This thesis compares the evolution of the policies and programmes for bicycle planning which have developed in Vancouver, B.C., and Seattle, Washington since 1970. The bicycle policies of the two City governments are reviewed, as are the outcomes of these policies in terms of programme activities. The activities of other organisations, both voluntary and governmental, are also considered in the broad review of bicycle-related activities in the two cities. The bicycle policies and programmes of both are compared to models developed from the literature. The reasons for the differing development of bicycle policies and programmes in the two cities are examined from an historical perspective. It is concluded that the development and implementation of a bicycle policy faces similar problems to that of any other policy that is at the margin of political acceptability. It is argued that bicycle policies will be implemented much more readily if there is an active well-organised cyclists' lobby; if there is a bicycle coordinator employed by the municipality; and if cyclists can link their cause to one with broader political support (in this case, open space). / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In an era that sees sports clubs facing a crisis, a few still grow and attract new members. They use technology for their benefit and provide a place where the members have fun, become aware of their competence, set goals for improvement and experience empowerment. The present qualitative study, conducted with a road cycling club in Germany, investigates how membership is negotiated and confirmed. By exploring the factors that influence the degree of belonging, this research aims to provide some answers on how active members of a cycling hobby club experience becoming part of such a community, what it takes to substantiate membership, and how individual and collective identities are formed and constantly negotiated. The situated learning perspective and Etienne Wenger's Communities of Practice concept have been adopted, and semi-structured interviews with ten participants were conducted. Moreover, observations and conclusions from a stimulated focus group discussion were used. The analysis shows that cycling in a group is a complex, multifaceted learning experience. Power, speed, or cycling skills do not suffice without the will and active efforts to harmonise with a group. Belonging grows parallel to competence, and the degree of competence gets constantly evaluated by the community in their practice, as a combination of contribution to the common goal and ability to be a trusted partner. Competence is thus a “becoming”, reflecting the members’ engagement with the sport and on an interpersonal level.

[pt] Um dos principais desafios em redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF) é reduzir o consumo de energia dos nós sensores. Um método usado para economizar a bateria que alimenta os nós sensores é o duty cycling (DC) do rádio, onde o rádio fica desligado na maior parte do tempo e fica ligado por pouco tempo para verificar se existe alguma mensagem. O DC é usado com frequência em aplicações de monitoramento onde apenas uma mensagem é transmitida depois da leitura do sensor. Geralmente a leitura do sensor só volta a acontecer depois de minutos, logo poucas mensagens são transmitidas por unidade de tempo. Neste trabalho, analisamos o uso da técnica de DC em um contexto diferente, o da disseminação de código, onde várias mensagens são enviadas em um curto espaço de tempo, e que usa mensagens broadcast, ao contrário do monitoramento, que utiliza mensagens unicast. Analisamos dois algoritmos de disseminação específicos, um para um ambiente de máquinas virtuais executando nos motes, onde o código disseminado é um script com tamanho da ordem de bytes, e outro para disseminação de códigos da aplicação inteira, onde o tamanho é bem maior que no caso do script, da ordem de kbytes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar qual o impacto do DC na latência e quanto de energia foi economizado quando comparado a deixar o rádio ligado o tempo todo, que é como ambos algoritmos funcionam em sua forma original. / [en] One of the key challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to save energy at motes. One method to save battery is radio duty cycling (DC), which keeps the radio turned off in most of the time and turns the radio on for a short time to verify if any there are any messages. DC is frequently used in monitoring applications where only one message is transmitted after the mote reads its sensor. Usually the mote reads its sensor only once every few minutes, so few unicast messages are transmitted in the network per time unit. This work analyzes the use of the DC method in code dissemination. In this context, multiple broadcast messages are transmitted in a short time. We examined two specific dissemination algorithms, one of them proposed for a virtual machine environment, in which the disseminated code is a small script, and a second one originally proposed for disseminating the code of an entire application, typically much larger than a script. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of DC on latency and how much energy was saved when compared to leaving the radio on all the time, which is how both algorithms work in their original form.

This diplom thesis deals with the analysis of existing state and prorosal to improve bicycle parking in the part of town Bohumín. Thesis also deals with evalution of critical section of cycling traffic in the Bohumín. It propose the optimalization of the existing state, or a complete change of it. The aim of the proposal is to improve the traffic situation in place e.g. to increase safety and driving comfort.

The CITY CYCLING (STADTRADELN) campaign has been running since 2008 to motivate German citizens to use the bicycle for daily mobility routines. In the course of the MOVEBIS research project, nationwide GPS data of the CITY CYCLING participants were collected in the years 2018-2020 and were processed for planning purposes. This contribution addresses the question to which extent the participants in the CITY CYCLING campaign represent cyclists in the Federal Republic of Germany and whether the motivation during the campaign leads to a significant change in mobility behaviour. For this purpose, more than 73,000 complete questionnaires of campaign participants from a survey in the year 2020 were evaluated. The age and gender distribution of app users and non-users of the campaign are corresponding to those of cyclists from representative household surveys in Germany (MiD 2017). App users and non app users differ only insignificantly from each other and are, on average, rather older than in the cycling participants of nationwide MiD survey. The results reveal that the smartphone has no significant influence on the cycling behaviour of the users. The survey participants are regular cyclists. Around 88% of the respondents use the bicycle most frequently in everyday life, followed by the private car (national average) and public transport (in large cities). The influence of the campaign on the level of utilisation or the number of kilometres travelled by bike can be described as rather low, overall. Whereas 65% of the participants stated that they cycled to work just as often as outside the campaign period, 19% of the respondents used the bicycle less often for commuting and 16% more often. The results indicate that the CITY CYCLING campaign captures and represents the everyday transport behaviour of participants. During the COVID-19 pandemic, participants used their bicycles significantly more often (73%). The perception of safety is consistently high. The campaign was rated very positively and the majority of users (91%) would participate again or rather recommend the campaign to others (78%).:1. Introduction 2. State of Research 3. Data and Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion

Cycling contributes to public health because it requires physical effort [1] and offers economic and environmental advantages over motorized transport [2]. However, 41,000 cyclists die every year in traffic crashes, 3% of the total worldwide [3]. Most fatal bicycle crashes are collisions with motor vehicles. Severe injuries among cyclists, however, are mostly due to single bicycle crashes and their numbers are increasing [4, 5]. An international review showed that the share of hospitalised casualties due to single-bicycle crashes varied from 3% to 41 % of the total number of hospitalised casualties [ 6]. ... The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between cycle track width and lateral position. We conducted an experiment in which the cycle track width was manipulated to determine its effect on lateral position. The results have been compared with previous findings from literature. [From: Introduction]

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The purpose of this study was to compare high-resistance cycle training (HRCT) with resistance training (RT), and their effects on Wingate anaerobic test watt max (Wmax) and watt average (Wave), strength (improvement in 1 repetition max [RM]), and time-trial performance. Twenty-five healthy college-age untrained male subjects were randomly assigned to the HRCT (n=10), RT (n=10), or control (n=5) group. All subjects completed pre and posttesting for the leg press (LP), 30 s Wingate anaerobic test, and 15-min time-trial. Subjects also completed familiarization tests prior to pretesting in the Wingate anaerobic test and 15-min time-trial. HRCT and RT subjects trained 2x/wk for 8 weeks with at least 48 hrs between training sessions. During each training session HRCT completed 4 x 30 sec efforts increasing resistance when >65 rotations per minute (rpm) could be maintained for the full training session. RT completed 3 x 10 repetitions of leg press with weight increasing 5 -10 lbs when all repetitions were completed during a training session. ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc was used to determine if differences existed between the groups. Within group change was analyzed using paired T-test. Effect size was computed to determine meaningfulness of differences. HRCT and RT groups both showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) pre to posttesting in LP, Wingate anaerobic test Wmax and Wave, and 15-min time-trial. Control group also showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) pre to posttesting in LP and 15-min time-trial. Significant between group differences were noted between HRCT and control in Wingate anaerobic test Wmax (p=0.03) and Wave (p = 0.007) and 15-min time-trial (p = 0.003). There was a significant difference between RT and control on the 15-min time-trial (p = 0.008). When comparing HRCT and RT no statistical difference was seen in LP, Wingate anaerobic test Wmax and Wave, and 15-min time-trial. High-resistance cycle training and RT resulted in similar strength gains. However, HRCT showed greater improvements in cycling specific activities: 30 s Wingate anaerobic test Wmax and Wave, and 15-min time-trial. Results suggested that HRCT may increase performance on bike related assessments when compared to RT.

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