Many Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce excessive nutrients in stormwater runoff and mitigate harmful algal blooms in downstream receiving water bodies. This study demonstrates a new BMP by comparing two green sorption media (i.e., specialty adsorbents) for nutrient removal in cascade upflow biofiltration systems operated in parallel. The proposed filtration technology can control hydraulic gradients, prevent clogging and settlements, and increase hydraulic loading while removing more nutrients in an integrated physicochemical and microbiological treatment process. The two green sorption media being tested in this study include zero-valent-iron and perlite-based green sorption media (ZIPGEM) and biochar, iron, and perlite-integrated green sorption media (BIPGEM). BIPGEM or ZIPGEM was installed in two identical upflow bioreactors operated in sequence within each biofiltration system compared mainly for nitrate removal at three influent conditions for process reliability assessment. In addition, kinetics studies were conducted and analyzed to improve the understanding of reactor design. Dissolved organic nitrogen was monitored by using FT-ICR MS (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer) whereas population dynamics of nitrifiers and denitrifiers were quantified by using RT-PCR (real time polymerase chain reaction). The process reliability was compared and confirmed based on the nitrate removal efficiencies, microbial population, and oxidation-reduction potential variations across the two biofiltration systems with different green sorption media. Results indicated that ZIPGEM performed slightly better than BIPGEM and the two identical upflow bioreactors operated in sequence within each biofiltration system exhibited steady operation with higher hydraulic loading relative to the downflow settings in the literature.

No description available.

Heutzutage ist die Entwicklung neuer Technologien stark auf die Miniaturisierung und die Herstellung von Materialien im Nanometer-Bereich und deren Charakterisierung ausgerichtet. Besonders interessant sind Informationen über hergestellte "sandwich" Strukturen betreffs Art und Anzahl der Schichten, Dicke der Schichten und deren chemische Zusammensetzung. Die chemischen Informationen von den Proben sind sowohl nahe der Oberfläche als auch in tiefer liegenden Schichten (vergrabene Schichten) von Interesse. Da die üblichen Tiefenprofilverfahren durch das Auftreten von ionenstrahlinduzierten Probenschädigungen hier versagen, sind zerstörungsfreie Untersuchungen der Probenstruktur von Bedeutung. Winkelaufgelöste Röntgenphotoemissionsspektroskopie (ARXPS) ist eines der Verfahren, die ohne Beschädigung der Schichtstruktur der untersuchten Materialen Informationen über dünne Gebiete der Probe liefert. Die Charakterisierung der Probe basiert auf der Analyse der austretenden Photoelektronen unter verschiedenen Austrittswinkeln, weil damit die effektive Informationstiefe durch Analyse von Photoelektronenstrom aus verschiedenen Tiefen verändert wird. Die Untersuchungstiefe bei diesem Verfahren ist maximal ~10 nm. Aus dem ARXPS-Verfahren ist nur eine indirekte Information zu erhalten. Deshalb braucht man ein Werkzeug, mit dem die untersuchten Proben mit Hilfe von mathematischen Modellen quantitativ beschrieben werden können. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wird gezeigt, dass die ARXPS-Modellrechnung unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen eine sinnvolle Methode zur Analyse von dünnen Barriere-, Oxid- und Segregationsschichtsystemen ist. Die Quantifizierung der ARXPS-Daten ist nur dann erfolgreich, wenn nicht nur der Einfluss der Abklinglänge der Photoelektronen berücksichtigt wird, sondern auch der Einfluss der mittleren Atomvolumina der Matrix in geeigneter Schichten und der korrigierten Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren berücksichtigt wird. Die Anpassung zwischen experimentellen und berechneten Daten verläuft unter Verwendung bestimmter Rand- und Grenzbedingungen durch Anwendung mathematischer Methoden gleichzeitig für alle betrachtete Winkel. Das Verhalten der ARXPS-Modellrechnung wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen überprüft. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine theoretische Struktur simuliert, deren Verhalten (berechnete Schichtdicken, Bedeckungsgrad der Oberfläche mit der Kontamination, chemische Zusammensetzung der Schichten) untersucht wurde hinsichtlich der Einflüsse von verschiedener Dicken, von Rauhigkeiten an der Probeoberfläche, der Art der Kontamination an der Oberfläche die aus der ex situ Präparation resultiert, und der "Qualität" der betrachteten Information während der Quantifizierung (Peak-Fit Prozeduren). Zur Demonstration der Möglichkeiten der Modellrechnung wurden zwei Systeme untersucht. Das erste Schichtsystem Co/Al2O3/Al enthält eine dünne vergrabene Aluminiumoxid-Barriere, die durch Plasma-Oxidation mit Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) bei unterschiedlichen Oxidationszeiten hergestellt wurde. Die Modellierung der Proben mit der ARXPS-Modellrechnung ergibt unterschiedliche Dicken von Al2O3, die mit der Zeit der Oxidation korrelieren. Je größer die Oxidationszeit ist, desto dickere Aluminiumoxidschichten bilden sich. Die Untersuchung der Alterungsprozesse an den ECR-Proben ergibt, dass die Dicke der Aluminiumoxide nicht beeinflusst wurde. Das bestätigt, dass die Co-Schicht erfolgreich Al2O3 vor weiterer Oxidation schützt. Das zweite Beispiel betrifft eine S/Fe Struktur, die während der Wärmebehandlung durch Schwefel-Segregation auf einer Fe(100)-Oberfläche entstanden ist. Mit Hilfe der ARXPS-Modellrechnung kann der Bedeckungsgrad mit dem Schwefel der Fe- Oberfläche berechnet werden. Um die Ergebnisse der Modellierung zu verifizieren, wurden die ausgewählten Strukturen mit anderen Methoden (z.B.: TEM, EELS, XRR) untersucht.

Heutzutage ist die Entwicklung neuer Technologien stark auf die Miniaturisierung und die Herstellung von Materialien im Nanometer-Bereich und deren Charakterisierung ausgerichtet. Besonders interessant sind Informationen über hergestellte "sandwich" Strukturen betreffs Art und Anzahl der Schichten, Dicke der Schichten und deren chemische Zusammensetzung. Die chemischen Informationen von den Proben sind sowohl nahe der Oberfläche als auch in tiefer liegenden Schichten (vergrabene Schichten) von Interesse. Da die üblichen Tiefenprofilverfahren durch das Auftreten von ionenstrahlinduzierten Probenschädigungen hier versagen, sind zerstörungsfreie Untersuchungen der Probenstruktur von Bedeutung. Winkelaufgelöste Röntgenphotoemissionsspektroskopie (ARXPS) ist eines der Verfahren, die ohne Beschädigung der Schichtstruktur der untersuchten Materialen Informationen über dünne Gebiete der Probe liefert. Die Charakterisierung der Probe basiert auf der Analyse der austretenden Photoelektronen unter verschiedenen Austrittswinkeln, weil damit die effektive Informationstiefe durch Analyse von Photoelektronenstrom aus verschiedenen Tiefen verändert wird. Die Untersuchungstiefe bei diesem Verfahren ist maximal ~10 nm. Aus dem ARXPS-Verfahren ist nur eine indirekte Information zu erhalten. Deshalb braucht man ein Werkzeug, mit dem die untersuchten Proben mit Hilfe von mathematischen Modellen quantitativ beschrieben werden können. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wird gezeigt, dass die ARXPS-Modellrechnung unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen eine sinnvolle Methode zur Analyse von dünnen Barriere-, Oxid- und Segregationsschichtsystemen ist. Die Quantifizierung der ARXPS-Daten ist nur dann erfolgreich, wenn nicht nur der Einfluss der Abklinglänge der Photoelektronen berücksichtigt wird, sondern auch der Einfluss der mittleren Atomvolumina der Matrix in geeigneter Schichten und der korrigierten Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren berücksichtigt wird. Die Anpassung zwischen experimentellen und berechneten Daten verläuft unter Verwendung bestimmter Rand- und Grenzbedingungen durch Anwendung mathematischer Methoden gleichzeitig für alle betrachtete Winkel. Das Verhalten der ARXPS-Modellrechnung wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen überprüft. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine theoretische Struktur simuliert, deren Verhalten (berechnete Schichtdicken, Bedeckungsgrad der Oberfläche mit der Kontamination, chemische Zusammensetzung der Schichten) untersucht wurde hinsichtlich der Einflüsse von verschiedener Dicken, von Rauhigkeiten an der Probeoberfläche, der Art der Kontamination an der Oberfläche die aus der ex situ Präparation resultiert, und der "Qualität" der betrachteten Information während der Quantifizierung (Peak-Fit Prozeduren). Zur Demonstration der Möglichkeiten der Modellrechnung wurden zwei Systeme untersucht. Das erste Schichtsystem Co/Al2O3/Al enthält eine dünne vergrabene Aluminiumoxid-Barriere, die durch Plasma-Oxidation mit Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) bei unterschiedlichen Oxidationszeiten hergestellt wurde. Die Modellierung der Proben mit der ARXPS-Modellrechnung ergibt unterschiedliche Dicken von Al2O3, die mit der Zeit der Oxidation korrelieren. Je größer die Oxidationszeit ist, desto dickere Aluminiumoxidschichten bilden sich. Die Untersuchung der Alterungsprozesse an den ECR-Proben ergibt, dass die Dicke der Aluminiumoxide nicht beeinflusst wurde. Das bestätigt, dass die Co-Schicht erfolgreich Al2O3 vor weiterer Oxidation schützt. Das zweite Beispiel betrifft eine S/Fe Struktur, die während der Wärmebehandlung durch Schwefel-Segregation auf einer Fe(100)-Oberfläche entstanden ist. Mit Hilfe der ARXPS-Modellrechnung kann der Bedeckungsgrad mit dem Schwefel der Fe- Oberfläche berechnet werden. Um die Ergebnisse der Modellierung zu verifizieren, wurden die ausgewählten Strukturen mit anderen Methoden (z.B.: TEM, EELS, XRR) untersucht.

Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé au Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (IN2P3) deGrenoble en collaboration avec le groupe Thalès avec pour objectif le développement d’une nouvellegénération de plasmas micro-onde fonctionnant sur une gamme de pression étendue allant de 0,5 mtorrà 10 torr en argon. La travail présenté porte donc en : i) la conception des applicateurs basés sur destronçons de longueur λ/4 faisant office de transformateurs d’impédance entre le générateur et leplasma d’impédance supposée donnée (adaptation d’impédance approchée); ii) la déterminationexpérimentale de l’impédance réelle du plasma (partie réelle et partie imaginaire) par mesure dumodule et de la phase du coefficient de réflexion dans des conditions opératoires définies; iii) leredimensionnement des différents tronçons de l’applicateur par simulation numérique en tenantcompte de l’impédance réelle du plasma; iv) la validation expérimentale de l’adaptation d’impédanceentre générateur et plasma. Les résultats obtenus démontrent clairement qu’il est possible, à fréquencedonnée (2.45 GHz dans le cas présent), de concevoir et de dimensionner une source plasma avec uneefficacité énergétique supérieure à 80% pour des fenêtres en pression (d’au moins une décade)équivalentes à des fenêtres opératoires en termes de paramètres plasma. Ces sources individuelles àabsorption localisée de micro-ondes peuvent être utilisées en nombre pour la réalisation des plasmasuniformes de grandes dimensions par leur distribution selon des réseaux à deux dimensions (sourcesplanes) ou à trois dimensions (volumes de plasma), et donc pour des applications industrielles auxtraitements de surface. / This work was done in the « Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (IN2P3,Grenoble) » during a collaboration with Thales. The aim of the project was the development of a newgeneration of microwave plasma with extended operating conditions in the pressure range 0.5 mtorr to10 torr in argon. The presented work consists of: i) designing applicators based on sections of λ/4length serving as impedance transformers between the generator and the plasma with impedance ofgiven assumed value (approximate impedance adaptation); ii) experimentally determine the realplasma impedance (the real part and the imaginary part) for given operating conditions from themeasurement of modulus and phase of the reflection coefficient S11; iii) resize the different sections ofthe applicator by digital simulation taking the real plasma impedance into account; iv) finally, verifyexperimentally that the impedance adaptation between the generator and the plasma is correct. Theobtained results clearly demonstrate that it is possible, at a given frequency (here 2.45 GHz), to designand size a plasma source with an efficiency greater than 80 % for a window in pressure (at least onedecade) equivalent to an operating window in terms of plasma parameters. These individual sourceswith localized absorption of microwaves can be used in numbers to achieve uniform plasmas via theirdistribution over two-dimensional (planar sources) or tri-dimensional (volume plasma) networks, andthus for industrial surface treatments.

Íons polihalogenados de Si, X3Si+ (X = F, Cl), são fragmentos facilmente gerados em espectrometria de massas por ionização eletrônica de compostos de silício polihalogenados. Estes cátions possuem um elevado caráter eletrofílico e desempenham um papel importante como intermediários em processos de corrosão auxiliados por plasma utilizados na fabricação de dispositivos em microeletrônica. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre a reatividade dos íons +SiCl3, em fase gasosa, perante uma série de substratos neutros simples como água, alcoóis, amônia, aminas e algumas bases doadoras de elétrons π. As reações íon-molécula em fase gasosa foram caracterizadas do ponto de vista experimental por espectrometria de massas de ressonância ciclotrônica de íons por transformada de Fourier (FTICR) a pressões da ordem de 10-8 Torr. As reações foram acompanhadas em função do tempo de reação na cela do espectrômetro, o que permitiu a elucidação de uma série de reações sequenciais. O perfil de energia das reações e as estruturas dos íons silicênios formados nestas reações foram também caracterizados por métodos de química computacional, usando métodos ab initio e métodos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, a fim de elucidar o mecanismo das reações. Observou-se que o cátion +SiCl3 reage rapidamente em fase gasosa com os diversos substratos neutros através de processos semelhantes a reações de solvólise que resultam na adição do neutro seguida de eliminação de HCl. Em vários dos casos, foi possível observar a solvólise total do cátion com substituição dos três átomos de cloro. Os cálculos revelam que estas reações se processam inicialmente pela adição do eletrófilo aos centros ricos em densidade eletrônica dos substratos neutros e que estes adutos são mais estáveis que os reagentes isolados. O estado de transição destas reações envolve uma migração 1,3 de um hidrogênio e a energia calculada para o estado de transição é consideravelmente menor que a energia dos reagentes, fato este comum para reações rápidas íon/molécula em fase gasosa. Os cálculos para a espécie correspondente +CCl3 revelam que este tipo de reação não é favorável para os cátions metílicos substituídos e experimentalmente reações semelhantes não são observadas para +CCl3. No caso dos íons ClnSi(OH)3-n+ (n=1, 2 e 3), oriundos das reações de hidrólise do íon +SiCl3, observou-se reações secundárias de condensação com SiCl4 que levam a formação de espécies iônicas com ligações tipo siloxanas (-Si-O-Si-). Os cálculos teóricos sugerem que estas reações se processam inicialmente através de um intermediário tipo clorônio, R1-Cl+-R2 seguida de uma transferência formal de um átomo de Cl e rearranjo para uma estrutura tipo siloxana. / Polyhalogenated silicenium ions, X3Si+ (X = F, Cl), are common fragment ions in the mass spectra of polyhalogenated silanes obtained by electron ionization. These ions are powerful electrophiles and are believed to play a role in plasma enhanced corrosion processes and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition processes. In this dissertation, we present some new results on the gas-phase reactivity of the +SiCl3 ion with a number of simple n electron donor bases such as water, alcohols, ammonia, amines and some π electron donor bases. Ion-molecule reactions were characterized experimentally by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR) at pressures in the 10-8 Torr range. Reactions were followed as a function of trapping time of the ions in the cell of the spectrometer and this allowed for the identification of subsequent reactions of the primary product ions. The energy diagram and structure of the different silicenium ions were also characterized by computational chemistry using both ab initio and density functional theory methods in order to understand the mechanism of these reactions. +SiCl3 reacts rapidly in gas phase with various neutral substrates through processes similar to solvolysis in which the neutral substrate adds onto the silicenium ion followed by elimination of HCl. In some cases, complete solvolysis is observed with substitution of all three chlorine atoms. The calculations show that reactions proceed by initial addition of the electrophile onto the electron center of the neutral substrates giving rise to stable adducts. The transition state for these reactions involve a 1,3 hydrogen migration and the calculated energy for these transition states is less than the energy of the isolated reactants, a fact that is common to fast gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Similar calculations for +CCl3 reveal similar solvolysis reactions to be energetically unfavourable, and in fact these reactions are not observed experimentally. Secondary reactions have been observed for the product ions ClnSi(OH)3-n+ (n = 1, 2 and 3), obtained from successive hydrolysis of +SiCl3, with the parent SiCl4 neutral. These secondary condensation reactions yield ionic species containing a siloxane type linkage (-Si-O-Si-). The theoretical calculations suggest that is that these secondary condensation reactions initially proceed via chloronium ion intermediate, R1-Cl+-R2 , followed by formal Cl transfer and rearrangement to a siloxane type structure.

Íons polihalogenados de Si, X3Si+ (X = F, Cl), são fragmentos facilmente gerados em espectrometria de massas por ionização eletrônica de compostos de silício polihalogenados. Estes cátions possuem um elevado caráter eletrofílico e desempenham um papel importante como intermediários em processos de corrosão auxiliados por plasma utilizados na fabricação de dispositivos em microeletrônica. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre a reatividade dos íons +SiCl3, em fase gasosa, perante uma série de substratos neutros simples como água, alcoóis, amônia, aminas e algumas bases doadoras de elétrons π. As reações íon-molécula em fase gasosa foram caracterizadas do ponto de vista experimental por espectrometria de massas de ressonância ciclotrônica de íons por transformada de Fourier (FTICR) a pressões da ordem de 10-8 Torr. As reações foram acompanhadas em função do tempo de reação na cela do espectrômetro, o que permitiu a elucidação de uma série de reações sequenciais. O perfil de energia das reações e as estruturas dos íons silicênios formados nestas reações foram também caracterizados por métodos de química computacional, usando métodos ab initio e métodos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, a fim de elucidar o mecanismo das reações. Observou-se que o cátion +SiCl3 reage rapidamente em fase gasosa com os diversos substratos neutros através de processos semelhantes a reações de solvólise que resultam na adição do neutro seguida de eliminação de HCl. Em vários dos casos, foi possível observar a solvólise total do cátion com substituição dos três átomos de cloro. Os cálculos revelam que estas reações se processam inicialmente pela adição do eletrófilo aos centros ricos em densidade eletrônica dos substratos neutros e que estes adutos são mais estáveis que os reagentes isolados. O estado de transição destas reações envolve uma migração 1,3 de um hidrogênio e a energia calculada para o estado de transição é consideravelmente menor que a energia dos reagentes, fato este comum para reações rápidas íon/molécula em fase gasosa. Os cálculos para a espécie correspondente +CCl3 revelam que este tipo de reação não é favorável para os cátions metílicos substituídos e experimentalmente reações semelhantes não são observadas para +CCl3. No caso dos íons ClnSi(OH)3-n+ (n=1, 2 e 3), oriundos das reações de hidrólise do íon +SiCl3, observou-se reações secundárias de condensação com SiCl4 que levam a formação de espécies iônicas com ligações tipo siloxanas (-Si-O-Si-). Os cálculos teóricos sugerem que estas reações se processam inicialmente através de um intermediário tipo clorônio, R1-Cl+-R2 seguida de uma transferência formal de um átomo de Cl e rearranjo para uma estrutura tipo siloxana. / Polyhalogenated silicenium ions, X3Si+ (X = F, Cl), are common fragment ions in the mass spectra of polyhalogenated silanes obtained by electron ionization. These ions are powerful electrophiles and are believed to play a role in plasma enhanced corrosion processes and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition processes. In this dissertation, we present some new results on the gas-phase reactivity of the +SiCl3 ion with a number of simple n electron donor bases such as water, alcohols, ammonia, amines and some π electron donor bases. Ion-molecule reactions were characterized experimentally by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR) at pressures in the 10-8 Torr range. Reactions were followed as a function of trapping time of the ions in the cell of the spectrometer and this allowed for the identification of subsequent reactions of the primary product ions. The energy diagram and structure of the different silicenium ions were also characterized by computational chemistry using both ab initio and density functional theory methods in order to understand the mechanism of these reactions. +SiCl3 reacts rapidly in gas phase with various neutral substrates through processes similar to solvolysis in which the neutral substrate adds onto the silicenium ion followed by elimination of HCl. In some cases, complete solvolysis is observed with substitution of all three chlorine atoms. The calculations show that reactions proceed by initial addition of the electrophile onto the electron center of the neutral substrates giving rise to stable adducts. The transition state for these reactions involve a 1,3 hydrogen migration and the calculated energy for these transition states is less than the energy of the isolated reactants, a fact that is common to fast gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Similar calculations for +CCl3 reveal similar solvolysis reactions to be energetically unfavourable, and in fact these reactions are not observed experimentally. Secondary reactions have been observed for the product ions ClnSi(OH)3-n+ (n = 1, 2 and 3), obtained from successive hydrolysis of +SiCl3, with the parent SiCl4 neutral. These secondary condensation reactions yield ionic species containing a siloxane type linkage (-Si-O-Si-). The theoretical calculations suggest that is that these secondary condensation reactions initially proceed via chloronium ion intermediate, R1-Cl+-R2 , followed by formal Cl transfer and rearrangement to a siloxane type structure.

Nós calculamos o efeito da interação elétron-fonons longitudinais óticos (LO) sobre a energia de transição ls &#8594 2p+ entre os níveis de uma impureza doadora, localizada em um poço quântico de GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs. Nossos resultados para a energia de transição em função do campo magnético aplicado mostram claramente, que a saturação da energia de transição (efeito pinning) ocorre na energia dos fônons LO, em boa concordância com recentes dados experimentais. Obtemos também a massa de cíclotron de polarons confinados em fios quânticos quase-unidimensionais, com potencial de confinamento parabólico. Observamos que o comportamento da massa é diferente daquele para sistemas bi-dimensionais e que esta diferença é maior quanto maior o potencial de confinamento. Para a heterojunção de GaAs-AlGaAs e GaAs-GaSb, investigamos a importância da interação elétron-fonons interfaciais sobre a massa de cíclotron. Verificamos que a contribuição dos fonons interfaciais é fundamental nas regiões próximas às resonâncias, onde domina o espectro. Finalmente, calculamos a energia de ligação de uma impureza hidrogenóide, localizada no centro de um ponto quântico circular de GaAs-AlGaAs. Na ausência de campo magnético aplicado, obtivemos uma expressão analítica para a função de onda do elétron ligado. Notamos, que a influência do campo magnético sobre a energia de ligação é fraca nas regiões de pequenos raios, devido ao forte potencial de confinamento. / We calculate the effects of the electron-longitudinal optical (LO) phonons interaction on the intra donor ls &#8594 2p+ transition energy in GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells structures. Our results to the transition energy as a function of the magnetic Field strength, show that the pinning effect occur in the phonon LO energy in good agreement with recent experimental data. The cyclotron mass of polarons confined in quasi.one.dimensional quantum-well wires with parabolic confinement potential, is also obtained. The behavior of electrons effective mass with magnetic field is different, of the two-dimensional systems, and the difference increase when the confinement potential increase. To heterojunctions of GaAs-AlAs and GaAs-GaSb, we investigate the electroninterfacials optical (IO) phonons interactions on the effective cyclotron mass. We find that the electron-IO-phonons interaction is fundamental near the resonances, where they dominate the spectra. Finally, the ground state binding energy of donor impurity, placed in the center of a circular quantum dot is calculated. Without magnetic field, we obtained the analytic expression to the bound electron wave function. The influence of the magnetic field on the donor binding energy is weaker, when the radius of the quantum dot became smaller.

Ce travail vise à contribuer à l’amélioration de notre connaissance de l’électrodynamique quantique des états liés, par des mesures de haute précision dans des états exotiques de la matière. Bien que notre connaissance de l’électrodynamique quantique des états liés et du problème relativiste à plusieurs corps aient fait des progrès importants ces dernières années, il reste des questions fondamentales dont la résolution nécessite d’augmenter le nombre et la précision des tests expérimentaux. La première partie de ce travail a été réalisée dans le cadre de l’expérience récente sur les ions muoniques d’hélium (μ4He+ et μ3He+) conduite par la collaboration CREMA. Cette expérience vise à fournir de nouvelles valeurs précises pour les rayons de charge moyens des noyaux des isotopes stables de l’hélium. Ces valeurs sont extraites de la mesure du déplacement de Lamb, c’est-à-dire, de la mesure de la différence d’énergie entre les États 2S − 2P. Une mesure des énergies de transition d’une précision d’au moins 50 ppm, permet de déterminer les rayons de charge des noyaux des isotopes d’hélium avec une incertitude de 0,03%, dix fois plus précise que les résultats précédents obtenus à partir de la diffusion d’électrons. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été de réaliser des mesures de haute précision de transitions de rayons X dans des ions fortement chargés, à l’aide d’un spectromètre à double cristal plan. Ces ions étaient produits dans le plasma d’une source d’ions de type ECRIS (electron-cyclotron resonance ion source). Le spectromètre utilisé est non seulement capable de fournir des mesures de haute précision, mais aussi des mesures sans référence à des énergies de transition théorique ou expérimentales. Quatre énergies de transition de n = 2 → n = 1 ont été mesurées pour des ions d’argon de trois états de charge différents, héliumoïde, lithiumoïde et berylliumoïde, avec une précision meilleure que 3 ppm. La largeur naturelle de chaque raie a également été obtenue expérimentalement. Les résultats trouvés sont en excellent accord avec les calculs théoriques les plus récents. / This work aims to provide insight on Bound-State Quantum-Electrodynamics (BSQED) by experimental fundamentals high-precision tests in exotic states of matter. Although BSQED and the relativistic many-body problem have been undergoing important progress, there are still some issues that require the increase of the number and accuracy of experimental fundamental tests. The first part of this work was done within the framework of the recent experiment in muonic helium ions (μ4He+ and μ3He+) by the CREMA collaboration. This experiment, aims to provide new accurate values for the root-mean-square (rms) charge radii of the helium isotopes nuclei that are extracted from the measurement of the Lamb Shift, i.e., the measurement of the energy difference between the 2S − 2P states. With the goal of measuring the transition energies with an accuracy of at least 50 ppm, the rms charge radii of the helium isotopes will be determined with an uncertainty of 0.03%, a factor of ten more precise than previous results obtained from electron scattering. The second part of this work aims the high-precision measurement of x-ray transitions in Highly-Charged Ions (HCI) using a Double-Crystal Spectrometer (DCS). These ions were produced in the plasma of an Electron-Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). This kind of spectrometer is able not only to provide high-precision measurements but also reference-free measurements, without reference to any theoretical or experimental energy. Four transitions energies from n = 2 → n = 1 have been measured in an argon plasma in three different charge states, He-, Be- and Li-like, with an accuracy of better than 3 ppm. Besides the energies, the natural width of each transition has also been experimentally obtained. The obtained results are in excellent agreement with the most recent theoretical calculations.

<p>In this thesis, methods for studying different aspects of proteomics were developed with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance, (FTICR), mass spectrometry. The FTICR technique provides ultra-high mass resolving power, mass accuracy at sub ppm level and sensitivity in the attomole region.</p><p>Methods for quantifying biomarkers in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, (CSF), and plasma were developed. Two sets of global markers with different properties were used for quantitative analysis; S-Methyl Thioacetimidate, (SMTA), and S-Methyl Thiopropionimidate, (SMTP), and [H₄]- and [D₄]-1-Nicotinoyloxy succinimide ester. Reduced ion suppression and higher sensitivity was obtained by coupling a High Performance Liquid Chromatography, (HPLC), system to the FTICR mass spectrometer.</p><p>In body fluids, proteins and peptides are present in a broad dynamic concentration range. Therefore, depleting abundant proteins prior to analysis results in decreased ion suppression and increased sensitivity. Two commercial depletion kits were evaluated with the SMTA- and SMTP-markers.</p><p>For both types of global markers, the experimental error for quantitative analysis of abundant proteins was less than 30%. This provides a lower limit for the protein up- and down regulations in complex solutions that can be monitored with HPLC-FTICR mass spectrometry.</p><p>Together with the identity and quantity of selected proteins the structure, dynamics and interactions with other molecules are of great importance. The later can be elucidated with Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange, (HDX), mass spectrometry. Structural information at high resolution can be obtained with Collision-Induced Dissociation, (CID), HDX mass spectrometry. In this thesis, exchange rates of amide hydrogens in peptides were in excellent agreement with NMR results.</p><p>In some cases, the CID-fragments have different gas-phase exchange properties and as a consequence the solution phase exchange process can not be monitored. By applying Electron Capture Dissociation, (ECD), at ultra-high vacuum, the exchange process at a specific residue could be monitored.</p>