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The aim of this thesis was to define what strategies were applied to translate culture-specific items in the novel "Middlesex" by Jeffrey Eugenides. The notion of culture, translation and issues of the translatability of culture-specific items; translation strategies and cultural categories were defined. / Šio darbo tikslas - nustatyti kokiomis vertimo strategijomis buvo verčiamos kultūrinės realijos Jeffrey Eugenides romane "Midlseksas". Apibrėžtos kultūros, vertimo sąvokos bei problemos, su kuriomis susiduriama verčiant kultūrines realijas, taip pat vertimo strategijos bei kategorijos, į kurias yra skirstomos realijos.

Translation process of fiction is a complex activity. In order to get a translated product with the same effect and value as of the original different competences of a translator are necessary, including intercultural awareness. Different cultures have different experiences of life. Therefore, whenever a cultural gap appears a translator has to decide how to deal with it while translating. The study seeks to answer what possible ways for translating CSIs exist and which of them were applied while translating the novel “The World According to Garp” by John Irving. / Grožinės literatūros vertimas – sudėtingas procesas. Tam, kad vertimas atitiktų originalo vertę, vertėjui būtinas tarpkultūrinis sąmoningumas. Skirtingos kultūros turi skirtingą gyvenimo patirtį. Todėl vertėjas turi nuspręsti kaip elgtis esant kultūriniam atotrūkiui. Darbe aptariama kultūrinių realijų samprata bei analizuojamos vertimo strategijos, taikytos verčiant Džono Irvingo romaną „Pasaulis pagal Garpą”.

The dissertation is based on the analysis of thirty episodes of the American television series Friends with the focus on the CSIs (Culture Specific Items) and how these differences have been handled by Chinese translators who produced the subtitles for the English-Chinese translation. The analysis was based on the assumption that Mainland China’s culture is different from the US culture so people in these two countries may have problems in understanding CSIs if they are translated literally and if the subtitle translation is not adapted to the target audience. Such adaptation is normally known as localisation. The cultural differences that are ingrained in CSIs might have to be handled with caution in the production of subtitles. The main objective of the dissertation has been to analyse different translation choices which are currently used by the translators in questions, dealing with CSIs where cultural differences between mainland China and the US arise. The research discovered that repetition of CSIs is a strategy which underperformed, failing to help the Chinese audience to comprehend the cultural connotations associated with the CSIs. The paper has provided some recommendations as to how the subtitle translation of such CSIs might be handled in such a way that the audience will have a better understanding of the same.

The dissertation is based on the analysis of thirty episodes of the American television series Friends with the focus on the CSIs (Culture Specific Items) and how these differences have been handled by Chinese translators who produced the subtitles for the English-Chinese translation. The analysis was based on the assumption that Mainland China’s culture is different from the US culture so people in these two countries may have problems in understanding CSIs if they are translated literally and if the subtitle translation is not adapted to the target audience. Such adaptation is normally known as localisation. The cultural differences that are ingrained in CSIs might have to be handled with caution in the production of subtitles. The main objective of the dissertation has been to analyse different translation choices which are currently used by the translators in questions, dealing with CSIs where cultural differences between mainland China and the US arise. The research discovered that repetition of CSIs is a strategy which underperformed, failing to help the Chinese audience to comprehend the cultural connotations associated with the CSIs. The paper has provided some recommendations as to how the subtitle translation of such CSIs might be handled in such a way that the audience will have a better understanding of the same.

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The present study deals with the work and practice of three Scandinavian translators, namely Kjell Olaf Jensen (Norwegian), Marianne Öjerskog (Swedish) and Agnete Dorph Stjernfelt (Danish). The main question of the thesis is what strategies the translators use when translating culture-specific elements from French and English. Theoretically the thesis positions itself within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies and draws upon system theories as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of culture. The method consists of a source text – target text analysis, using a somewhat modified version of Pedersen’s (2007) method identifying seven translation strategies, namely (1) retention, (2) specification, (3) direct translation, (4) generalization, (5) substitution, (6) omission and (7) official equivalent. In this thesis the three former and the official equivalent are categorized as “adequate”, whereas generalization, substitution and omission are categorized as “acceptable” using Toury’s (2012) terminology. Six different types of culture-specific elements are investigated, namely (1) titles, address and professional titles, (2) currencies, (3) weights and measures, (4) literature and music, (5) education, and (6) names. In addition to this analysis, interviews with the three translators were carried out. Results show that there are both similarities and dissimilarities in the translators’ choices of translation strategies. It also turns out that the strategies used to a great extent depend on the culture-specific element in question and hardly ever on the source language. Results also suggest that the higher the translators’ amount of accumulated total capital, the more likely it is that they adopt a heterodoxic translation strategy. Jensen and Stjernfelt are more often positioned at one of the two extremes of the adequacy–acceptability axis than is the case for Öjerskog. Moreover, results from the interviews and the text analyses show that there are a number of norms that govern the translators’ practices. The translatorial practice is to manoeuver in a field governed by norms in order to produce the best possible target texts – target texts that are true to the original and conform to domestic literary standards.

This thesis analyses the translation strategies for culture-specific items (CSIs) in the translations by four different Lithuanian translators of four British and Canadian novels for young people, "Alone at Ninety Foot" (2001) by Katherine Holubitsky, "Hit and Run" (2003) by Norah McClintock, "Double Act" (1996) by Jacqueline Wilson and "The Borrowers" (1952) by Mary Norton. All these novels have a great variety of culture-specific items, often reflecting the lives of children and adolescents and issues that are important to them. The analysis of translation of culture-specific items is based on the strategies suggested by Eirlys E. Davies, while the categories of culture-specific items that are chosen for deeper discussion are those of a higher importance for the characters or themes of the novel. Statistical analysis of the strategies helps to form a clearer picture of the strategic choices preferred by each of the four Lithuanian translators. The present work is divided into five sections and has two appendices. Section One introduces the purpose of the work and provides some information about the object of analysis: the translation of cultural references in four British and Canadian novels for young people. Section Two explains the terminology used for the analysis of the translation of culture-specific items. Section Three is divided into eight sub-sections: 3.1, 3.3, 3.5 and 3.7 discuss the importance of some categories of culture-specific items in each novel, while... [to full text] / Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamos keturių vertėjų strategijos perteikiant kultūrines realijas keturiuse Didžiosios Britanijos ir Kanados jaunimo romanų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą. Tai -Katherine Holubitsky romanas „Vienatvė prie Devyniasdešimties Pėdų tvenkinio“, Nora McClintock romanas „Pabėgęs iš įvykio vietos“, Jacqueline Wilson - „Mes - dvynės!“ bei Mary Norton - „Skoliniautojai“. Šiuose romanuose rasta daug įvairių kultūrinių realijų, kurios atspindi paauglių gyvenimą ir jiems svarbius dalykus. Kultūrinių realijų vertimas analizuojamas taikant Eirlys E. Davies strategijas. Šiai analizei atrinktos tos kultūrinių realijų grupės, kurios atlieka svarbų vaidmenį atskleidžiant romanų temas bei atvaizduojant pagrindinius veikėjus. Vertimo strategijų statistinių duomenų suvestinė padeda aiškiau suvokti keturių lietuvių vertėjų naudojamas strategijas. Darbą sudaro penki skyriai ir du priedai. Pirmame skyriuje pristatomas darbo tikslas ir analizės objektas - trumpai apibūdinamas kultūrinių realijų vertimas keturiuose Didžiosios Britanijos ir Kanados romanuose jaunimui. Antrame skyriuje paaiškinamos sąvokos, naudojamos kultūrinių realijų vertimo analizei. Trečią skyrių sudaro aštuoni poskyriai. 3.1, 3.3, 3.5 ir 3.7 poskyriuose pristatomos kai kurios svarbios kiekvieno romano kultūrinių realijų grupės, o 3.2, 3.4, 3.6 ir 3.8 poskyriuose aptariamos kultūrinių realijų vertimo strategijos kiekviename romane. Pastarieji poskyriai dar suskirstyti pagal kultūrinių realijų grupes... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The focus of this thesis is the translation strategies used to translate culture specific items in the Lithuanian and English versions of Peter Mayle’s book A Year in Provence. Peter Mayle (b. 1939) is a famous British author, known for his educational books for children and travel writing. A Year in Provence is a book about a British couple who decides to settle in a small village of Ménerbes in France. New people and places offer many adventures while trying to know better the French culture and cuisine. The Lithuanian translation of the book was done by the translator Ina Jakaitė (2008). At first, this thesis analyses the concept of cultural adaptation and explanations of the concept of the culture itself. Translation strategies for culture specific items (CSIs) are also discussed in the present paper. Furthermore, some methods of the translation by different scholars are introduced. Translation strategies for culture specific items in the paper are proposed and discussed according to the approach discussed by the famous scholar Eirlys E. Davies. Translation strategies (preservation, addition, omission, globalization, localization, transformation and creation) are used in analyzing and discussing the translation of proper nouns and food items in the book A Year in Provence. The section of proper names is divided into two categories: proper names ( the first names and surnames) and geographical names (names of cities, names of towns, names of streets, names of cafés and... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti kultūrinių realijų rūšis ir jų vertime naudojamas strategijas Piterio Meilo knygoje „Metai Provanse“ (2000). Piteris Meilas (g. 1939) yra žymus britų autorius, rašęs knygas ne tik suaugusiems, bet taip pat ir lavinamąsias knygas vaikams. „Metai Provanse“ yra knyga apie britų porą, kuri palieka savo namus Anglijoje ir apsigyvena mažame Manerbo miestelyje Prancūzijos pietryčiuose. Naujos vietovės ir naujai sutikti žmonės kelia daug iššūkių naujakuriams ir verčia ne tik geriau pažinti pačią Prancūziją, bet ir kultūrinius bei gastronominius ypatumus. Knygą į lietuvių kalbą išvertė Ina Jakaitė (2008). Darbe pristatoma kultūrinio pritaikymo svarba ir apibrėžiama pati kultūros konsepcija. Vertimo strategijos taip pat analizuojamos šiame baigiamąjame darbe. Kadangi mokslininkai skirtingai pateikia panašias vertimo strategijas, aptariama jų įvairovė, analizė grindžiama Eirlys E. Davies pateikiamais metodais. Vertimo teorijos yra naudojamos analizuojant tikrinių daiktavardžių ir maisto terminų vertimą knygoje „Metai Provanse“. Tikrinių daiktavardžių pavyzdžiai yra suskirstyti į dvi dalis: tikrinius vardus (vardus ir pavardes) ir geografinius vardus (miestų, gatvių, kavinių bei restoranų, miestelių bei kaimų ir slėnių pavadinimus). Maisto terminų pavyzdžiai taip pat suskirstyti į dvi grupes: maisto produktus (mėsos, pieno produktus, daržoves ir vaisius, prieskonius ir jūros gėrybes) ir atskirus patiekalus, patiekiamus valgio metu (užkandžius, salotas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]