Orientador: Ariene G. F. Van Dender / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gallina_DarlilaAparecida_D.pdf: 2393198 bytes, checksum: d449f75bf565f0dfc3ba0c2977c57919 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho otimizou-se o processo de obtenção do requeijão cremoso longa vida (UHT) com teor integral de gordura e desenvolveu-se o processo tecnológico de fabricação do requeijão cremoso light UHT, de modo a obter produtos com características similares às versões tradicional e light obtidas com tratamento térmico normal. Os requeijões cremosos foram processados a partir de massa obtida por acidificação direta a quente de leite desnatado. Creme de leite, sal emulsificante e cloreto de sódio foram adicionados a massa antes de iniciar o processo de fusão. No caso das versões light a gordura foi parcialmente substituída pelo concentrado de proteína de soro (WPC 34%). Os requeijões obtidos foram envasados em copos de vidro (requeijão cremoso e requeijão cremoso light) ou esterilizados em processo UHT (143ºC/3-5 segundos) e envasados assepticamente em embalagens Tetra Pak de 125 mL (requeijão cremoso UHT e light UHT). Os requeijões obtidos foram avaliados e comparados em relação às características: físicas e químicas, microbiológicas, perfil de textura (TPA), sensoriais (aceitabilidade, ADQ, estudo de vida de prateleira), perfil eletroforético das proteínas, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e cor (instrumental). Não houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) na composição química do requeijão cremoso (RC) e requeijão cremoso UHT (RCUHT). Os requeijões cremosos light (RCL) e light UHT (RCLUHT) apresentaram composição bastante similar. Ao longo do período de estocagem de 90 dias a 5ºC os valores de pH e lactose dos requeijões cremosos (RC e RCUHT) não apresentaram diferença significativa. Os índices de oxidação lipídica pelo método de ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico (TBA) do RC foram significativamente maiores do que os do RCUHT em 30, 60 e 90 dias de estocagem a 5ºC. Não houve diferença significativa no índice de TBA do RCUHT (estocado a 5 e 25ºC) durante o período de estocagem de 180 dias, exceto após 135 dias de estocagem. Nenhuma alteração foi observada no RC e RCL (acondicionados em copo), mantidos a 4-5ºC durante 90 dias, os quais apresentaram qualidade microbiológica satisfatória e de acordo com a legislação vigente. Quando submetidos ao teste de incubação (35-37ºC/7dias), RCUHT e o RCLUHT não apresentaram crescimento microbiano, alteração no pH e na aparência visual sendo, portanto considerados microbiológicamente seguros e adequados ao consumo. Houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) em todos os parâmetros do perfil de textura (firmeza, adesividade, elasticidade e coesividade) entre o RC e o RCUHT durante 90 dias a 5ºC. Em geral não houve diferença significativa nos atributos de textura do requeijão cremoso UHT e do requeijão cremoso light UHT quando estocados nas temperaturas de 5 e 25ºC. Não houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) nos parâmetros de cor (Luminosidade, cor amarela e índice de brancura) dos requeijões (RC e RCUHT, e RCL e RCLUHT) durante 90 dias de estocagem a 5ºC, dos requeijões (RCUHT e RCLUHT estocados a 5 e 25ºC) durante 180 dias de estocagem. A interação entre as amostras (RC e RCUHT) e o tempo de estocagem não foi significativa, ou seja, o tratamento térmico aplicado às amostras não afetou significativamente, o pH e o teor de lactose, os parâmetros de textura e os parâmetros de cor dos requeijões durante 90 dias a 5ºC. Para o RCL e o RCL UHT, a interação entre as amostras e o tempo de estocagem não foi significativa para os parâmetros de textura e de cor dos requeijões. Não houve interação significativa entre as amostras (estocadas a 5 e 25ºC) e o tempo de estocagem, ou seja, as temperaturas de estocagem dos requeijões (5 e 25ºC) não afetaram significativamente o índice de TBA, os parâmetros de cor e os parâmetros de textura do RCUHT e do RCLUHT durante 180 dias a 5 e 25ºC. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura observaram-se diferenças na microestrutura do RC e do RCUHT e também na microestrutura do RCL e RCLUHT. Tais diferenças provavelmente se devem aos efeitos dos tratamentos (térmico e mecânico) inerentes ao processo UHT. Apesar da composição química similar, as diferenças observadas na textura e na microestrutura dos requeijões cremosos (UHT e light UHT) foram desejáveis e necessárias de forma que o produto pudesse ser acondicionado na embalagem e manipulado facilmente para seu consumo. O perfil eletroforético dos requeijões (RC e RCUHT) apresentou as frações da ß-CN, as1-CN e ?-CN. No requeijão cremoso (RC) observou-se também a presença da fração as1 - I CN, além das outras frações. Não houve diferença no perfil eletroforético das proteínas no requeijão cremoso light e requeijão cremoso light UHT, os quais apresentaram as frações de ß-CN, as1-CN e ?-CN. Ao longo do período de estocagem de 90 dias para o requeijão cremoso e light e 180 dias para o requeijão cremoso UHT e light UHT não houve alteração no perfil eletroforético, indicando que não ocorreu proteólise ou degradação das frações de caseína ao longo do tempo. No teste de aceitabilidade das amostras de RC e RCUHT em comparação com amostras comerciais observou-se que todas as amostras obtiveram boas médias de aceitação global. Quanto à consistência e espalhabilidade observaram-se elevadas porcentagens de rejeição da amostra UHT em relação às demais, sendo sua consistência de menor aceitação. Por outro lado, as amostras de RCL e RCLUHT comparadas com amostras de requeijões cremosos light comerciais no teste de aceitabilidade foram as de maior aceitação global. Quanto à consistência e espalhabilidade, houve destaque positivo para aceitação das amostras de RCLUHT e RCL em relação às demais. Em relação ao sabor, o RCLUHT obteve o maior índice de aceitação entre as amostras. Na Análise descritiva quantitativa verificou-se que a amostra de RCUHT em relação ao RC apresentou (ao nível de erro de 5%) cor branco-creme mais escura, menos consistência, mais fluidez, mais escorrimento no pão, menor sensação de corpo/consistência oral e gosto ácido levemente mais intenso. Estas amostras apresentaram igual intensidade de aroma e de sabor característico de requeijão e de creme de leite, de aroma de queijo maturado e de gostos salgado e amargo. A amostra de RCLUHT em relação ao RCL somente diferiu (ao nível de erro de 5%) quanto à intensidade do sabor característico de requeijão, considerada levemente menor. De acordo com o estudo da vida de prateleira e tendo em mente a necessidade de uma margem de segurança que garanta a qualidade do produto sugere-se os seguintes prazos de validade; (1) requeijão cremoso UHT (longa vida): 6 meses sob refrigeração até 10º C; 5 meses a 25º C e 2 meses para estocagem a 35º C; (2) requeijão cremoso light UHT (longa vida): 6 meses sob refrigeração até 10º C; 4 meses a 25º C e 2 meses para estocagem a 35º C. O emprego do processo UHT na produção de requeijão cremoso visa aumentar a durabilidade do produto devido ao tratamento térmico (UHT) e a embalagem asséptica e simplificar o sistema de transporte e estocagem do mesmo, sem a necessidade de refrigeração. Portanto, esta nova tecnologia desenvolvida visa oferecer uma nova alternativa ao mercado consumidor / Abstract: This research study describes the optimization of the manufacturing process of UHT full fat requeijão cremoso (long-life) as well as the development of a process to manufacture reduced fat version of UHT requeijão cremoso (long-life), in a way such as to obtain final products with characteristics similar to those of traditional commercial requeijão cremoso produced with the normal heat treatment. The processed cheeses were all made from fresh curds obtained by direct acidification of heated skim milk. Milk cream, emulsifying salt and sodium chloride were added to the curds before initiating the melting process. In the case of the reduced fat versions, milk fat was partially replaced by a fat substitute (WPC 34). The final products were hot-filled into glass containers (full fat and reduced fat requeijão cremoso) or sterilized by UHT processing (143ºC/3-5 seconds) before being aseptically filled into 125 mL Tetra Pak packages (full fat UHT requeijão cremoso and reduced fat UHT requeijão cremoso). The processed cheeses were evaluated and compared for physical-chemical, microbiological, texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory (acceptability, DQA, shelf life study) characteristics, protein electrophoretic profile, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and color (instrumental). No statistically significant (p < 0,05) differences were found in the chemical composition of the requeijão cremoso types investigated (traditional heat and UHT processing). The traditional reduced fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso presented quite similar chemical compositions. During storage for 90 days at 5ºC, the pH value and lactose levels of the traditional and UHT full fat requeijão cremoso samples did not show any significant differences (p < 0,05). Lipids oxidation as measured by TBA method was found to be significantly higher in the samples of requeijão cremoso (glass containers) compared to UHT requeijão cremoso after 30, 60 and 90 days storage. No statistically significant (p < 0,05) differences were found in the TBA values of the full fat UHT requeijão cremoso (stored at 5 and 25ºC) during the180 days storage period studied, except after the 135 days. In addition to being of satisfactory microbiological quality and in compliance with all applicable standards, the glass-packed requeijão cremoso samples (full fat and reduced fat) did not present any microbiological changes after 90 days storage at 4-5ºC. The results of the incubation test clearly show that the long-life processed cheeses (UHT full fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso) were also considered microbiologically safe and fit for human consumption as they did not present bacterial growth, change of pH value and visual appearance after incubation at 35-37ºC for 7 days. The texture profile parameter values (firmness, adhesiveness, elasticity and cohesiveness) of the glass-packed full-fat requeijão cremoso samples were significantly (p < 0,05) different from those of the UHT full fat cheeses during 90 days at 5ºC. In general, no significant differences (p < 0,05) were found between texture profile attributes of UHT full fat and UHT reduced fat processed cheeses when stored at 5 and 25ºC. No significant changes in the color parameters values (L*, b*, IB) of the glass-packed full fat and reduced fat requeijão cremoso, and UHT full fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso were observed throughout 90 days storage at 5C. Also in the case of UHT full fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão samples stored at 5 and 25ºC, the color parameter values did not measurably change during 180 days storage. No statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) were detected as to interaction between the samples (full fat and UHT full fat requeijão cremoso) and the storage period investigated, thus the heat treatment to which the different RC types were exposed during the manufacturing process did not produce any significant differences in terms of pH value, lactose levels, texture profile parameter values and color parameters values during 90 days at 5ºC. No statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) were detected as to interaction between the samples and the storage period investigated relative to the color parameters values and the texture profile parameter values of reduced fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso. No significant differences (p < 0,05) were found between the samples (stored at 5 and 25ºC) and the storage period, thus, storage temperatures did not significantly affect the TBA values, the color parameters values and the texture profile attributes of UHT full fat requeijão cremoso and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso during 180 days at 5 and 25ºC. Images generated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed marked differences between the microstructure of glass-packed full fat and UHT full fat requeijão cremoso on one hand, and between the microstructure of glass-packed reduced fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso on the other. These differences are probably due to effects of the heat and mechanical treatments inherent to UHT processing. In spite of having similar chemical compositions, the differences in texture and microstructure of the UHT full fat and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso versions are desirable and necessary, not only to enable the product to be filled into the package, but also to facilitate its consumption. The electrophoretic profiles of the full fat requeijão cremoso versions (glass-packed and UHT-processed) exhibited fractions of ß-CN, as1-CN e ?-CN. In addition to these fractions, the electrophoretic profile of glass-packed full fat requeijão cremoso shows also the presence of the as1 - I CN fraction. There was no difference between the electrophoretic profiles of the proteins present in the glass-packed reduced fat requeijão cremoso and that of the UHT reduced fat product, both of which contained the ß-CN, as1-CN and ?-CN fractions. No perceptible changes were observed in the electrophoretic profiles of the glass-packed requeijão samples (full fat and reduced fat) during the 90-day storage period studied, nor in the profile of the UHT full fat and UHT reduced fat cheeses during 180 days storage, thereby indicating that none of the four requeijão cremoso types studied was affected by proteolysis or casein fraction breakdown with time. The results of sensory acceptability analysis showed that both the glass-packed and UHT full fat requeijão cremoso samples received a high percentage of good ratings for overall sensory acceptability. The consistency and spreadability attributes of the UHT full fat requeijão cremoso samples received high percentages of rejection compared to the other sample types, with consistency receiving the lowest scores of acceptability. On the other hand, the samples of glass-packed reduced fat requeijão cremoso and UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso obtained good percentage ratings for overall acceptability and received higher ratings for this attribute as compared to 2 different brands of commercial reduced fat requeijão. As for consistency and spreadability, particularly the samples of glass-packed and UHT reduced fat cheese which obtained consistently higher ratings compared to all the other samples types analysed. As for the attribute taste, UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso received the highest scores for acceptability. The results of quantitative descriptive analysis show that (5% error level), compared to the glasspacked full fat product, the UHT full fat requeijão cremoso presented a darker tone of creamy white color, less firm and more fluid consistency, smoother and more fluid cheese flow on bread, less mouthfeel & body and a more intense acidic note. These samples exhibited similar intensity of aroma and typical requeijão and milk cream taste, ripened cheese aroma and salty and bitter flavor notes. Compared to the glass-packed reduced fat requeijão, the UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso samples were found to exhibit only less intense taste of typical requeijão (5% error level). Based on the results of the shelf-life study and considering the need for a safety margin that would guarantee the safety of the product, the following shelf life times are suggested: (1) UHT full fat requeijão cremoso (long-life): 6 months when stored under refrigeration at up to 10º C; 5 months when stored at up to 25º C and 2 months when stored at up to 35º C; (2) UHT reduced fat requeijão cremoso (long-life): 6 months when stored under refrigeration at up to 10º C; 4 months when stored at a temperature of 25º C and 2 months when stored at up to 35º C. The use of UHT processing in the manufacture of requeijão cremoso aims at extending the shelf life of the product as a result of both the higher efficiency of the UHT process as compared to the traditional heat treatment and the advantages of the aseptic package that not only eliminates the need of refrigeration but also facilitates handling throughout the distribution chain. Thus, this new technology provides a new and technically & economically feasible alternative for large-scale dairy plants / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar os efeitos da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) no leite cru (nos níveis de 100-200.000, 400-500.000 e >800.000 céls./mL) sobre as características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas, sensoriais e funcionais dos queijos Minas Frescal e tipo Mussarela. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas em blocos, considerando-se a contagem de células somáticas como efeito principal, os dias de análise como subparcelas e os processamentos como blocos. Cada tipo de leite foi obtido da ordenha de animais previamente selecionados de acordo com o nível de células somáticas. As etapas de elaboração dos queijos incluíram a pasteurização do leite (65º C, 30 minutos), adição de cloreto de cálcio, fermento (para a Mussarela) e coalho, coagulação e obtenção do coágulo, dessoragem, salga na massa, filagem, moldagem, salga na salmoura (para a Mussarela), e embalagem dos produtos. Os queijos foram mantidos em B.O.D. a 4 ºC e avaliados nos dias 2, 9, 16, 23 e 30 após a fabricação. A seqüência de elaboração dos queijos Minas e tipo Mussarela foi repetida 5 e 3 vezes, respectivamente, para cada tratamento. As análises realizadas nos queijos foram: pH, acidez, percentuais de gordura, matéria seca (MS), cinzas, nitrogênio total (NT), nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), nitrogênio não caseinoso (NNC), índice de proteólise, ácidos graxos livres (AGL), textura, avaliação sensorial, propriedades funcionais (capacidade de derretimento a 107 ºC e percentual de óleo livre - somente no queijo tipo Mussarela), contagem de mesófilos, psicrotróficos e número mais provável a 35 e 45 ºC. No queijo Minas Frescal, não houve interação entre CCS e dias de armazenamentos nas avaliações físico-químicas, microbiológicas, funcionais e índice de lipólise, porém houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) para índices de proteólise e profundidade da proteólise. Já para mesófilos, psicrotróficos, acidez, matéria seca, firmeza e ácidos graxos livres houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) ao avaliar dias de armazenamento. A avaliação sensorial, no primeiro dia de análise, não apresentou diferença significativa nos atributos, porém o queijo de alta CCS (> 800.000 céls./mL) diferiu dos demais no dia 30, em que recebeu menor nota em todas as características. No queijo tipo Mussarela, houve interação entre CCS e dias de armazenamento apenas para a capacidade de derretimento, resultando em aumento do derretimento no decorrer do tempo. Para as características de pH, ácidos graxos livres, índices de proteólise, extensão e profundidade da proteólise, mastigabilidade e elasticidade houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) para dias de armazenamento. Entre os atributos avaliados na sensorial, apenas a aparência apresentou diferença entre tratamentos. O rendimento dos queijos, Minas frescal e tipo Mussarela, não foram influenciados pela quantidade de células somáticas dos leites. Os resultados do trabalho indicaram que o leite destinado à fabricação dos queijos Minas e tipo Mussarela deve apresentar CCS até 400-500.000 céls./mL, de maneira a evitar alterações na qualidade dos produtos ao longo do período de armazenagem. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of somatic cells counts (SCC) in raw milk (at levels of 100-200,000, 400-500,000 and 800,000 cells./mL) on physical, chemical, microbiological, sensorial and functional characteristics of Minas frescal and Mozzarella type cheeses. A completely randomized block design was used, considering SCC as the main effect, the days of analysis as sub parcels and the processing batches as the blocks. Each type of milk was obtained from cows previously selected according to its individual SCC. The manufacture of cheeses included: pasteurization of milk (65ºC, 30 minutes), addition of calcium chloride, starter culture (for Mozzarella) and rennet, coagulation and separation of the curd, whey drainage, salting (for Minas cheese), stretching of the curd, kneading and salting in brine (for Mozzarella), and packing the products. The cheeses were stored in a B.O.D. oven at 4ºC and evaluated on days 2, 9, 16 23 and 30 after the manufacture. The sequence of elaboration of the Minas frescal and Mozzarella cheeses was repeated 5 and 3 times, respectively, for each treatment. The analyses carried out in the cheeses were: pH, acidity, percentages of fat, dry matter (DM), ashes, total nitrogen (NT), non-protein-nitrogen (NPN), non-casein nitrogen (NCN), proteolysis, free fatty acids (FFA), texture, sensorial evaluation, functional properties (melting capacity the 107 ºC and percentage of free oil - only in the cheese Mozzarella), mesophile and psychrotrophic counts and the most probable number at 30 and 45ºC. For Minas frescal cheese, no interaction was found between SCC and days of storage when considering the data on chemical, physical, microbiological, functional and lipolysis index. However, a significant effect (P<0.05) was observed for proteolysis and depth of proteolysis. For mesophiles, psychrotrophics, acidity, dry matter, firmness and free fatty acids, there was a significant effect (P<0.05) for days of storage. The sensorial evaluation made on the first day of analysis did not present significant differences for all attributes. However, the Minas cheese made with high SCC (800,000 cells/mL) differed on day 30, when it received worse grades for all the attributes. For the Mozzarella cheese, an interaction between SCC and days of storage was observed only for the melting capacity, which resulted in an increment of the melting along the time of storage. The parameters of pH, free fatty acid, proteolysis, extension and depth of proteolysis, springiness and elasticity had significant effect (P<0.05) for days of storage. Amongst the attributes evaluated in the sensorial, only the appearance presented difference between treatments. The yield of Minas frescal and Mozzarella cheese was not influenced by the amount of somatic cells in the original milk. Results indicated that milk used for the manufacture of Minas frescal and Mozzarella cheeses should present SCC up to 400-500,000 cells/mL, in order to avoid quality changes in those products during storage.

Enzymic milk coagulation was monitored by measuring changes in curd firmness and apparent absorbance of undiluted milk. Detection of coagulation, visually or rheologically, occurred after the milk changes from a system of aggregating particles to an extended space network. This change was observed as a shoulder in apparent absorbance plots and coagulation time was defined as the critical point in the aggregation process analogously to non-linear condensation polymerization reactions. It corresponds to the inflexion point during the period when apparent absorbance was rapidly increasing and can be calculated by fitting curd firmness data to an exponential equation. Addition of calcium chloride to milk reduced coagulation time with a minimum occurring at .05M calcium. Also, curd firmness increased with a maximum at .02M calcium. It appears that calcium affects all stages of coagulation: proteolysis, micelle aggregation, and gelation. When bulk culture media was added to milk, the pH of the media had a greater effect on coagulation time than did presence of phosphate in the media. Non-specific proteolytic activity of milk coagulants affects the initial rate of curd firming but not the maximum firmness. The more proteolytic the enzyme the slower the curd firming rate. This can be used to rapidly assay for pepsin content of bovine rennets.

A linear diffusion test in sedimentation tubes filled with caseinagar gel successfully measured milk clotting enzymes at concentrations of 10-4 to 1 X 10-l rennin units/ml with 95% accuracy. Diffusion rates were unaffected by diluting enzyme samples with whey, 3% NaCl, and water, The distribution of rennet, porcine pepsin, mucor pusillus var Lindt (MP) protease, and rennet-pepsin mixtures between curd and whey was determined on milk coagulated at pH 5.2, 6.0, 6.4, and 6.6. The procedure accounted for 100 + 7% of the added enzymes. The distribution of rennet was pH dependent with 31% and 72% in curd and whey respectively at pH 6.6, and 864 and 174 respectively at pH 5.2. The distribution of MP protease was independent of pH with approximately 154 and 85% in the curd and whey at all pH values. Pepsin behaved similar to rennet but was unstable above pH 6.0. During Cheddar cheese making, 7% and 58% of the original rennet, 6% and 93% of the original MP protease, and 5% and 17% of the original rennet-pepsin mix was active in the curd and whey respectively at dipping. After overnight pressing, 6% of the rennet, 3% of MP protease, and 4% of the rennet-pepsin mix remained active in the cheese. At dipping only 9% of the original pepsin was detected in the whey. Pepsin was unstable at pH values used to release the enzyme from the curd and could not be quantitated.

The Western Dairy Center at Utah State University funded this project to investigate cheese research using concentrated milks. Concentrated milk was provided by the South Dakota State University and starter culture for this study was prepared and donated by Vivolac Cultures Corporation, Greenfield, Indiana. The project initiated as a continuation of a previous study on effects of protein concentration, coagulum cut size and set temperature on curd moisture loss kinetics while stirring during cheesemaking. It was aimed at determining the extent to which pH drop prior to draining and final cheese moisture when using microfiltered concentrated milk. We performed twelve cheesemaking trials using recombined milk from micellar casein concentrate, cream and skim milk according to a modified cheddar cheese-make procedure. Four different levels of starter cultures were used to achieve different acidification rates for pH change during cheesemaking. The amount of starter culture added had significant effect on moisture of cheese at whey drainage, moisture and pH of cheese. Thus, it can be said that the pH drop that occurs during the cheesemaking increases rate and extent of whey expulsion.

Outgrowth of spoilage yeasts and moulds and post-processing acidification can limit the shelf-life of some fermented dairy products including fresh lactic curd cheeses. The possibility of using high pressure processing (HPP) for controlling these problems was investigated in a commercially manufactured fresh lactic curd cheese (pH 4.3-4.4) and fermented milk models (pH 4.3-6.5). The effects of HPP at 300 and 600 MPa on inactivation of glycolytic enzymes of lactic acid bacteria were also evaluated. Fresh cheeses made from pasteurised bovine milk using a commercial Lactococcus starter preparation were treated with high pressures ranging from 200 to 600 MPa (less than or equal to 22°C, 5 min) under vacuum packaging conditions and subsequently stored at 4°C for 8 weeks. Treatment at greater than or equal to 300 MPa substantially reduced the viable count of Lactococcus and effectively prevented the outgrowth of yeasts and moulds for 6 to 8 weeks without adversely affecting the sensory and textural attributes of the product. However, it had no significant effects (p less than 0.01) on variation of titratable acidity during storage. Fermented milk models were prepared by individually growing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C10, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris BK5, Streptococcus thermophilus TS1, Lactobacillus acidophilus 2400 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2517 in UHT skim milk and diluting the resulting fermented milk with UHT skim milk up to pH 6.5. Pressure treatment of the milk models at pH 5.2 resulted in substantial inhibition of post-processing acidification during storage and markedly reduced the viable count of Lactococcus at both 300 and 600 MPa and other bacteria only at 600 MPa. Treatment of the milk model at 600 MPa decreased the viable counts of Candida zeylanoides and Candida lipolytica (wildtype spoilage yeasts of lactic curd cheese, added as challenge cultures) from 105 CFU mL-1 to below the detection limit (log 0 CFU mL-1) at all pH levels tested (pH 4.3-6.5) and effectively controlled their outgrowth for 8 weeks. Treatment of milk model at 300 MPa had a similar effect only on C. zeylanoides. The viable count of C. lipolytica was reduced by 2.6, 2.4 and 2.3 logs by treatment at 300 MPa at pH levels of 4.3, 5.2 and 6.5, respectively, which subsequently recovered by 2.9, 2.8 and 3.2 logs within 3 weeks. Glycolytic enzymes of various starter bacteria showed different responses to pressure treatment. The lactate dehydrogenase in L. lactis subsp. lactis and Lb. acidophilus was quite resistant to pressures up to 600 MPa, but it was almost completely inactivated in S. thermophilus at pressure levels as low as 300 MPa. The â-galactosidase in Lb. acidophilus was more pressure stable than â-galactosidase in S. thermophilus and Phospho-â-galactosidase in L. lactis subsp. lactis. The findings of this study suggests HPP at 300-600 MPa as an effective method for controlling the outgrowth of some spoilage yeasts and moulds in fresh lactic curd cheeses. The results obtained with selected lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk models can be used to assist in establishing HPP operating parameters for development of new generation cultured dairy products, of reduced acidity and extended shelf-life.

Darbo tikslas: Sukurti, įvertinti, išanalizuoti varškės gaminius su biologiškai aktyviais augalais. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti literatūrą apie biologiškai aktyvius augalus, pieno produktų – varškės naudą žmogaus mityboje (literatūros analizė). 2. Išanalizuoti raugintų pieno produktų asortimentą didžiuosiuose prekybos centruose. 3. Atlikti vartotojų nuomonės apie varškės gaminius apklausos analizę. 4. Sukurti technologines korteles varškės gaminiams su biologiškai aktyviais augalais gaminti. 5. Atlikti eksperimentą vaikų reabilitacijos ligoninėje „Lopšelis“ (pagaminti varškę su biologiškai aktyviais augalais, atlikti pagamintos varškės juslinius vertinimus (atlieka vaikai ir suaugę žmonės). 6. Vartotojų nuomonės juslinio tyrimo metodikos (darželinio amžiaus vaikams) sukūrimas. 7. Varškės gaminių sudėties tyrimai. Išvados: 1. Literatūros analizė parodė, kad varškė turi daug teigiamų savybių sveikatai. Panaudojus jos gamyboje biologiškai aktyvius augalus, galima sukurti įvairesnius produktus vartotojams. Biologiškai aktyvūs augalai – vieni dažniausiai naudojamų funkcionaliojo maisto veikliųjų dalių raugintų pieno produktų gamyboje. Tyrinėjama jų įtaka sveikatai, jie vis plačiau pritaikomi maisto produktų gamyboje. 2. Atlikus Lietuvos didžiuosiuose prekybos centruose esančių raugintų pieno produktų su biologiškai aktyviais augalais tyrimą, nustatyta, kad Lietuvos rinkoje mažai raugintų pieno gaminių, ypač varškės ir jos gaminių, su biologiškai aktyviais augalais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to medical specialists, Lithuania compared to other European countries has higher incidence rates of diet-related diseases including cardiovascular, oncologic, chronic degenerative joint and other diseases. These problems could be reduced by consuming functional foods. One of the main functional food active parts are many types of herbs. Food products that contains herb extracts reduces risks of various illnesses because it connects free radicals in human body, positively affects immune system. Worldwide most valuable are those herbs that has good taste, many antioxidants and has antibacterial function: those herbs are spices, honey bush, hibiscus. Curd has lots of valuable features for health. Producing curd with biological active herbs it is possible to create various products for customers. Biological active herbs – one of the most used functional food active parts for acidified milk product production. Exploring its influence to human health and more widely used making food products. The goal of the paper: Create, evaluate and analyze curd products with biological active herbs. Objectives: 1. Analyze literature about biological active herbs, milk products – curd benefits in humans nutrition. 2. Analyze acidified milk product variety in biggest shopping centers. 3. Perform people’s opinion analysis about curd products. 4. Create technological cards for curd products with biological active herbs to make. 5. Make an experiment in children rehabilitation hospital... [to full text]

MAIA, Gisele Maria Isabel. Estudo dos aspectos tecnológicos e sensoriais do queijo de coalho com quitosana. 2013. 86 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrária, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 20013 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T12:02:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dos_gmimaia.pdf: 1135221 bytes, checksum: ad25730030b18a728d2f44f94703f7f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T12:02:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dos_gmimaia.pdf: 1135221 bytes, checksum: ad25730030b18a728d2f44f94703f7f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T12:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dos_gmimaia.pdf: 1135221 bytes, checksum: ad25730030b18a728d2f44f94703f7f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The need to develop new products that offer health benefits comes up with the growing trend towards healthy eating. Foods with dietary fiber and reduced fat stand in the preference of consumers who opt for more balanced diets. The objective of this research was to study the technological and sensory cheese curd produced with different concentrations of chitosan and processing. The biggest challenge was getting formulation of cheese curd that would comprise the functional properties of chitosan without altering the physico-chemical and sensory cheese. 20 formulations were developed cheese curd from five different chitosan concentrations (0, 2, 3, 4 and 6%) to be added to the mass of cheese, two kinds of lactic yeast used in the production (Yeast X: Lactobacilus casei Rhamnosus and yeast Y: Lactobacilus casei Rhamnosus + Lactococus lactis Lactis + Lactococcus lactis Cremoris) and two processing conditions (Process 1: inclusion of the processing and maturation and Process 2: inclusion of maturation step). The results allowed the selection of yeast lactic X, processing 1 and maximum of 3% chitosan to be added to the cheese mass. Then, samples were processed cheese with rennet addition of chitosan in concentrations of 0 (Q0QX2), 1,5 (Q1/2QX2) and 3% (Q3QX2), yeast produced with Lactobacilus casei Rhamnosus and aged for 14 days under refrigeration. The physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the samples Q0QX2, Q1/2QX2 And Q3QX2 were evaluated. The samples were classified as Q1/2QX2 light, and contain dietary fiber composition, whereas the framed sample was Q3QX2 as a fiber source, but no decrease in the fat content to be light. The samples under study were presented according to RDC No. 12 of ANVISA in microbiological tests. In the sensory tests, it was observed that the intention of purchase by the consumer preference and the cheese curd with chitosan decreased with increasing concentration of chitosan added to the cheese mass. The sample Q0QX2 (Control) and Q3QX2 obtained acceptance and rejection, respectively, 100% of the evaluated attributes, whereas the sample acceptance Q1/2QX2 presented in 83.33% of the attributes. Therefore, the sample presented Q1/2QX2 marketing potential due to attribute light, because it contains fibers in its present composition and sensory acceptance. / A necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos produtos que ofereçam benefícios à saúde surge com a crescente tendência a uma alimentação saudável. Alimentos com fibra alimentar e reduzido teor de gordura se destacam na preferência dos consumidores que optam por dietas mais equilibradas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar os aspectos tecnológicos e sensoriais do queijo de Coalho produzido com diferentes concentrações de quitosana e de processamentos. O maior desafio foi obter formulação de queijo de Coalho que agregasse as propriedades funcionais da quitosana sem alterar as características físico-químicas e sensorias do queijo. Foram desenvolvidas 20 formulações de queijo de Coalho a partir de cinco concentrações diferentes de quitosana (0, 2, 3, 4 e 6%) a ser adicionada à massa de queijo, de dois tipos de fermento lático utilizados na produção (Fermento X: Lactobacilus casei Rhamnosus e Fermento Y: Lactobacilus casei Rhamnosus + Lactococcus lactis Lactis + Lactococus lactis Cremoris) e de duas condições de processamento (Processamento 1: inclusão da etapa de maturação e Processamento 2: não inclusão da etapa de maturação). Os resultados obtidos permitiram selecionar o fermento lático X, o processamento 1 e limite máximo de 3% de quitosana a ser adicionada à massa de queijo. Em seguida, amostras de queijo de Coalho foram processadas com adição de quitosana nas concentrações de 0 (Q0QX2), 1,5 (Q1/2QX2) e 3% (Q3QX2); produzidas com fermento Lactobacilus casei Rhamnosus e maturadas por 14 dias sob refrigeração. As características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais das amostras Q0QX2, Q1/2QX2 E Q3QX2 foram avaliadas. A amostra Q1/2QX2 foi classificada como light, além de conter fibra alimentar em sua composição; enquanto que a amostra Q3QX2 foi enquadrada como fonte de fibra, porém não teve redução no teor de gordura para ser light. As amostras em estudo apresentaram-se de acordo com a RDC N°12 da ANVISA em testes microbiológicos. Nos testes sensoriais, observou-se que a intenção de compra e a preferência dos consumidores pelo queijo de Coalho com quitosana decresceu com o aumento da concentração de quitosana adicionada à massa de queijo. A amostra Q0QX2 (Controle) e Q3QX2 obtiveram aceitação e rejeição, respectivamente, em 100% dos atributos avaliados; enquanto que a amostra Q1/2QX2 apresentou aceitação em 83,33% dos atributos. Portanto, a amostra Q1/2QX2 apresentou potencial de comercialização devido ao atributo light, por conter fibras em sua composição e apresentar aceitação sensorial.

Le Niger est un pays à vocation pastorale. Ainsi, la 1ère partie de notre travail a consisté à analyser la filière laitière dans la région de Maradi. Il est ressorti de nos analyses que la filière laitière s’organisait autour des troupeaux de bovins. Les laits de chèvre et de chamelle étaient faiblement valorisés. La transformation du lait se faisait majoritairement dans des unités artisanales. La distribution des produits était faite essentiellement au niveau des boutiques de quartier et des marchés traditionnels. La consommation des produits laitiers à Maradi était influencée par l’âge des consommateurs, leur statut matrimonial et leur pouvoir d’achat. Notre étude a mis en évidence un intérêt des consommateurs pour de nouveaux produits laitiers, parmi lesquels le fromage wagashi. La 2ème partie de notre travail s’est donc intéressée à l’étude de la coagulation du lait par l’extrait de feuilles de Calotropis procera, étape clé de la fabrication du wagashi.Nous avons montré dans cette partie que l’activité coagulante de l’extrait de de Calotropis procera était influencée par le type de lait, la température et la dose de coagulant alors que la variation du pH et l’ajout d’ions calcium n’avaient aucune influence. L’étude de la protéolyse par RP-HPLC couplée à la MS/MS a montré que cette coagulation était due à une hydrolyse non spécifique de la caséine ¿ A. L’homogénéisation des laits, en créant des interactions entre la matière grasse et les protéines laitières avait amélioré les rendements de fabrication. Les caillés ainsi obtenus étaient plus durs, plus cassants et moins / Niger is a country with an agro-pastoral vocation. In this context, the 1st part of this work proposed to study the dynamic of the dairy sector in the region of Maradi. Our analyzes showed that, despite the heterogeneity of the herds, the dairy sector was organized around cattle herds. Goat and camel milks were poorly valued. Individual processing units that used cow’s milk to make artisanal products mostly provided dairy products. The urban distribution of these products was mainly at the neighborhood shops and traditional markets. The consumption of dairy products in Maradi was influenced by the age of the consumers, their marital status and their purchasing power. Despite a good appreciation of the dairy products supply in the region, our study highlighted consumer interest in new dairy products, including wagashi cheese. The 2nd part of our work was thus devoted to the study of the milk coagulation by the extract of Calotropis procera, a key step in the manufacture of wagashi cheesWe have shown in this section that the type of milk, the temperature and the dose of coagulant influenced the coagulant activity of the leaves extract of Calotropis procera while the variation of the pH and the addition of calcium ions had no effect. The proteolysis study by RP-HPLC coupled with MS / MS showed that this coagulation was due to a nonspecific hydrolysis of casein ¿ A. The homogenization of manufacturing milks, by creating interactions between fat and milk proteins, had improved manufacturing yields. The curds thus obtained were harder, more brittle and less sticky than those pr

Orientador: Salvador Massaguer Roig / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T05:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lubeck_GertMarcos_D.pdf: 2387143 bytes, checksum: ebda37b30cff2d72ffbe5153c83f1e38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho constitui em desenvolver tecnologia de fabricação de requeijão cremoso utilizando concentrado oretéico de soro ultrafiltrado e estudar as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas, de textura instrumental e sensorial, capacidade de derretimento de queijo, propriedades reológicas e de caracterização sensorial dos produtos. A fabricação dos produtos foi realizada nas instalações da Indústria de Laticínios Bombardelli em condições de processo industrial. Na 1ª etapa foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento avaliou a possibilidade do aproveitamento do concentrado protéicode soro (CPS), de massa coagulada com e sem lavagem da massa, e de utilização de diferentes fontes de gordura, como o creme de leite e a manteiga, na fabricação de requeijão cremoso. O segundo experimento avaliou pontos tecnológicos de processo de ovbtenção dos ingredientes de fabricação sos requeijões cremosos. Na 2ª etapa também foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento consistiu na fabricação dos requeijões cremosos utilizando quatro níveis de CPS (6,8, 10 e 12%) e três níveis de gordura no extrato seco (GES) (55, 60e 65%). Foram avaliadas as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas dos ingredientes e, o fluxo de requeijão e os parâmetros de textura industrial dos produytos. Os produtos fabricados foram comparados com requeijões comerciais. No segundo experimento foram utilizados cinco níveis de CPS (0, 6, 8, 10 e 12%) e três níveis de GES (55, 60, e 65%). Ocorreram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre as amostras de requeijão cremosos, em relação aos parâmetros de textura instrumental e teste de derretimento. A 3ª etapa consistiu de um experimento que permitiu a realização do estudo de análise sensorial que incluiu o teste de aceitação a Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) realizada por uma equipe sensorial de onze provadores. Foram avaliadas 15 amostras de requeijão cremoso fabricadas com a adição de cinco níveis de concentrado protéico de soro e três níveis de sal emulsificante e quatro amostras comerciais de requeijão. Foram escolhidas pelo teste de aceitação as quatro melhores amostras de requeijão com CPS e uma amostra de requeijão comercial, considerando a aparência, aroma, sabor, consistência e espalhabilidade. Baseado nestes resultados, as cinco melhores amostras foram realizadas por meio de análise descritiva quantitativa, caracterizando os produtos, Foi avaliada a realção que existe entre as caracteristicas fisico-quimica com a capacidade de derretimento e parametros de textura instrumental (TPA) dos requeijões cremosos. A 4ª e ultima etapa consistiu de um experimento, em que se avaliou o efeito das variáveis de processo, pela incorporação de diferentes níveis de concentrado protéico de soro obtido por ultrafiltração de sal emulsificante sobre as respostas de textura instrumental e sensorial. O planejamento experimental consistiu de quatro ensaios, quatro pontos centrais, totalizando 12 ensaios. Obteve-se faixas ótimas de uso de CPS e SE que proporcionaram as melhores respostas sensoriais de cremosidade, pastosidadee espalhabilidade e de textura instrumental de dureza, adesividade, elasticidade e gomosidade. Obteve-se um índice reológico de comportamento (n) mínimo n = 0,51 para amostra 07 (produto mais viscoso) e máximo n = 0,80 para amostra 08 (produto menos viscoso) / Abstract: This work consisted to develop technology of manufacture of requeijão cremoso utilizing whey protein concentrate ultrafiltered and study the chemicalphysical characteristics, sensory and instrumental texture, melting cheese capacity, rheological properties and sensorial characteristics of products. The fabrication of products was realized in Bombardelli Dairy Industry in conditions insdustrial process. In the first stage, were realized two experiments. The first experiment evaluated the possibility of to use whey protein concentrate, soft coagulante curd with and without curd was, use of different fat sources as milk cream or butter in fabrication os requeijão cremoso. The second experiment, was realized to define the process fluxogram to be used and the operacional range of the variables to be studied. In second stage was realized two experiments again. First experiment consisted in manufactured requeijões cremosos utilizing 6, 8, 10 and 12% whey protein concentrate and three levels of fat dry matter (55, 60 and 65%) . Were evaluated chemicalphysical characteristics of the ingredients and, melting capacity and instrumental texture parameters (TPA) of products. In second experiment were utilized five levels whey protein concentrate (zero, 6, 8, 10 and 12%), and theree levels of fat dry matter (55, 60 and 65%). Ocurred significant difference (P<0,05) between samples of requeijões cremosos in relationship melting capacity and instrumental texture parameters (TPA). Third stage consisted of one experiment that permited the realization of sensory analysis, including acceptance test and Descriptive Quantitative Analysis (DQA) realized by eleven panelist judged. Were choosed by acceptance test lhe four better samples of requeijão with addition whey protein concentrate and one commercial sample of requeijão with base in appearance, flavour, tate, consistency and spreadly. Based in this results, the fivebetter samples were analised utilizing descriptive quantitative analysis, characterizing the products. Was evaluated the relationship there are between chemicalphysical characteristics and melting capacity and texture parameters (TPA) oj "requeijões cremosos". Fouth and final stage consisted also of one experiment, in that evaluated the process variables effects, by incorporation of differents levels whey protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration and emulsifying salt on the instrumental and sensorial texture responses. The experimental design included four assay, four axis point and four centre points, resulting in 12 experimetal runs. Obatained abtimize regions of use of whey protein concentrate and emulsifying salt that providing the better sensorial responses of cremosity, stickiness and spreadability and better instrumental textures responses of firmness, adesiviness, elasticity and gumniness. The sample seven had minimal flow rheological behaviour index (n=0,51 product more viscous) and sample eight had maximum flow rheological behaviour index (n=0,80 product lesser viscous) / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos