Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-08-25T13:21:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Silfran R M Alves.pdf: 2301296 bytes, checksum: 3eb3a4386b811163d5d9f74a09d18931 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-26T19:19:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Silfran R M Alves.pdf: 2301296 bytes, checksum: 3eb3a4386b811163d5d9f74a09d18931 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-26T19:27:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Silfran R M Alves.pdf: 2301296 bytes, checksum: 3eb3a4386b811163d5d9f74a09d18931 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-26T19:27:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Silfran R M Alves.pdf: 2301296 bytes, checksum: 3eb3a4386b811163d5d9f74a09d18931 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aimed to evaluate the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to distinguish species of the genus Capsicum, evaluate the availability of cross between subsamples of Capsicum chinense Jacq. with Capsicum annuum L. and analyze the genetic variability from genetic parameters for the characters: germination and vigor of seed germplasm of C. chinense Jacq.. To study the discrimination of Capsicum species with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) analyzing 53 hits 4 species, and analyzed by spectrophotometer and whole dried leaves. Six spectral readings were collected per sample. The data matrix used in the analysis consisted of 500 variables (spectral bands) for the species. The results showed the variables (spectral bands) allowed the separation of four groups based on their spectral signatures and the estimated distances have identified the species C. chinense Jacq. as the most divergent demonstrating that it was possible to distinguish species of Capsicum genus using spectroscopy technique Leaf Near Infrared. For the study of interspecific hybridization were crossed thirty subsamples of C. chinense Jacq., Used as male parents and a commercial variety harsh bark Ikeda (C. annuum L.), female parent. The results showed that obtaining viable seeds and fruits in interspecific cross was possible, but the results vary according to use the subsamples. To study the estimation of genetic parameters of seed germination characters in C. chinense Jacq. 30 subsamples peppers were used in two experiments in the laboratory of seeds at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas. The following characteristics were analyzed: germination percentage at 07 days, germination percentage at 14 days, GSI (Germination Speed Index), ATG (Average Time of Germination) and SW (Seed Weight). The results showed that the subsamples showed high genetic variability for seed germination characteristics possible to estimate the variability of the genotypes of C. chinense Jacq. through the vigor and germination and depending on the morphotype, you can select individuals through higher seed germination characteristics. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar o potêncial da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) para distinguir espécies do gênero Capsicum, avaliar a viabilidade de cruzamento entre subamostras de Capsicum chinense Jacq. com Capsicum annuum L. e analisar a variabilidade genética a partir de parâmetros genéticos para os caracteres: germinação e vigor de sementes de germoplasma de C. chinense Jacq.. Para o estudo da discriminação de espécies de Capsicum com espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) foram analisadas 53 acessos de 4 espécies, sendo analisadas em espectrofotômetro folhas inteiras e desidratadas. Foram coletadas seis leituras espectrais por amostra. A matriz de dados utilizada na análise foi composta por 500 variáveis (bandas espectrais) para as espécies. Os resultados demonstraram as variáveis analisadas (bandas espectrais) permitiram a separação de quatro grupos a partir de suas assinaturas espectrais e as distâncias estimadas permitiram identificar a espécie C. chinense Jacq. como a mais divergente demonstrando que foi possível distinguir espécies dos gêneros Capsicum utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Foliar no Infravermelho Próximo. Para o estudo de hibridação interespecífica foram cruzados trinta subamostras de C. chinense Jacq., usados como genitores masculinos e uma variedade comercial Casca dura Ikeda (C. annuum L.), genitor feminino. Os resultados demonstraram que foi possível a obtenção de frutos e sementes viáveis no cruzamento interespecífico, embora os resultados variem de acordo com as subamostras utilizadas. Para o estudo da estimativa de parâmetros genéticos de caracteres de germinação de sementes em C. chinense Jacq. foram utilizados 30 subamostras de pimentas, em dois experimentos no laboratório de sementes na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Amazonas/UFAM. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: porcentagem de germinação aos 07 dias, porcentagem de germinação aos 14 dias, IVG (Índice de Velocidade Germinação), tempo médio de germinação e peso de sementes. Os resultados demonstraram que as subamostras apresentaram alta variabilidade genética para características da germinação de sementes sendo possível estimar a variabilidade dos genótipos de C. chinense Jacq. através do vigor e germinação e dependo do morfotipo, pode-se selecionar indivíduos superiores através das características de germinação de sementes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO JEFFERSON GIL.pdf: 18869906 bytes, checksum: 76e688d451f0dd1e0d278eaeb7df1cd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The waterfront city of Manaus extends from the mouth of the Tarumã river to the Puraquequara river. For a distance of 43 km long, at the left of the Negro river there are various ports, public or private, other small and private, generally improvised and environmentally degraded in the interim between the river and the city move the daily lives of manauense and people living in towns surrounding the capital. Among them, there is the port of Ceasa, located on the East Zone of Manaus. It composes and is part of the BR 319, that connects the capital till Porto Velho, and other regions of the Amazon and Brazil. In this thesis, we are focusing our attention to the work of the brigade leading the small boats typically regional that transport people and goods in an intense back-and-forth between the port of Ceasa till another one in the city of Careiro da Várzea, called Km 0. Our intention is to characterize the daily work environment and this segment of workers who live in the world of informality. We seek to understand its identity, its importance to the mobility of people and regional economic life. This port has a great importance in the movement of products done in the Industrial Pole of Manaus PIM, because of the ferries that across the Negro river towards the port of Careiro da Várzea, the marketing of regional products and the departure and arrival of the boats carrying passengers towards Manaus and cities surrounding the capital and vice versa. It is a place of confluence of these movements of intense rhythms during the day. Also, today is a territory occupied by dense business and the informal work where you can find everything: regional delicacies, fish and fruit that come from rural areas of the Amazon. In this environment are the leading canoe their boats in the movement back and forth under the sun and rain, facing the regional weather, with no fixed schedule and long hours in an urban river (in) sustainable and characterized by improvisation and the public neglect there demonstrated being stage of capacity of the Amazon man. / A beira-rio da cidade de Manaus abrange desde a foz do rio Tarumã até o rio Puraquequara. Num percurso de 43km de extensão, às margens esquerdas do rio Negro, encontram-se vários portos, públicos ou privados; outros pequenos e particulares, em geral, improvisados e ambientalmente degradados, que no intermédio entre o rio e a cidade movimentam a vida cotidiana dos manauenses e das populações que vivem nas cidades do entorno da capital. Entre eles, situa-se o porto da Ceasa, localizado na Zona Leste de Manaus. Ele faz parte da BR 319, que liga a capital a Porto Velho, além de outras regiões da Amazônia e do Brasil. Nesta dissertação, centramos nosso olhar no trabalho dos canoeiros que conduzem os pequenos barcos tipicamente regionais que transportam pessoas e mercadorias num intenso vaivém entre o porto da Ceasa e o porto do município do Careiro da Várzea, denominado de km 0. Nosso objetivo é caracterizar o trabalho cotidiano e o ambiente desse segmento dos trabalhadores que vivem no mundo da informalidade. Procuramos compreender sua identidade, sua importância para a mobilidade das pessoas e para a vida econômica regional. Esse porto tem uma importância fundamental na circulação da mercadoria produzida no Polo Industrial de Manaus PIM, por meio das balsas que atravessam o rio Negro e Solimões até o porto do Careiro da Várzea, do escoamento dos produtos regionais e da saída e chegada dos barcos que transportam os passageiros no sentido Manaus-cidades ribeirinhas do entorno da capital, e vice-versa. Ele é um lugar de confluência desses movimentos de ritmos intensos durante o dia. Além disso, é hoje um território ocupado por empresas e pelo denso trabalho informal em que se vende tudo: guloseimas regionais, peixes e frutas que chegam das zonas rurais do Amazonas. Nesse ambiente, estão os canoeiros conduzindo os seus barcos no movimento de ida e vinda, sob o sol e a chuva, enfrentando as intempéries regionais, sem horário fixo e com longas jornadas num ambiente urbano fluvial (in)sustentável e caracterizado pela improvisação, pelo descaso público ali demonstrado, configurando-se como palco de resistência do homem amazônico.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T20:29:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alex Silva da Cruz - 2015.pdf: 4189617 bytes, checksum: f21e8815a51e44f144dd811005f32bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T11:41:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alex Silva da Cruz - 2015.pdf: 4189617 bytes, checksum: f21e8815a51e44f144dd811005f32bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T11:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alex Silva da Cruz - 2015.pdf: 4189617 bytes, checksum: f21e8815a51e44f144dd811005f32bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Genomic selection in a dairy cattle breeding is a new strategy in national livestock. Genome wide association study (GWAS) is known as a strategy that involve the use of molecular markers panels distributed throughout the genome which are selected for the identification of chromosomal regions that are important for the interest traits. The aim of this study was apply the GWAS strategy for 305-day milk yield in Girolando cows. We did the genotype from 404 Girolando and after quality control analysis remained 337 individuals and 45.622 markers. The GWAS analysis resulted in 52 SNPs associated to 305-day milk yield. Of these, 23 SNPs were linked to Known genes and only 3 SNPs were linked to NUB1, SLC24A2 and DGAT1 genes that already were associated with cattle lactation. The other SNPs have no relationships described in the cattle lactation literature. In addition, the milk production QTL analysis resulted in 52 SNPs and 14 genes linked or close to 1Mb of the SNP marker. The ARS-BFGL-NGS-414 SNP on BTA19 at 47.9Mbp is located near to GH1 gene. This gene is commonly accepted as causal gene for Quantitative Character Locus of milk production mainly affecting the yield in liters and solid milk components. Thus, our data suggest that NUB1 and SLC24A2 genes could be considered as candidate genes to understand the milk production in Girolando breed. Like this DGAT1 and GH1 genes are valuable predictive markers to be added to genomic selection of dairy cattle in breeding program. / A seleção genômica, aplicada em bovino em associação à produção de leite é uma inovação estratégica na pecuária nacional, e que poderá se tornar uma ferramenta prática importante para a atividade. Estudos de Associação Ampla do Genoma (GWAs) caracteriza-se como uma estratégia que envolve o uso de painéis de marcadores moleculares distribuídos por todo o genoma, selecionados para a identificação de regiões dos cromossomos associadas com um fenótipo de interesse. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a estratégia de GWAS para a característica de lactação total ajustada em 305 dias de vacas Girolando. Inicialmente, foram genotipados 404 vacas Girolando que após procedimento de controle de qualidade resultou em um total de 337 indivíduos e 45.622 marcador. O GWAS resultou em 52 SNPs associados a lactação ajustada em 305 dias. Destes, 23 SNPs apresentaram-se ligados a genes conhecidos e somente 3 SNPs estão ligados aos genes NUB1, SLC24A2 e DGAT1, descritos relacionados a lactação em bovinos. Os demais SNPs não apresentam relações descrita na literatura a lactação em bovinos. Para o QTL de produção de leite (MY), dos 52 SNPs, foram identificados 14 genes ligados ou próximos a 1Mb de distância do SNP marcador. Em particular, o SNP ARS-BFGL-NGS-414 associado ao QTL de lactação bovina, constituído de aproximadamente 47,9 Mbp localizado no BTA19 está localizado muito próximo do gene GH1 (Hormônio do Crescimento 1), comumente aceito como gene causal para o Lócus de Caráter Quantitativo (QTL) de produção de leite, afetando principalmente o rendimento em litros e componentes sólidos do leite. Dessa forma, nossos dados sugerem que os genes NUB1, e SLC24A2 poderiam ser considerados como genes candidatos para ajudar a explicar a produção de leite em animais da raça Girolando, assim como os genes DGAT1 e GH1, são considerados como valiosos marcadores preditivos a serem adicionados à seleção genômica do gado leiteiro em programas de melhoramento.

O melhor entendimento sobre como o milho responde ao suprimento de N é requerido por motivos econômicos e ambientais. Genótipos contrastantes são indispensáveis para estudos genéticos e fisiológicos e a identificação da resposta ao N de linhas de milho e seus híbridos foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Foram usadas sete linhas S5 e uma S4, originadas de dois híbridos comerciais. No primeiro experimento de campo, com duas doses de N e as linhas 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 e 13, a dose alta de N apresentou efeito de excesso, aumentando a produtividade de grãos somente da linha 2, diminuindo a produtividade na linha 13 e aumentando o teor de clorofila em todas as linhas exceto na 3. No segundo experimento de campo, com as linhas 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, e 10, existiu severa deficiência de N reduzindo a produtividade de grãos nas linhas 2, 3, 5 e 10, a prolificidade nas linhas 2, 3, 4 e 5, o teor de N nos grãos em todas as linhas exceto a 10, o N total nas linhas 2, 3, e 5 e a sincronia no florescimento nas linhas 3 e 5. Esta deficiência provocou o aumento na massa de cem grãos na linha 2. O comportamento interativo das linhas indica que estas variáveis possuem controle genético distinto em cada nível de N. Estes resultados também indicam independência na resposta desta variáveis ao N, pois não existiu consistência destas respostas entre as linhas. A análise dialélica, com os 15 híbridos provenientes das seis linhas do experimento anterior, indicou interação da capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) com os níveis de N para as variáveis produtividade de grãos, número de grãos por planta e teor de clorofila. Não houve associação entre as produtividades de grãos das linhas e dos seus efeitos de CGC para esta variável, nos níveis alto e baixo de N. Existiu associação da sensibilidade da produtividade de grãos ao N das linhas com os seus efeitos de CGC para esta variável nos níveis alto e baixo de N, uma vez que as linhas que sofreram os maiores efeitos das doses de N foram as de maior efeito de CGC, enquanto as linhas que sofreram os menores efeitos das doses de N apresentaram os menores efeitos de CGC. Esta associação indica que a resposta das linhas ao N deve ser considerada nos programas de melhoramento para EUN. As plantas do dialelo entre as linhas 2, 4 e 6, avaliadas em casa de vegetação com 32 dias após a germinação, apresentaram heterose média para absorção e utilização de N, indicando a possibilidade de seleção precoce para estas variáveis, as quais também apresentaram significância para os efeitos não aditivos no experimento de campo. Foi detectada heterose média para a razão Fv/Fm mas não para a fotossíntese indicando uma maior eficiência das medidas associadas à fluorescência da clorofila em relação àquelas associadas com a fixação de carbono. A deficiência de N reduziu o número de isoenzimas da glutationa redutase nas raízes de milho, cevada e Arabidopsis thaliana, e são discutidas possíveis explicações para este fenômeno, relacionadas à síntese de amido ou à proteção contra radicais livres. / A better understanding as to how maize responds to N supply is required for both economic and environmental purposes. Contrasting genotypes are indispensable for genetic and physiological studies of any trait. The investigation of the response to N supply for a range of maize lines, was the aim of this work. Seven S5 and one S4 lines, originating from two commercial hybrids, were studied for agronomic traits related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two field experiments with two levels of nitrogen were carried out. In the first experiment, in which the lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13 and 17 were tested, the N supplied appeared to be in excess and only increased the grain yield in line 2, decreased the grain yield in line 13 and increased the chlorophyll content in all lines except line 3. In the second experiment, in which the lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 were tested, there was a severe N deficiency that caused a reduction in grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5 and 10, prolificacy in lines 2, 3, 4 and 5, grain N content in all lines except line 10 and total plant N in lines 2, 3, and 5. On the other hand, a severe N deficiency caused an increase in hundred kernel weight in line 2 and anthesis-silking in lines 3 and 5. The interactive behaviour of these traits indicates that they have different genetic controls at each N level. These results also demonstrate that the response to N of these traits are under separate controls from each other, since they did not exhibit consistency in all the lines tested. The diallel analysis with 15 hybrids of the six lines from the previous experiment, indicated an interaction of the general combining ability (GCA) with the levels of N for the traits; grain yield, grain number per plant and chlorophyll content. There was no association between the grain yield of the lines and the effects of GCA for this variable, at either level of N. Productivity responses of grains to the N levels for the different lines was associated with GCA effects for this trait. The lines that suffered the largest dosage effects of N were the ones with the larger effect of GCA while the lines that suffered the smallest dosage effects of N presented the smallest effects of GCA. This association indicates that the response of the lines to N must to be considered in the genetics programs for improvement of NUE. The plants of the crosses between the lines 2, 4 and 6, evaluated in the glass house, 32 days after the germination, presented average heterosis for the absorption and utilization of N. This indicates the possibility of precocious selection for these traits, which also presented significance non additive effects during the field experiment. Average heterosis was detected for Fv/Fm but not for photosynthesis, which indicates a greater efficiency of the measurements associated to the chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to those associated with carbon fixation. The deficiency of N reduced the number of glutathione reductase isoforms in corn, barley and Arabidopsis thaliana roots, and possible explanations are discussed for this phenomenon, related to starch synthesis and the protection against free radicals.

In this thesis a logistics program for keeping track of delivery cars was developed. The program was developed for Jetpak, a logistics company and customer of the IT consulting company Softronic where this thesis work was preformed. Jetpak has divided Sweden into areas called ''trafikledningszoner'' (TLZs) which are used to direct the most suitable car for a new delivery. The aim was to improve Jetpaks current system for keeping track of their cars by increasing the speed at which the cars' TLZs are tracked as well as by visualising the TLZs on a map and make them editable. Two programs were developed to perform this task. The look up program uses the crossing method to calculate in what TLZ each car is in using its GPS coordinates. The editing program displays and enables editing of TLZs on a Google map. This work has resulted in the possibility of a greater understanding of the exact layout of the TLZs as well as a possibility to edit them to better suit Jetpaks needs. This is an improvement over the current system because more understanding and more control is given to Jetpak. However, these programs can still be improved to ease the editing process by adding more usable functionality.

M.A. / Even at a superficial glance there seems to be remarkable similarities between the "Border trilogy" of the American author Cormac McCarthy and the work of the Afrikaans author Alexander Strachan. The last three novels by McCarthy, All the Pretty Horses (1992), The Crossing (1994) and Cities of the Plain (1999), are referred to as the "Border trilogy". The first three novels by Strachan are also sometimes referred to as a "trilogy". Frontiers/borders are important in the novels under discussion: The Crossing (1994), Die jakkalsjagter (1990) and Die werfbobbejaan (1994). The Crossing is the second novel of the 'Border trilogy". The title of Strachan's fist work is 'n Wereld sonder grense ("A world without borders"). In The Crossing tracking a wolf plays an important role while Die jakkalsjagter is about hunting a jackal. Die werfbobbejaan is about hunting down a baboon. Both McCarthy's and Strachan's works have been compared to the Western (films/novels dealing with the cowboys of North America). These superficial similarities seem to invite further comparison. The following themes are present in both authors' works and are compared in this study: The world can never be known The world is incomprehensible. It is constantly changing and always out of reach. The world is like "a snowflake" and like "breath" and cannot be held, because it only exists in people's hearts. The world is also incomprehensible in Strachan's work, because all certainties are undermined. Khera cannot understand Zuhiland in the same "logical" way that she could understand her world in Cape Town. The strange stories told by the people in Zululand (izinganekwane) make her aware of supernatural powers. Nothing can really be known about the world. The story that the witness tells becomes the world All objects are without meaning unless their stories are known. Truth is only to be found in narration. The world exists in narration. Therefore "the witness is all". Free will and predetermination The view of the world and our destiny in the world in The Crossing is compared with the view of the world in Die jakkalsjagter and Die werfbobbejaan. There is not one final answer to the question of determinism and free will in The Crossing. On the one hand it seems that history happens according to a predetermined plan of God. On the other hand it seems that human beings can make decisions and be in control. In this novel we find the idea that the future and the past can only be known as it exists in the present. The Strachan novels, Die jakkalsjagter en Die werfbobbejaan, reflect a certain determinism. Everything heads towards a final showdown with the death of the old man in the sod house. Khera's actions are predetermined. Things happen without her intention. The importance of stories is found in all three novels under discussion, The Crossing, Die jakkalsjagter and Die werfbobbejaan. "Things separate from their stories have no meaning. They are only shapes. Of a certain size and color. A certain weight. When their meaning has become lost to us they no longer have even a name. The story on the other hand can never be lost from its place in the world for it is that place" (Crossing: 142-143). The importance of the story is that it gives meaning to the things. All stories are the same story. The izinganekwane could be parallelled to the corrido (Spanish tales). Both are part of a hostile country, a different language and both are old tales that seem to determine the future.

Doctor Educationis / This study looks at the effect of a cross-cultural instructional approach on the learners’ conceptions of lightning and attitude towards science. It explored Basotho conceptions of lightning and thunder under the following themes: nature of lightning, protection against lightning, animalistic/humanistic behaviour of lighting and nature of wounds inflicted by lightning.

Durability is the most important factor in the design of heat-exchangers to meet the specifications of the customers. To predict the durability, endurance tests are carried out. In this thesis, one of the endurance tests, thermal cycling is performed for three different internal coolant flows until failure which is known as Wöhler test. A tool is developed in MATLAB that could import data from all kinds of endurance tests and visualizes time histories of every channel of the test (test parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow). An algorithm is developed for Level Crossing counting method which works based on the Markov cycle counting method. This produces Level crossing curves (LCC) for all the channels of the test which says how well a test has been performed and the total number of cycles of the test. It was observed that the LCCs obtained from the tool gives accurate results when compared with those obtained from LMS software whose approach of producing LCCs is Rainflow cycle counting method. Strain measurements are performed for the same flowrates as that of the Wöhler tests. The results from strain measurements and Wöhler tests are used in the determination of Basquin’s coefficient of the Wöhler curve. It was observed that the optimal value of Basquin’s coefficient is 3.4.

This thesis seeks to explain the phenomenon of party switching (or floor-crossing) in the understudied case of the Canadian House of Commons. It uses Müller and Strøm’s “Policy, Office or Votes?” framework at the individual level of analysis and a mixed methods approach that combines document analysis and econometrics to assess the effects of individual and institutional variables on the decision to switch parties. The results inform a wider discussion regarding individual political behavior as well as the role, influence and evolution of political parties in the Canadian state. The research demonstrates that the electorate is adept at recognizing opportunism and tends to respect MPs who switch parties on principle while punishing those that switch for more self-centered reasons.

Esta dissertação busca identificar aspectos carentes de melhorias na modelagem de pedestres. A modelagem do comportamento de pedestres se inicia pelo entendimento de seu processo decisório, entendendo como ele se desloca, realiza escolha de rotas, interage com outros pedestres, veículos, obstáculos, etc. Os modelos de simulação de pedestres estão hoje aptos a representar de forma bastante realista o deslocamento dos mesmos, entretanto, a simulação conjunta com veículos apresenta ainda alguns aspectos fracos devido as grandes diferenças de abordagem na modelagem dos dois modos. A representação da travessia de pedestres nos modelos de simulação tradicionais apresenta limitações que podem impactar nos resultados gerados pelos simuladores. Este trabalho enumera diversos comportamentos de pedestres decorrentes da interação com veículos, no momento da travessia, que geralmente não estão presentes nos simuladores. Uma vez identificados estes comportamentos, uma pesquisa foi realizada com usuários do sistema viário, com idades entre 22 e 60 anos, para avaliar o quanto estes comportamentos são frequentes e importantes na estimativa de tempos de viagem dos pedestres. O comportamento indicado pelos entrevistados como mais impactante nos tempos de viagem foi o de “busca por brecha em caminhada”, onde o pedestre percorre trechos na lateral da via, enquanto observa possíveis brechas na corrente de tráfego para realizar sua travessia. O referido comportamento foi então modelado e agregado a um modelo de simulação de pedestres. Os resultados mostraram que a inclusão do novo comportamento provoca redução significativa dos tempos médios de viagem dos pedestres e que a simulação pode ser mais condizente com o comportamento real de pedestres em diversos ambientes urbanos. Para representar o comportamento de um pedestre em um ambiente urbano, é preciso também estudar como ele escolhe suas rotas. No processo de escolha de rotas, o pedestre é influenciado por diversos fatores, como hábitos pessoais, o número de cruzamentos, níveis de poluição e de ruído, segurança, abrigo de condições climáticas ruins, e estimulação do ambiente. Para representar o comportamento de escolha de rota dos pedestres, foi desenvolvido um modelo que considera a interação entre pedestres como uma impedância alterando a rota do pedestre. O estudo foi inspirado por equações de forças de atrito, considerando que pedestres tendem a evitar passar próximo de outros pedestres com elevada velocidade relativa. Para escolher uma rota o pedestre realiza uma ponderação entre a impedância e a distância a ser percorrida. O modelo foi capaz de reproduzir comportamentos emergentes da interação entre os agentes, permitindo concluir que as equações de forças de atrito adotadas nesta modelagem podem ser uma abordagem válida na representação da escolha de rotas de pedestres, podendo também ser uma forma indireta de avaliação de atrasos. / This dissertation aims to identify aspects in need of improvement in modeling pedestrians. The modeling of pedestrian behavior begins by understanding their decision making process, understanding how people move, make route choice, interact with other pedestrians, vehicles, obstacles, etc. Simulation models of pedestrians are able to represent the way they move quite realistically, however, the combined simulation of pedestrians and vehicles still presenting some poor aspects due to the wide differences in the modeling approach of the two modes. The pedestrian road crossing representation in the traditional simulation models has limitations that may impact on the results generated by the simulators. This dissertation lists several behaviors arising from the interaction of pedestrians with vehicles at road crossing situations, which are generally not present in the simulators. Having identified these behaviors, a survey was conducted with pedestrians, aged between 22 and 60 years old, to evaluate how these behaviors are frequent and important to estimate travel times. The behavior indicated by the interviewees as more impactful in the travel times was the “search for a gap while walking”, describing the pedestrian that walks laterally to the road, in the sidewalk, at the same time that is trying to cross the road, looking for gaps in the traffic stream. Such behavior was modeled and then aggregated at a simulation model of pedestrians. Results showed that the inclusion of the new behavior causes significant reduction in average travel time for pedestrians and that the simulation can be more consistent with the actual behavior of pedestrians in different urban environments. To represent a pedestrian behavior in an urban environment, it is also necessary to study how he chooses their route. At the route choice process, the pedestrian is influenced by several factors, such as personal habits, the number of road crossings, levels of pollution and noise, safety, shelter from bad weather, and other stimulation of the environment. In order to represent the pedestrians route choice behavior was devised a model that considers the interaction between pedestrians as an impedance to alter pedestrians route. The study is inspired by friction forces equations, considering that pedestrians avoid passing near other pedestrians with high relative velocity. To choose a route a pedestrian consider a balance between the impedance and the path length. The model is able to reproduces emergent behavior between agents, allowing the assumption that friction equations adopted in this modeling may provide a suitable approach to route choice behavior and can also be used as an indirect measure of pedestrians delay.