No / Narrowband path loss measurements are reported for the vehicle-to-vehicle channel between a transmitting antenna 50 cm above the ground and a car-roof-mounted receiver array. Calibration procedures and measurement results are reported for typical urban, suburban and rural-motorway environments and compared with existing mobile channel models to give insight into the large-scale fading behavior in the vehicle-to-vehicle channel.

Les codes de simulation devenant plus performants et plus interactifs, il est important de suivre l'avancement d'une simulation in-situ, en réalisant non seulement la visualisation mais aussi l'analyse des données en même temps qu'elles sont générées. Suivre l'avancement ou réaliser le post-traitement des données de simulation in-situ présente un avantage évident par rapport à l'approche conventionnelle consistant à sauvegarder—et à recharger—à partir d'un système de fichiers; le temps et l'espace pris pour écrire et ensuite lire les données à partir du disque est un goulet d'étranglement significatif pour la simulation et les étapes consécutives de post-traitement. Par ailleurs, la simulation peut être arrêtée, modifiée, ou potentiellement pilotée, conservant ainsi les ressources CPU.Nous présentons dans cette thèse une approche de couplage faible qui permet à une simulation de transférer des données vers un serveur de visualisation via l'utilisation de fichiers en mémoire. Nous montrons dans cette étude comment l'interface, implémentée au-dessus d'un format hiérarchique de données (HDF5), nous permet de réduire efficacement le goulet d'étranglement introduit par les I/Os en utilisant des stratégies efficaces de communication et de configuration des données. Pour le pilotage, nous présentons une interface qui permet non seulement la modification de simples paramètres, mais également le remaillage complet de grilles ou des opérations impliquant la régénérationde grandeurs numériques sur le domaine entier de calcul d'être effectués. Cette approche, testée et validée sur deux cas-tests industriels, est suffisamment générique pour qu'aucune connaissance particulière du modèle de données sous-jacent ne soit requise. / As simulation codes become more powerful and more interactive, it is increasingly desirable to monitor a simulation in-situ, performing not only visualization but also analysis of the incoming data as it is generated. Monitoring or post-processing simulation data in-situ has obvious advantage over the conventional approach of saving to—and reloading data from—the file system; the time and space it takes to write and then read the data from disk is a significant bottleneck for both the simulation and subsequent post-processing steps. Furthermore, the simulation may be stopped, modified, or potentially steered, thus conserving CPU resources. We present in this thesis a loosely coupled approach that enables a simulation to transfer data to a visualization server via the use of in-memory files. We show in this study how the interface, implemented on top of a widely used hierarchical data format (HDF5), allows us to efficiently decrease the I/O bottleneck by using efficient communication and data mapping strategies. For steering, we present an interface that allows not only simple parameter changes but also complete re-meshing of grids or operations involving regeneration of field values over the entire computational domain to be carried out. This approach, tested and validated on two industrial test cases, is generic enough so that no particular knowledge of the underlying model is required.

The thesis examines impact of the institutional capital, which captures the ability to produce quality patents, on the number of applied patent applications after the adoption of new governmental system of research and development evaluation. For determination of the institutional capital I use similar approach as Turnovec (2005) in case of publications. The estimation of the institutional capital is based on the evaluation of patents received by publicly financed research institutions. The evaluation of patents is based on the analysis of patent family and patent citation data. The data are analyzed using methods of multi-criteria decision making. Further it is estimated that the institutional capital does not influence the number of applied patent applications.

O presente trabalho apresenta a utilização do modelo CIM – Common Information Model com uma abordagem ODP – Open and Distributed Processing na definição de uma arquitetura distribuída. A modelagem ODP-CIM efetuada busca validar formalmente a escolha da WBEM – Web Based Enterprise Management como arquitetura distribuída responsável pela interoperabilidade entre sistemas heterogêneos de uma empresa de energia elétrica. O contexto WBEM adicionalmente inclui a modelagem CIM das informações, de modo que o ambiente resultante pode ser visto como uma coleção distribuída de sistemas inter-relacionados. De modo a se verificar a adequação da WBEM como provedora de interoperabilidade e distribuição, será implementado um protótipo; o SISDEC - Sistema Distribuído de Estudo de Carga, responsável pela previsão, através de técnicas de inteligência artificial, da carga nodal de curto prazo do sistema elétrico de potência. A implementação dos modelos resultantes é apresentada assim como os resultados dos testes. Enfocando a disponibilidade aos vários domínios de gestão, das informações modeladas, validando a eficácia da modelagem e a adequação da arquitetura distribuída proposta. Não se visa aqui a apresentação ou definição de métricas específicas, sendo os resultados apresentados do tipo qualitativo. O SISDEC se insere em uma arquitetura de informação corporativa e utilizará um middleware, originário de um projeto de P&D (Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento), como acesso à massa de dados históricos da carga nodal do sistema elétrico de potência, obtidos a partir de um sistema SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. O acesso corporativo às informações processadas pelo SISDEC é efetuado através da intranet da empresa. / The work presents the use of model CIM - Common Information Model with a boarding ODP - Open and distributed Processing in the definition of a distributed architecture. Effected modeling ODP-CIM search to validate formally the choice of the WBEM - Web Based Enterprise Management as architecture distributed responsible for the interoperation between heterogeneous systems in a company of electric energy. The contest of WBEM additionally includes modeling CIM of the information, in way that the resultant environment can be seen as a distributed collection of interrelated systems. In order to verify the adequacy of the WBEM as supplier of the interoperation and distribution, an archetype will be implemented; the SISDEC - Distributed System of Load Study, responsible for the forecast through techniques of artificial intelligence, of the nodal load of short term of the electrical system of power. The implementation of the resultant models is presented, as well as the results of the tests focusing the availability to the some management dominion, of the shaped information, validating the effectiveness of the modeling and the adequacy of the proposed distributed architecture. The metric presentation or definition specific is not aimed here, as the presented results qualitative type. The SISDEC inserts in an architecture of corporative information and it will use one middleware, originated of a R&D project (Research and Development), as access to a mass of nodal load historical data of the electrical system of power, gotten from a system SCADA - Supervisory Control and Date Acquisition. The corporative access to processed information from SISDEC is effected through the Intranet of the company.

O presente trabalho apresenta a utilização do modelo CIM – Common Information Model com uma abordagem ODP – Open and Distributed Processing na definição de uma arquitetura distribuída. A modelagem ODP-CIM efetuada busca validar formalmente a escolha da WBEM – Web Based Enterprise Management como arquitetura distribuída responsável pela interoperabilidade entre sistemas heterogêneos de uma empresa de energia elétrica. O contexto WBEM adicionalmente inclui a modelagem CIM das informações, de modo que o ambiente resultante pode ser visto como uma coleção distribuída de sistemas inter-relacionados. De modo a se verificar a adequação da WBEM como provedora de interoperabilidade e distribuição, será implementado um protótipo; o SISDEC - Sistema Distribuído de Estudo de Carga, responsável pela previsão, através de técnicas de inteligência artificial, da carga nodal de curto prazo do sistema elétrico de potência. A implementação dos modelos resultantes é apresentada assim como os resultados dos testes. Enfocando a disponibilidade aos vários domínios de gestão, das informações modeladas, validando a eficácia da modelagem e a adequação da arquitetura distribuída proposta. Não se visa aqui a apresentação ou definição de métricas específicas, sendo os resultados apresentados do tipo qualitativo. O SISDEC se insere em uma arquitetura de informação corporativa e utilizará um middleware, originário de um projeto de P&D (Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento), como acesso à massa de dados históricos da carga nodal do sistema elétrico de potência, obtidos a partir de um sistema SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. O acesso corporativo às informações processadas pelo SISDEC é efetuado através da intranet da empresa. / The work presents the use of model CIM - Common Information Model with a boarding ODP - Open and distributed Processing in the definition of a distributed architecture. Effected modeling ODP-CIM search to validate formally the choice of the WBEM - Web Based Enterprise Management as architecture distributed responsible for the interoperation between heterogeneous systems in a company of electric energy. The contest of WBEM additionally includes modeling CIM of the information, in way that the resultant environment can be seen as a distributed collection of interrelated systems. In order to verify the adequacy of the WBEM as supplier of the interoperation and distribution, an archetype will be implemented; the SISDEC - Distributed System of Load Study, responsible for the forecast through techniques of artificial intelligence, of the nodal load of short term of the electrical system of power. The implementation of the resultant models is presented, as well as the results of the tests focusing the availability to the some management dominion, of the shaped information, validating the effectiveness of the modeling and the adequacy of the proposed distributed architecture. The metric presentation or definition specific is not aimed here, as the presented results qualitative type. The SISDEC inserts in an architecture of corporative information and it will use one middleware, originated of a R&D project (Research and Development), as access to a mass of nodal load historical data of the electrical system of power, gotten from a system SCADA - Supervisory Control and Date Acquisition. The corporative access to processed information from SISDEC is effected through the Intranet of the company.

<p>This thesis consists of a summary and four papers. The first two concerns health care and sickness absence, and the last two pharmaceutical costs and prices.</p><p>Paper [I] presents an economic federation model which resembles the situation in, for example, Sweden. In the model the state governments provide health care, the fed-eral government provides a sickness benefit and both levels tax labor income. The re-sults show that the states can have either an incentive to under- or over-provide health care. The federal government can, by introducing an intergovernmental transfer, in-duce the state governments to provide the socially optimal amount of health care.</p><p>In Paper [II] the effect of aggregated public health care expenditure on absence from work due to sickness or disability was estimated. The analysis was based on data from a panel of the Swedish municipalities for the period 1993-2004. Public health care expenditure was found to have no statistically significant effect on absence and the standard errors were small enough to rule out all but a minimal effect. The result held when separate estimations were conducted for women and men, and for absence due to sickness and disability.</p><p>The purpose of Paper [III] was to study the effects of the introduction of fixed pharmaceutical budgets for two health centers in Västerbotten, Sweden. Estimation results using propensity score matching methods show that there are no systematic differences for either price or quantity per prescription between health centers using fixed and open-ended budgets. The analysis was based on individual prescription data from the two health centers and a control group both before and after the introduction of fixed budgets.</p><p>In Paper [IV] the introduction of the Swedish substitution reform in October 2002 was used as a natural experiment to examine the effects of increased consumer infor-mation on pharmaceutical prices. Using monthly data on individual pharmaceutical prices, the average reduction of prices due to the reform was estimated to four percent for both brand name and generic pharmaceuticals during the first four years after the reform. The results also show that the price adjustment was not instant.</p>

This thesis consists of a summary and four papers. The first two concerns health care and sickness absence, and the last two pharmaceutical costs and prices. Paper [I] presents an economic federation model which resembles the situation in, for example, Sweden. In the model the state governments provide health care, the fed-eral government provides a sickness benefit and both levels tax labor income. The re-sults show that the states can have either an incentive to under- or over-provide health care. The federal government can, by introducing an intergovernmental transfer, in-duce the state governments to provide the socially optimal amount of health care. In Paper [II] the effect of aggregated public health care expenditure on absence from work due to sickness or disability was estimated. The analysis was based on data from a panel of the Swedish municipalities for the period 1993-2004. Public health care expenditure was found to have no statistically significant effect on absence and the standard errors were small enough to rule out all but a minimal effect. The result held when separate estimations were conducted for women and men, and for absence due to sickness and disability. The purpose of Paper [III] was to study the effects of the introduction of fixed pharmaceutical budgets for two health centers in Västerbotten, Sweden. Estimation results using propensity score matching methods show that there are no systematic differences for either price or quantity per prescription between health centers using fixed and open-ended budgets. The analysis was based on individual prescription data from the two health centers and a control group both before and after the introduction of fixed budgets. In Paper [IV] the introduction of the Swedish substitution reform in October 2002 was used as a natural experiment to examine the effects of increased consumer infor-mation on pharmaceutical prices. Using monthly data on individual pharmaceutical prices, the average reduction of prices due to the reform was estimated to four percent for both brand name and generic pharmaceuticals during the first four years after the reform. The results also show that the price adjustment was not instant.

There is high variability in response to cancer chemotherapies among patients. Its sources are diverse: genetic, physiologic, comorbidities, concomitant medications, environment, compliance, etc. As the therapeutic window of anticancer drugs is usually narrow, such variability may have serious consequences: severe (even life-threatening) toxicities or lack of therapeutic effect. Therefore, various approaches to individually tailor treatments and dosing regimens have been developed: a priori (based on genetic information, body size, drug elimination functions, etc.) and a posteriori (that is using information of measurements of drug exposure and/or effects). Mixed-effects modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD), combined with Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability estimation of individual effects, is the method of choice for a posteriori adjustments of dosing regimens. In this thesis, a novel approach to adjust the doses on the basis of predictions, given by a model for ordered categorical observations of toxicity, was developed and investigated by computer simulations. More technical aspects concerning the estimation of individual parameters were analysed to determine the factors of good performance of the method. These works were based on the example of capecitabine-induced hand-and-foot syndrome in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, a review of pharmacodynamic models for discrete data (categorical, count, time-to-event) was performed. Finally, PK-PD analyses of hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell anemia were performed and used to compare different dosing regimens and determine the optimal measures for monitoring the treatment

Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos taikomųjų uždavinių, kurių duomenys išreikšti reliacinėmis aibėmis, sprendimus realizuojančių priemonių adaptyvumo problemos. Pagrindiniai tyrimo objektai yra adaptyvieji duomenų modeliai: duomenų išrinkimo modelis, duomenų agregavimo modelis ir duomenų apdorojimo projektavimo modelis. Darbo tikslas – sukurti adaptyviąją duomenų apdorojimo projektavimo technologiją, kuri leistų išrinkti, agreguoti ir apdoroti duomenis keičiant tik šią technologiją sudarančių adaptyviųjų duomenų modelių formalių išraiškų parametrus. Naudojant sukurtą technologiją skirtingiems uždaviniams spęsti taikomas vienas ir tas pats duomenų apdorojimo principas. Kitaip tariant, visą algoritmų ir juos realizuojančių programini�� modulių sistemą galime pritaikyti skirtingiems taikomojo pobūdžio uždaviniams spręsti. Tai leidžia sumažinti naujų programinių priemonių kūrimo apimtis ir sąnaudas. / The dissertation deals with the adaptivity difficulties of the solutions implemented to solve applied problems whose data is expressed as relational sets. The main objects of research are adaptive data models: a data selection model, a data aggregation model and a model for designing data processing. The aim of the work is to create an adaptive technology for designing data processing that would enable to perform data selection, aggregation and processing by changing only the parameters of formal expressions for the adaptive data models forming the technology. While using the technology created for solving different problems the same data processing principle is used. In other words, the whole system of algorithms and program modules implementing them can be adjusted for solving different problems of applied nature. This allows to decrease the volume and expenses of creating new software.

In the dissertation the adaptation problem of the software whose instability is caused by the changes in primary data contents and structure as well as the algorithms for applied problems implementing solutions to problems of applied nature is examined. The solution to the problem is based on the methodology of adapting models for the data expressed as relational sets. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjama taikomųjų uždavinių sprendimus realizuojančių programinių priemonių, kurių nepastovumą lemia pirminių duomenų turinio, jų struktūrų ir sprendžiamų taikomojo pobūdžio uždavinių algoritmų pokyčiai, adaptavimo problema.