Abstract The purpose of this essay was to examine what methods might be used in translation from English to Swedish of two informative newspaper articles about current events, which took place in 2010 and 2011, viz. the publishing of secret documents on the Internet by JulianAssange and WikiLeaks. The study is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theories on metaphorical concepts, presented in their work Metaphors We Live By (1980/2003), and the focus of the translation study is on metaphors and metonomy. The texts contain a large number of metaphors. Almost 100 of those have been listed in an Appendix, attached to this paper, and a great many of these metaphors were analysed. The special metaphor types of metonomy and personification were studied separately, as well as together with the rest of the metaphors. The theoretical model used was Vinay and Darbelnet’s theories of direct and oblique translation, comprising the following seven strategies: literal translation, borrowing, calque, transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. Other theorists, whose professional expertise and experience proved useful in this work, were Munday, Newmark and Ingo. Parallel texts, monolingual dictionaries and the Internet were also most valuable in the translation process. Choosing the appropriate and correct vocabulary and expression in the target language was not always an easy task, and certain words and passages translated were revised on several occasions. As for the translation strategies used, equivalence was the most interesting one, and transposition should perhaps have been used to a larger extent. Literal translation was probably used most of them all.

The focus of this paper is on university webpages and the translation of these. With the help of existing translation strategies, it aims to map out the strategies used in Swedish web pages in English with a focus on names and words/expressions for which there are no direct equivalents in English. The study shows that the most common strategies regarding the translation of names were translating word for word and using the nearest equivalent. Regarding language-specific expressions, the most common strategies were using cultural equivalents and reduction. Not surprisingly, additions in the text were most often matters of importance to an international audience, and the most common omissions were matters that only had a local interest.

Abstract Title: How to translate cultural references Language: French Author: Helena Forsell University/Department/Year: Linnaeus University/School of Language and Literature/2014 The main focus of this paper has been to find out which difficulties the translator comes across when trying to find cultural references that will apply in the target text. Since the original text treats a cultural aspect concerning the French gastronomic meal, the aim has also been to find out whether a deeply human trait, such as eating a meal in the company of others, produces translation problems despite a fairly common ground between French and Swedish culture. The source text used in this study is Convention pour la Sauvegarde du Patrimoine culturel immatériel, Dossier de Candidature n◦00437, which was published in 2010 and translated into Swedish in 2014. The main translation strategies used are adaptation, equivalence, addition and omission. Keywords: Cultural adaptation, translation strategies, reference, metonymy.

Utifrån ett elevperspektiv har syftet med examensarbetet varit att ta reda på vilka strategier eleverna använder sig av när de har två språk, modersmålet danska och andraspråket svenska, som är så lika och ändå så olika, för att uppnå ett bättre lärande. Med hjälp av frågeställningarna Vilka lingvistiska strategier använder de sig av när svenska språket skal översättas till danska?, Vilka problem kan det uppstå när det svenska språket skall översättas till modersmålet danska?, Hur kan kunskaper om det ena språket hjälpa till när de ska översätta till ett andra? redovisas en kontrastivt empirisk undersökning för att få svar på dessa. I forskningen anses elevernas språkliga medvetenhet att ha stor vikt för elevernas språkförmåga. För att uppnå språkligt medvetenhet ska det i viss mån både tas hänsyn till deras kognitiva, sociala och affektiva aspekter samtidigt med att de själva är engagerade och tar ansvar i sitt lärande. Tillika krävs det att läraren undervisar utifrån didaktiska metoder som kan utveckla och stötta eleverna i sina språk. I den empiriska delen redovisas intervjusvar från 6 elever från klass 7-9 utifrån en översättning av en svensk text om till dansk. Undersökningen visar at eleverna är semantisk medvetna i de två språkens likheter och skillnader. Eleverna använder sig av strategier där de fokusera på språken – deras likheter och olikheter i fonologin, morfologin, reglarna i grammatik och syntax. De upptäcker och verbaliserar de grammatiska reglerna, de ljudar och rättar sig själva . De använder sig av sina erfarenheter utifrån sina egna upplevelser och de sätter sig in i hur en dansk vän eller väninna hade uttryckt sig så att meningarna låter rätt på danska. Samtidig är de uppmärksamma på att läraren kan vara med om att underlätta deras utveckling, så att de blir språkligt medvetna, och att det handlar om att undervisa med metoder så att eleverna har lust att lära och som kan styrka deras tankeprocesser och kunskaper.

Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging       Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging       Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging       Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in <em>The Economist</em> in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.</p><p>                      Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.</p><p>                      The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.</p><p>                      Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging      </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in <em>The Economist</em> in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.</p><p>                      Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.</p><p>                      The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.</p><p>                      Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging      </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in <em>The Economist</em> in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.</p><p>                      Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.</p><p>                      The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.</p><p>                      Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging      </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in <em>The Economist</em> in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.</p><p>                      Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.</p><p>                      The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.</p><p>                      Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging      </p><p> </p>

Recently, the tendencies in the translation science have changed and the interest has been shifted towards the empirical investigations of the process of the translation. A wide span of research works was enhanced by the belief that the processes, which take place in the translator’s head while he or she is translating, are as important as the perception of translation as the final product of the translated text in relation to the source text. The translated text can provide a comparably incomplete and misleading assumptions about the process of translation, i. e. ignoring and eliminating both problems and successful strategies of the translation. Insofar as it is not possible to directly observe the human mind at work, a number of attempts have been made at indirectly accessing the translator’s mind. One such attempt, which has been steadily gaining ground in translation research, has been to ask the translators themselves to reveal their mental processes in real time while carrying out a translation task. Such a method of data collection is known as ‘thinking aloud’. Starting from 1980 Think Aloud Protocols (TAPs) have become a major instrument in process-oriented translation studies. The major early concern of researchers was the analysis of translation strategies using TAPs. Translation strategies range from a subject’s realization of a translation problem to its solution or to the subject’s realization of its insolubility for him or her. In this research, the... [to full text]

Orientador: Cristina Carneiro Rodrigues / Banca: Leila Cristina de Mello Darin / Banca: Alvaro Luis Hattnher / Resumo: A produção de significados pelo tradutor não se dá de maneira aleatória, mas ele, como sujeito sócio-historicamente constituído, faz escolhas e traça caminhos para produzir textos que sejam apropriados em relação à contextualização dada ao texto traduzido na cultura de chegada. Tal contextualização pode ser entendida como os parâmetros ���� os objetivos que se tem para ela, o público-alvo da publicação e o contexto de inserção dos leitores ���� que subjazem às opções estratégicas do tradutor. A discussão acerca da contextualização da tradução é relevante para a prática do profissional de tradução, na medida em que as especificidades de cada texto exigem que as estratégias do tradutor sejam ajustadas para que o texto possa ser considerado apropriado e admissível na cultura de chegada para um públicoalvo específico. O presente trabalho pretende mostrar que a contextualização da tradução determina o estabelecimento das estratégias pelo tradutor, tal que suas escolhas resultem num texto que esteja de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos. Busca-se, também, analisar as diferentes possibilidades de leitura que podem ser relacionadas ao uso de uma ou outra estratégia. Para isso, selecionaram-se para análise traduções direcionadas de Viagens de Gulliver para o português do Brasil. Acredita-se que esse tipo de reflexão é relevante para o ensino de tradutores aprendizes, já que, durante sua formação, muitas vezes a prática tradutória se dá de maneira descontextualizada e, em sua vida profissional, os textos terão contextualizações diferentes e o desenvolvimento de diferentes estratégias pode levar o leitor a fazer diferentes interpretações, que também são de responsabilidade do tradutor / Abstract: Translator's production of meanings is not random, but as a social constituted subject, translator chooses his ways for producing texts that are suitable to the contextualization given to the translated text in target culture. This contextualization may be seen as the parameters ����the purposes for the text in target culture, translation's audience and the context in which its readers may be inserted ����which underlie translator's strategic choices. The discussion about translation contextualization is relevant in translator's activity as the specificities of each text ask for adjustments in translator's strategies in order to the target text could be considered suitable and admissible in the target culture for a specific target audience. The present work seeks to show that translation contextualization determine the strategies usage so that the target text can be in accordance to the established parameters. It also aims to analyze the different possible readings that could be related to the use of one or another strategy. To do it, Gulliver's Travels specific translations into Brazilian Portuguese were selected for the analysis. It's believed that this kind of reflection is relevant to translator's teaching as in his professional life texts will be differently contextualized and the development of strategies for text production may lead the reader to different readings, which are also translator's responsibility / Mestre

During the last few decades, the translation of metaphors has been a popular focus for examination. Seemingly, the challenges that metaphors and metonymies pose have urged several scholars to compile sets of translation strategies in order to meet them or at least attempt to describe how they tend to be met. This study contributes to the research of how metaphors and metonymies are translated by examining the retention of conventional metaphors and metonymies and the distribution of different translation strategies in a Swedish translation of an excerpt from a Scottish travel guide. According to previous studies, metaphors are powerful instruments of persuasion, especially in travel literature, which essentially serves to sell a destination to its readers. The findings show that translating a metaphor or metonymy into a non-metaphorical or non-metonymical paraphrase is the most frequently utilized strategy, indicating that the images evoked by the metaphors and metonymies are difficult to transfer intact into a target text. Restrictions of semantic relationships and differences in cultural associations are among the possible factors found to influence the choice of strategies. Nevertheless, reproduction of source text metaphors and metonymies, and compensation were found to be the second and third most frequent strategies. While reproduction was expected due to the cultural similarities between English and Swedish, the relative frequency of compensations was less so, but perhaps motivated because of the overall loss of metaphors and metonymies in the translation.

The subject of this thesis is the translation of wordplays and cultural words in a German tourist brochure into Swedish. The overall aim was to examine which strategies were used to translate them and how the skopos, i.e. the purpose, and the text type affected these choices. Translating wordplays is known to be notoriously difficult, and this is also brought to light in this thesis. Even though 55% of the wordplays could be translated into a wordplay, 32% could not. In a few cases the strategy wordplay à related rhetorical device (for example rhyme, metaphor or irony) was used in order to retain the vocative purpose of the wordplay. A stronger way to ensure and preserve the vocative function in the target text was by using the strategy non wordplay à wordplay, a so-called compensatory strategy – a strategy sometimes deemed necessary. Cultural words are concepts that demand a certain amount of knowledge of the reader. The aim was to examine if these concepts, such as material culture (for example food and towns) and ecology, should be translated by source-text oriented, or rather by target-text oriented translation strategies. The results show that both strategies are indispensable in order to fulfil the skopos of a tourist brochure. However, the target-text oriented strategies, such as generalization and substitution, dominated with 52%. The source-text oriented strategies were used in only 38% of the cases. In some cases the cultural word was translated by an official equivalent, i.e. neither a source- nor target-text oriented strategy.