fifteen maize inbred lines crossed in a diallel were evaluated under drought, low N stress, and well-watered conditions at six locations in three countries to estimate general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), investigate genotype x environment interaction, and estimate genetic diversity and its relationship with grain yield and heterosis. GCA effects were not significant for grain yield across environments. Lines with good GCA effect for grain yield were P501 and CML258 across stresses. Lines CML339, CML341, and SPLC7-F had good GCA effects for anthesis silking interval across stresses. Additive genetic effects were more important for grain yield under drought and well-watered conditions. Heterosis estimates were highest in stress environments. Clustering based on genetic distance calculated using marker data from AFLP, RFLP, and SSRs grouped lines according to origin. Genetic distance was positively correlated with grain yield and specific combining ability. In the second study, synthetic hybrids were evaluated at seven locations in three countries to estimate GCA and SCA effects under low N stress and optimal conditions and investigate genotype x environment interaction. GCA effects were significant for all traits across low N stress and optimal conditions. The highest yielding synthetic hybrids involved synthetics developed from stress tolerant lines. Synthetics 99SADVIA-# and SYNA00F2 had good GCA for grain yield across low N stress conditions. Heterosis was highly correlated with grain yield. Optimal environments explained more variation than stress environments. The third study evaluated the agronomic performance and aflatoxin accumulation of single and three-way cross white maize hybrids at five locations in Texas. Inbreds CML343, Tx601W, and Tx110 showed positive GCA effects for grain yield. Significant GCA effects for reduced aflatoxin concentration were observed in lines CML269, CML270, and CML78 across locations. Differences in performance between single and three-way crosses hybrids were dependent mostly on the inbred lines.

Maize is susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. The most important abiotic stresses in Africa are drought and low soil fertility. Aflatoxin contamination is a potential problem in areas facing drought and low soil fertility. Three studies were conducted to evaluate maize germplasm for tolerance to stress. In the first study, fifteen maize inbred lines crossed in a diallel were evaluated under drought, low N stress, and well-watered conditions at six locations in three countries to estimate general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), investigate genotype x environment interaction, and estimate genetic diversity and its relationship with grain yield and heterosis. GCA effects were not significant for grain yield across environments. Lines with good GCA effect for grain yield were P501 and CML258 across stresses. Lines CML339, CML341, and SPLC7-F had good GCA effects for anthesis silking interval across stresses. Additive genetic effects were more important for grain yield under drought and well-watered conditions. Heterosis estimates were highest in stress environments. Clustering based on genetic distance calculated using marker data from AFLP, RFLP, and SSRs grouped lines according to origin. Genetic distance was positively correlated with grain yield and specific combining ability. In the second study, synthetic hybrids were evaluated at seven locations in three countries to estimate GCA and SCA effects under low N stress and optimal conditions and investigate genotype x environment interaction. GCA effects were significant for all traits across low N stress and optimal conditions. The highest yielding synthetic hybrids involved synthetics developed from stress tolerant lines. Synthetics 99SADVIA-# and SYNA00F2 had good GCA for grain yield across low N stress conditions. Heterosis was highly correlated with grain yield. Optimal environments explained more variation than stress environments. The third study evaluated the agronomic performance and aflatoxin accumulation of single and three-way cross white maize hybrids at five locations in Texas. Inbreds CML343, Tx601W, and Tx110 showed positive GCA effects for grain yield. Significant GCA effects for reduced aflatoxin concentration were observed in lines CML269, CML270, and CML78 across locations. Differences in performance between single and three-way crosses hybrids were dependent mostly on the inbred lines.

A obtenção de híbridos de milho está relacionada com o aumento de produtividade dessa cultura. Para isso, normalmente são realizados cruzamentos entre linhagens de diferentes grupos heteróticos, que são determinados pelos melhoristas de forma que seja maximizada a divergência entre eles. A escolha dos genitores a serem cruzados pode ser facilitada pelo uso de cruzamentos dialélicos. Os modelos usados para a análise dos dialélicos permitem a estimação de parâmetros úteis para a seleção dos genitores e o estabelecimento de grupos heteróticos, sendo que os efeitos genéticos normalmente podem ser considerados como aleatórios. A forma tradicional de análise inclui tais efeitos na matriz de incidência dos efeitos fixos e emprega o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, o que impossibilita a análise usando a metodologia dos modelos mistos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar os resultados das análises dialélicas obtidas considerando o modelo fixo e o modelo misto e avaliar a eficiência do melhor preditor linear não viesado (BLUP) para predição de cruzamentos não realizados entre linhagens de milho, utilizando informações de marcadores moleculares RFLP para a estimação da matriz de parentesco. Foram considerados dados de 80 híbridos interpopulacionais e 20 testemunhas comerciais, avaliados em um látice 10 x 10 em três locais. Esses híbridos foram obtidos pelo cruzamento entre 8 linhagens do grupo heterótico BR-105 e 10 do grupo BR-106, as quais foram genotipadas com marcador RFLP. A análise dialélica foi realizada segundo a metodologia que considera o modelo genético como fixo e usa o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, e também usando a metodologia de modelos mistos, assumindo que a capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) dos dois grupos heteróticos e a capacidade específica de combinação (CEC) representam efeitos aleatórios. Além disso, foi avaliada a predição de híbridos simples não realizados, com base na matriz de covariâncias genéticas entre o híbrido não realizado e os híbridos preditores, usando as informações do marcador RFLP. Como todos os híbridos foram obtidos, foi simulada a retirada de cada um deles do conjunto, sendo sua performance predita a partir dos 79 restantes. Os resultados mostraram que, na comparação entre as análises dialélicas obtidas com as duas metodologias, embora os valores da CGC das linhagens da população BR-106 e da CEC tenham baixa correlação entre as duas metodologias (r=-0,11 e r=-0,06, respectivamente), a classificação dos híbridos mais produtivos sofre poucas alterações (r=0,99) e não causa dificuldades na seleção. A eficiência do BLUP para predição de cruzamentos não realizados entre linhagens de milho, utilizando informações de marcadores moleculares para a estimação da matriz de parentesco, mostrou a existência de moderada correlação entre os valores dos BLUP’s da produção de grãos e os valores preditos a partir dos híbridos observados restantes (r=0,35), o que indica que essa metodologia tem capacidade em predizer a estimativa de valores não observados, porém com alguma imprecisão. Os mesmos resultados foram observados entre as capacidades específicas de combinação observadas e as preditas (r=0,30). Conclui-se que a metodologia de modelos mistos pode ser usada, desde que com ressalvas, dada as correlações moderadas. / The obtainment of maize single crosses is related with increasing in productivity. To do so, inbred lines derived of different heterotic groups are crossed. These groups are established in such a way that the genetic divergences among them are maximized. Using diallel crosses can facilitate the choice of the inbred lines to be crossed. The models used to perform these analyses allow estimating genetic parameters that are useful in the selection of parental lines and in determining the heterotic groups. In these models, generally, the genetic effects are considered as random. However, these analyses are usually performed considering these effects in the matrix of fixed effects, and obtaining the parameter estimates according to the ordinary least squares method, making impossible using mixed linear models theory. The aims of this research were to compare the results of diallel analyses obtained by using fixed and mixed models, and evaluate the efficiency of the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) in predicting non-realized single crosses. Eighty interpopulation hybrids and twenty commercial checks were evaluated in a 10 x 10 lattice design with two replications located in three environments. These single crosses were obtained by crossing eight and ten inbred lines from BR-105 and BR-106 heterotic groups, respectively. These eighteen lines were genotyped by using RFLP molecular markers and then the coefficient of parentage among them was estimated. The genetic parameters general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were estimated through diallel analyses, considering the linear model as fixed and using the ordinary least squares as the estimation method. Besides, GCA and SCA were predicted using BLUP and assuming the genetic effects as random. Besides, the prediction of non-realized single crosses was evaluated. To do so, each one of the 80 realized hybrids was predicted based on information of the others 79 single crosses and using the genetic variance-covariance matrix estimated using RFLP information. According to the results, it was found poor correlation between estimatives and predictions obtained considering the model as fixed or mixed, for GCA within BR-106 population (r=-0.11) and for SCA (r=-0.06). However, the ranking of the single crosses for productivity did not change (r=0.99) and did not make selection process more difficult. The efficiency of BLUP in predicting unrealized single crosses was moderated since the correlation between observed and predicted values was r=0.35, indicating some imprecision in these predictions. Similar results were obtained when comparing observed and predicted SCAs (r=0.30). It was possible to conclude that BLUP can be useful in diallel analyses and in prediction of single crosses, but some caution have to be account since the correlations presented moderate values.

A obtenção de híbridos de milho está relacionada com o aumento de produtividade dessa cultura. Para isso, normalmente são realizados cruzamentos entre linhagens de diferentes grupos heteróticos, que são determinados pelos melhoristas de forma que seja maximizada a divergência entre eles. A escolha dos genitores a serem cruzados pode ser facilitada pelo uso de cruzamentos dialélicos. Os modelos usados para a análise dos dialélicos permitem a estimação de parâmetros úteis para a seleção dos genitores e o estabelecimento de grupos heteróticos, sendo que os efeitos genéticos normalmente podem ser considerados como aleatórios. A forma tradicional de análise inclui tais efeitos na matriz de incidência dos efeitos fixos e emprega o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, o que impossibilita a análise usando a metodologia dos modelos mistos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar os resultados das análises dialélicas obtidas considerando o modelo fixo e o modelo misto e avaliar a eficiência do melhor preditor linear não viesado (BLUP) para predição de cruzamentos não realizados entre linhagens de milho, utilizando informações de marcadores moleculares RFLP para a estimação da matriz de parentesco. Foram considerados dados de 80 híbridos interpopulacionais e 20 testemunhas comerciais, avaliados em um látice 10 x 10 em três locais. Esses híbridos foram obtidos pelo cruzamento entre 8 linhagens do grupo heterótico BR-105 e 10 do grupo BR-106, as quais foram genotipadas com marcador RFLP. A análise dialélica foi realizada segundo a metodologia que considera o modelo genético como fixo e usa o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, e também usando a metodologia de modelos mistos, assumindo que a capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) dos dois grupos heteróticos e a capacidade específica de combinação (CEC) representam efeitos aleatórios. Além disso, foi avaliada a predição de híbridos simples não realizados, com base na matriz de covariâncias genéticas entre o híbrido não realizado e os híbridos preditores, usando as informações do marcador RFLP. Como todos os híbridos foram obtidos, foi simulada a retirada de cada um deles do conjunto, sendo sua performance predita a partir dos 79 restantes. Os resultados mostraram que, na comparação entre as análises dialélicas obtidas com as duas metodologias, embora os valores da CGC das linhagens da população BR-106 e da CEC tenham baixa correlação entre as duas metodologias (r=-0,11 e r=-0,06, respectivamente), a classificação dos híbridos mais produtivos sofre poucas alterações (r=0,99) e não causa dificuldades na seleção. A eficiência do BLUP para predição de cruzamentos não realizados entre linhagens de milho, utilizando informações de marcadores moleculares para a estimação da matriz de parentesco, mostrou a existência de moderada correlação entre os valores dos BLUP’s da produção de grãos e os valores preditos a partir dos híbridos observados restantes (r=0,35), o que indica que essa metodologia tem capacidade em predizer a estimativa de valores não observados, porém com alguma imprecisão. Os mesmos resultados foram observados entre as capacidades específicas de combinação observadas e as preditas (r=0,30). Conclui-se que a metodologia de modelos mistos pode ser usada, desde que com ressalvas, dada as correlações moderadas. / The obtainment of maize single crosses is related with increasing in productivity. To do so, inbred lines derived of different heterotic groups are crossed. These groups are established in such a way that the genetic divergences among them are maximized. Using diallel crosses can facilitate the choice of the inbred lines to be crossed. The models used to perform these analyses allow estimating genetic parameters that are useful in the selection of parental lines and in determining the heterotic groups. In these models, generally, the genetic effects are considered as random. However, these analyses are usually performed considering these effects in the matrix of fixed effects, and obtaining the parameter estimates according to the ordinary least squares method, making impossible using mixed linear models theory. The aims of this research were to compare the results of diallel analyses obtained by using fixed and mixed models, and evaluate the efficiency of the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) in predicting non-realized single crosses. Eighty interpopulation hybrids and twenty commercial checks were evaluated in a 10 x 10 lattice design with two replications located in three environments. These single crosses were obtained by crossing eight and ten inbred lines from BR-105 and BR-106 heterotic groups, respectively. These eighteen lines were genotyped by using RFLP molecular markers and then the coefficient of parentage among them was estimated. The genetic parameters general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were estimated through diallel analyses, considering the linear model as fixed and using the ordinary least squares as the estimation method. Besides, GCA and SCA were predicted using BLUP and assuming the genetic effects as random. Besides, the prediction of non-realized single crosses was evaluated. To do so, each one of the 80 realized hybrids was predicted based on information of the others 79 single crosses and using the genetic variance-covariance matrix estimated using RFLP information. According to the results, it was found poor correlation between estimatives and predictions obtained considering the model as fixed or mixed, for GCA within BR-106 population (r=-0.11) and for SCA (r=-0.06). However, the ranking of the single crosses for productivity did not change (r=0.99) and did not make selection process more difficult. The efficiency of BLUP in predicting unrealized single crosses was moderated since the correlation between observed and predicted values was r=0.35, indicating some imprecision in these predictions. Similar results were obtained when comparing observed and predicted SCAs (r=0.30). It was possible to conclude that BLUP can be useful in diallel analyses and in prediction of single crosses, but some caution have to be account since the correlations presented moderate values.

Orientador: Francisco Stefano Wechsler / Banca: André Mendes Jorge / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Deiler S. Costa / Banca: Valter J. Onsellen / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do grupo genético do bezerro no comportamento de mães e suas crias. Usaram-se 24 vacas Nelore paridas e seus bezerros, dos quais oito eram Nelores, oito ½Simental ½Nelore, e oito ½Red Angus ½Nelore. Avaliaram-se as medidas de freqüência e duração das mamadas, tempo de pastejo e ruminação dos bezerros e vacas. Os bezerros puros mamaram mais freqüentemente que os mestiços (3,51 vs. 3,17 vezes/dia), porém com menor duração de mamada (7,37 vs 7,80 minutos). A freqüência de mamadas, duração de cada mamada e tempo total de mamadas diminuíram com o aumento na idade do bezerro. Nos bezerros, pastejo e ruminação aumentaram com a idade; porém, nas vacas, aumentou o tempo de pastejo e diminuiu o de ruminação com o passar dos dias. Os bezerros mestiços pastaram, em média, 18 minutos a mais que os puros, e os machos, 16 minutos a mais que as fêmeas. Os bezerros machos ruminaram, aos 40 dias de idade, 25 minutos a mais que as fêmeas, mas esta diferença diminuiu com a idade e desapareceu por volta dos 220 dias. As mães de mestiços ruminaram, em média, 10 minutos a mais que as mães dos puros. O comportamento da mãe e de sua cria é influenciado pelo grupo genético desta última. / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a calf's genetic group on the behavior of dam and calf. We used 24 Nellore dams and their calves, of which eight were Nellore, eight were ½Simmental ½Nelore and eight ½Red Angus ½Nellore. Grazing and rumination times, as well as suckling frequency and time, were measured. The straightbred calves suckled more often than the crossbreds (3.51 vs. 3.17 times/day), but their suckling lasted less time (7.37 vs 7.80 minutes). Suckling frequency, suckling length and total time spent suckling decreased as calf age increased. Calf grazing and rumination time increased with age; however, the cows' grazing time increased and rumination time decreased as the days postpartum went by. The crossbred calves grazed, on the average, 18 minutes longer than the crossbreds, and the males grazed 16 minutes longer than the females. The male calves grazed, at 40 days of age, 25 minutes longer than the females, but this difference decreased as they grew up and disappeared around 220 days. The dams of crossbreds ruminated, on the average, 10 minutes longer than the dams of straightbreds. In conclusion, dam and calf behavior are influenced by the calf's genetic group. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner Correa.pdf: 3984394 bytes, checksum: 8ab2e25e701aed7531757b4ae84e8d92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-22 / This analysis aims at investigating the protests through crosses that occur on Copacabana Beach. The events, organized from the 2000s, do not rely on the presence of protesters, diverging from the traditional form of protest involving overcrowding, banners with messages, slogans and interrupt flows. NGOs, associations and civic groups are responsible for organizing the demonstrations, which always manage spaces in the media. It seeks the origins of this form of protest and its relation to the space where it occurs. It will also raise a history of Copacabana Beach, taking into account the dialectic between the meanings of life and death of some of its most important symbols. Furthermore, the work analyzes the dynamics embedded in the daily ritual space, the subjective aspects relevant to political and religious practices conducted in a location that propagates the utopian picture of the perfect place. The core question of this research is to find out why this type of event that has little to do with local hedonistic feature can attract attention. The assumptions lead us to believe that Copacabana Beach works as a media of far-reaching impact where the protests by crosses are staged. To support this analysis we use extensive bibliography of authors such as Michel Foucault, Paul Zumthor, Mikhail Bakhtin, Yuri Lotman and Manuel Castells / Esta análise tem por objetivo investigar as manifestações de protesto por meio de cruzes que ocorrem na Praia de Copacabana. Os eventos, organizados a partir da década de 2000, não contam com a presença de manifestantes, destoando da forma tradicional de protesto, que envolve aglomeração de pessoas, faixas com mensagens, palavras de ordem e interrupção de fluxos. ONGs, entidades de classe e grupos de civis são os responsáveis pela organização das manifestações, que sempre conseguem espaços na mídia. Buscaremos as origens desse formato de protesto e sua relação com o espaço onde ele ocorre. Levantaremos também um histórico da Praia de Copacabana, levando em consideração a dialética entre as pulsões de vida e de morte de alguns de seus símbolos mais importantes. Analisaremos ainda a dinâmica de ritual embutida no cotidiano do espaço, os aspectos subjetivos pertinentes às práticas políticas e religiosas exercidas em um local que propaga a imagem utópica de lugar perfeito no mundo todo. A questão central desta investigação é descobrir por que esse tipo de manifestação, que pouco tem a ver com a característica hedonista local, consegue chamar a atenção. As hipóteses nos levam a crer que a Praia de Copacabana é uma mídia de grande potencial e as manifestações por meio de cruzes referem-se a um modelo de encenação. Para embasar esta análise utilizaremos vasta bibliografia de autores como Michel Foucault, Paul Zumthor, Mikhail Bakhtin, Iuri Lotman e Manuel Castells

During recent years the principles of Mendelism have been used extensively in the production of the new types of plants possessing resistance to various diseases. Results of this mode of attacking the disease problem have been very favorable. Old varieties are gradually giving way to newer types equal to or exceeding in quality and productivity as well as possessing resistance to one or more diseases. Loose smut (U. tritici) in wheat, while not as serious a problem in Utah as the covered smut (T. tritici), according to Tapke (14) has caused an average annual loss of between 50,000 and 100,000 bushels of wheat. these data shown in figure 1 are for the period 1917 to 1926, inclusive. The various methods advocated for the control of loose smut (U. tritici), with the exception of the use of resistant varieties and hot water treatments, either have been impradtical of application or have been ineffective in control or both (14). The modified hot water treatment of Freeman and Johnson (4), has generally been the method recommended. While this method is effective if properly executed, it is rather complicated and tedious to apply, especially for farmers who are not usually properly equipped. Because of this and the fact that the disease frequently escapes observation, seed treatment for the control of loose smut (U. tritici) is seldom practiced; as a result the smut is allowed to go unchecked. The development of a resistant variety possessing the adaptability and desirable characteristics of our locally-grown spring wheats would be a decided advantage to the farmers in combating the disease.

Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmoje dalyje kalbama apie kyžiaus simboliką ir teologiją. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjama Trijų Kryžių kalno istorija ir simbolika. Trečioje dalyje atrasti dalykai lyginami su bendrosiomis ugdymo programomis. / In this research talking about symbol of cross and the Hill of the Three crosses and its use in educational programs of Lithuania.