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In this thesis factors that explain Swedish pharmaceutical export as been analyzed. The period investigated is from 1995 to 2010. The investigation is concluded through the use of a gravity model. It investigates not only the GDP and distance variable but also the effects of GDP/capita, exchange rates and the effect of being a part of the internal market of EU. The effects of having access to the ocean and if the country has English as its official language is investigated as well as the effect of sharing the same religion. The results show that only a smaller subset of countries make up for most of the pharmaceutical export. The results also shows that the pharmaceutical export can be explained by the same variables as most other goods.

The Regional Integration Agreements surround the international economy as an alternative to total liberalization of markets. Latin America was not astonished with the resurgence of the post-cold war regionalism. Regarding the imperfect customs union Mercosur, even when in this kind of agreement the goal is a Common External Tariff (CET) that would stimulate the external competitiveness under the aegis of the XXIV article of the GATT/OMC, discrimination still persists. In this case, Brazil, by removing restrictions to commerce for the members of the Block, reduced the CET tariff to 10 %. As an effect of the change in trade politics due to integration, a redirection in Mercosur trade flow took place. With a glance on the Brazilian economy and the rice market, which behavioral pattern would these alterations have, under the optics of the customs unions approach, knowing that Brazil is a loyal rice importer from Argentina and Uruguay now with the benefit of the absence of tariff restriction? According to the Vinerian approach, these effects might be beneficial trade creation or damaging trade diversion for the economical welfare. These effects to Mercosur can be measured with a partial equilibrium model for the cereal in order to find the potential of trade creation and diversion after the change in Brazil s import politics. As a result, we find that the greatest trade potential was created with the tariff reduction in the Block, from 1995 to 1999, as well as the trade creation surpassed the trade diversion to the Block from 1991 to 1994. Regarding the trade creation, Argentina was the more benefited country to the removal of tariffs. Nevertheless, the trade creation has gradually diminished for both members of the Mercosur. As consequence the Brazilian internal production has been more competitive than the imports, even without tariff protection. Regarding trade diversion, its values were minimal, so the damages to third party trade represent somewhat if compared to the potential of trade creation in the Block. Finally, it was clear that the alterations of the rough rice trade tariff allowed a great potential of trade creation and a real impact on the Brazil importation and internal production of rice. / Os Acordos Regionais de Integração permeiam a economia internacional como uma alternativa à total liberalização dos mercados. No caso a união aduaneira imperfeita do Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) alterou a dinâmica do mercado de arroz. Nesse caso, o Brasil ao remover as restrições ao comércio para os membros do Bloco reduziu a proteção em uma TEC de 10%. Como efeito, a mudança nos instrumentos de política comercial, em função da integração, geraram uma re-orientação dos fluxos de comércio no Mercosul. Com um olhar na economia brasileira e sobre o mercado de arroz, essas alterações, pela ótica da abordagem das uniões aduaneiras, teriam qual padrão de comportamento, sabendo que o Brasil é fiel importador de arroz da Argentina e Uruguai agora beneficiados pela ausência de restrição tarifária? Segundo a abordagem Vineriana esses efeitos poderiam ser benéficos criação de comércio ou prejudiciais desvio de comércio para o bem-estar econômico. Os efeitos, criação e desvio de comércio, ocorridos no Mercosul foram mensurados por meio de um modelo de equilíbrio parcial para o cereal a fim de estimar o potencial de comércio criado e desviado. Como resultado, tem-se que no período de 1995 a 1999 se concentra o maior potencial de comércio criado com a desgravação tarifária no Bloco. Bem como, o comércio criado entre 1991 e 1994 superou o comércio desviado para dentro do Bloco. Sob essa ótica, a partir da direção comércio criado, a Argentina foi país que mais se beneficiou com a remoção das tarifas. Contudo, o comércio criado, paulatinamente, diminuiu ao longo do tempo para ambos os membros do Mercosul. Do lado do desvio de comércio, seus valores foram mínimos e, dessa forma, os prejuízos ao comércio com terceiros, pouco representam se comparado ao potencial de comércio criado no interior do Bloco. Por fim, ficou claro que mediante a alterações na tarifa, no comércio de arroz, existe um grande potencial de criação de comércio e um real impacto sobre as importações e produção brasileira de arroz.

自從我方政府於1987年開放臺灣地區民眾赴大陸探親，並陸續放寬兩岸經貿交流的限制之後，海峽兩岸之間的經貿關係獲得了空前的突破與進展，不論是間接貿易或間接投資，均呈現大幅的成長。彼此之間的經貿往來已經形成緊密的經濟聯繫。 　　而在兩岸經貿往來日益密切之際，世界經濟也因「歐洲經濟區」與「北美自由貿易區」的實現而有朝向區域經濟整合的發展趨勢。面對這股世界經濟朝向區域化、集團化的發展趨勢，以及海峽兩岸經貿往來日益密切的事實，許多學者紛紛主張兩岸應該在現有的經貿交流基礎上，進一步實施經濟整合，希望能將同屬華人社會的台灣、大陸與香港等兩岸三地的經濟力量結合在一起，共同籌組一個屬於兩岸中國人的「大中華經濟圈」，藉以加強彼此間的經濟合作、促進此一地區的進步繁榮。基於以上所述，本論文之研究目的在於探討海峽兩岸是否有可能在現有的經貿交流基礎上，進一步實施經濟整合，建立一個以兩岸中國人為中心的區域性經濟組織。 　　本論文主要採用文獻分析法、比較研究法以及統計分析法等研究方法。在第二章探討海峽兩岸經貿關係之發展現況。第三章探討區域經濟整合之基本理論，包括經濟整合的定義、類型與效果，並以歐洲共同體為例，汲取其發展經驗。第四章則探討有關兩岸經濟整合之構想，分析大中華經濟圈的發展條件及限制並評析其可能產生之經濟效果。第五章探討兩岸經濟整合之展望，並對未來兩岸經濟合作的努力方向提出建言。 　　根據本論文的研究結果顯示：不論從地緣、血緣、親緣以及兩岸經濟資源秉賦互補等條件來看，海峽兩岸之間確實具有某些有利於兩岸三地進一步實施經濟整合的條件；但另一方面，兩岸之間也同時存在著(1)政治意識對立；(2)經濟制度迥異與(3)經濟發展程度懸殊等不利於兩岸進一步實施經濟整合的因素，尤其政治上的對立，更是兩岸實施經濟整合的最大障礙。現階段中共當局仍然堅持「一國兩制」的對臺政策，不承認中華民國為其對等之政治實體，致使任何形式之經濟整合均難以在兩岸之間實現。因此，現階段海峽兩岸之間仍未具備實施經濟整合之條件。

近年來，國際體系已從冷戰期間的兩元化趨向為現今的多元化發展，國際關係中國家角色的定位亦已由消極地孤立、不結盟朝向結盟、區域整合與全球化的目標邁進，並積極地參與國際政治與經濟組織，以因應全球競爭白熱化的趨勢。有鑑於此，全球性及區域性的經貿組織如雨後春筍般盛行，為當今國際經濟與金融新秩序之整合，注入一股欣欣向榮的氣象。 　　巴拉圭向為堅決反共的國家，在東西冷戰結束後邁向民主政治，並於國際上力求擺脫從前孤立形象，重返國際舞台，在其所參與之許多國際組織中，尤以當今第三大經貿集團─南錐共同市場，對其國家發展影響至深且鉅。巴拉圭在南錐共同市場四個創始會員國中雖屈居弱勢，但其如何能在南錐強鄰間運用外交政策─折衝、斡旋，並以四兩撥千金方式，強化本身競爭利基，積極謀求開創新的國家角色，實為巴拉圭未來在南錐共同市場發展所需面臨的挑戰與深思的課題。再者，當整合階段若仍處於較低階的國家層次時，遇國家利益與區域利益相衝突，各會員國往往以國家利益為先。因此，在南錐共同市場的整合過程中與各會員國間互動關係、定位、「區域角色」的扮演、以至於如何達成高層次的區域調和，循序漸進地朝向經濟整合程序邁進，著實對巴拉圭與其他會員國的政治與經濟皆產生莫大之衝擊，巴拉圭政府如何在國家利益與區域利益中取得平衡點並採取有效的因應策略，亦是其國家發展中需面對的另一重大考驗。 　　本論文共分為七章。第壹章緒論，第貳章闡述國際關係中角色理論之基本概念、層次分析及類別，強調在詭譎多變的國際關係中，國家仍一貫扮演最重要的角色，第參章從歷史發展軌跡中探討巴拉圭的國家角色及其外交政策取向之演變，尤其對巴拉圭與巴西及阿根廷之雙邊與三邊互動關係，做一全盤性的概述，以便增進對巴拉圭所處之整體情勢有所了解。第肆章主要針對巴拉圭加入南錐共同市場之政治與經濟動機，和不同面向之內、外在環境時空背景作剖析，第伍章說明南錐共同市場靜態面的基本制度、原則、組織架構與功能介紹及動態面的整合運作模式；以析論南錐共同市場區域內整合深化程度與區域外廣化之關係。第陸章探討巴拉圭在南錐共同市場之角色定位，藉由其發表之「南錐共同市場政策白皮書」檢視其外交政策，並對其在南錐共同市場之未來運作趨勢與影響作深入研究，第陸章結論，就巴拉圭之國家角色和區域角色之互動機制作一總結，旨在對巴拉圭加入南錐共同市場之前景與挑戰賦予嶄新的期許，期能透過政治對話、經濟同盟，創造競爭優勢。第柒章為結論。 / The purpose of this thesis is twofold. The first is to describe and obtain some stylized facts about Paraguay's insertion into MERCOSUR and clarify how this trading bloc enables the economic integration among its members. The second is to analyze the likely economic policies that Paraguay, a small country, may develop in order to identify her own available options, bearing in mind her landlocked but geo-strategic position in the Common Market. The scope on Paraguay's vocation for the democracy consolidation, as well as her pursuit to take due advantages of her abundant hydroelectric energy, and to become into a logistic production and services center for those who are interested in exploring the huge market of more than 200 millions consumers of MERCOSUR, also takes place in this paper. Since the creation of MERCOSUR, Paraguay had to face, frequently, outward difficulties in its efforts to remove non-tariff barriers imposed mainly by its two big neighbours - Brazil and Argentine, beside inward political disagreement and impasse. Her traditional open and informal market precises the due governmental and economical reforms, so her private sector may stands still in the present stage of a consolidating and challenging custom union. The gradual decline of Paraguay's Eastern City - Ciudad del Este, as a prototype of the commerce of re-exportation shows a clear sign of alert to the whole subsisted economy system, that may not apply for the forthcoming trend of mayor competitiveness, since its incompatible pattern with the new scheme of integration, must find its own way to harmonize Paraguay's and MERCOSUR'S joint interests. That means there is still a lot of reforms to be done. For the application of mid and long term trade policies, the year 2006 - time when full-fledged liberalization under IMERCOSUR will become a reality, may appear much closer for Paraguay. At that time, there won't be any exception more for Paraguayan products in MERCOSUR, and it's a must, for the sake of Paraguay, that the domestic debate of reforms concludes into successful process with no more delay nor hesitation. In this respect there are grounds for certain optimism as we can notice in the maquila sector, since some public and private sector have shown its determination to change the stagnant statu-quo, and to adapt the due framework to the needs of a better tomorrow. This work carefully documents the English translation of the agreement that gave life to MERCOSUR, also known as the Asuncion Treaty, in honor of the Paraguay's capital city where the historical and political decision took place.