This study examines the genesis, development and current configuration of the urban network in the territorial agglomeration of Itabuna - Ilhéus (BA). Its region of influence went through major transformations over the last two decades (1990 2010) due to economic crisis, linked, among other reasons to a decline of cocoa production, which is the basis of the regional economy. These transformations altered rhythm, intensity, content and volume of the spatial interactions between regional centers and small cities. Cocoa flows, which are historically related to production, circulation and marketing were reduced while new flows emerged in association to other potentialized productive activities in regional centers and even some small cities. These socio-spatial changes altered form and content of the regional urban network, but that does not mean that hierarchical relationships have disappeared, because, as the most modern fixed geographic continued to be placed in Itabuna and Ilhéus, small cities remained dependent on them even relying on less hierarchical relationships than in recent past. Methodologically, it was chosen to use a routing theoretical-conceptual based on Santos (1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1999) through interpretation of space as a system of objects and actions in which fixed and flows, verticality and horizontality coexist integrating society and territory as dialectical pairs that compose the totality of the geographical space in which the urban network is the main connecting element. The implements used for data collection relied on direct and indirect observation; random application of questionnaires to entrepreneurs and traders in seventeen selected cities; application of structured interviews to social segments selected in Itabuna and Ilhéus; application of informal interviews to different social segments in Itabuna, Ilhéus and also in the seventeen selected cities; online surveys in selected sites; data collection in institutions as well as public and private selected companies and cartographic treatment. Among conclusions, the study highlighted that despite instant connections made possible by technical and informational means, it is still not possible to abandon the idea of urban hierarchy, after all, the responsible fixed for the densification of flows in the network continues to be selectively installed in the territory of Itabuna and Ilhéus; and these two cities combine in condition of complementarity, interactions in a scale that is not only regional, but baiana, brazilian and worldwide as well, playing the role of regional capital in the brazilian urban network only if considered on the spatial form of an urban agglomeration. / Este estudo analisa a gênese, o desenvolvimento e a atual configuração da rede urbana no âmbito territorial da aglomeração Itabuna Ilhéus (BA). A região de influência de Itabuna Ilhéus passou por significativas transformações nas duas últimas décadas (1990 2010) em decorrência da crise econômica, vinculada, entre outras razões, ao declínio da produção de cacau, base da economia regional. Essas transformações alteraram o ritmo, a intensidade, o conteúdo e o volume das interações espaciais entre os centros regionais e as pequenas cidades. Fluxos historicamente relacionados à produção, circulação e comercialização do cacau foram reduzidos, ao mesmo tempo em que novos fluxos emergiram associados a outras atividades produtivas potencializadas nos centros regionais e também em algumas das pequenas cidades. Essas transformações socioespaciais alteraram a forma e o conteúdo da rede urbana regional, mas isso não significa que as relações hierárquicas desapareceram, pois, na medida em que os fixos geográficos mais modernos continuaram a ser instalados em Itabuna e Ilhéus, as pequenas cidades permaneceram dependentes desses centros, mesmo que em torno de relações hierárquicas menos rígidas que em um passado recente. Metodologicamente, optou-se por utilizar um encaminhamento teórico-conceitual baseado em Santos (1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1999), através da interpretação do espaço como um sistema de objetos e ações em que fixos e fluxos, verticalidades e horizontalidades coexistem, integrando a sociedade e o território, pares dialéticos que compõem a totalidade do espaço geográfico, da qual a rede urbana é o principal elemento de conexão. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados contaram com observação direta e indireta; aplicação aleatória de questionários a empresários e comerciantes em 17 cidades selecionadas; aplicação de entrevistas estruturadas a segmentos sociais selecionados em Itabuna e Ilhéus; aplicação de entrevistas informais a diferentes segmentos sociais em Itabuna, Ilhéus e nas 17 cidades selecionadas; pesquisas on-line em sites selecionados; Coleta de dados em Instituições e empresas públicas e privadas selecionadas e tratamento cartográfico. Entre as conclusões do trabalho destaca-se que apesar das conexões instantâneas possibilitadas pelos meios técnico-informacionais ainda não é possível abandonar a ideia de hierarquia urbana, afinal, os fixos responsáveis pela densificação dos fluxos em rede continuam a ser instalados seletivamente nos territórios de Itabuna e Ilhéus; e que essas duas cidades na sua condição de complementaridade, densificam as interações que realizam nas escalas regional, baiana, brasileira e mundial, exercendo o papel de cidade média na rede urbana brasileira apenas se consideradas na forma espacial de uma aglomeração urbana.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T20:33:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rezende de Barros - 2016.pdf: 5601059 bytes, checksum: 953996d14e3ede469126893d305e59ce (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T11:38:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rezende de Barros - 2016.pdf: 5601059 bytes, checksum: 953996d14e3ede469126893d305e59ce (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T11:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rezende de Barros - 2016.pdf: 5601059 bytes, checksum: 953996d14e3ede469126893d305e59ce (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Modern agriculture requires productivity, efficiency and quality. Therefore, there is need for the application of agricultural lime to correct the soil acidity. The Midwest was appointed as the largest producer of agricultural limestone, with 38.2% and Goiás and holder of 11.6%. In limestone beneficiation process is the generation of fine material (through in # 400 (0.035 mm)), which does not have economic viability in the agricultural, metallurgical and calcination. This is because this particle size of particle decreases the percolation of gas in blast furnaces and has slow settling when used in agriculture, can be transported by wind generating environmental liabilities. Briquetting is to agglomeration of fine particles by pressure, aided or not by a binder, allowing obtaining not only compacts, but with size, shape and mechanical parameters. The objective of this study was to investigate the binding of fine limestone through briquetting through use of a specific type known to have very fine grained (<0.075 mm) using organic and inorganic binders. Agglomeration of fine limestone through the briquetting was conducted by varying the amounts of water (used as inorganic binding agent) 0; 5; 7.5; 10; 12.5% and 2.5; 5; 7.5 and 8.5% organic binders - Molasses Soy and Treacle of cane sugar. The limestone powder and briquettes were analyzed chemically and physically by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), chemical and particle size analysis. The briquettes were subjected to impact resistance test, resistance to breakdown in water and compressive strength. The best results in impact resistance tests were analyzed and from these results of other tests were performed. The results of mechanical impact resistance were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), checking if the binder content and factors influenced the agglomeration of the mineral. In addition to lowering the environmental liabilities, the briquettes will also generate profits for the mining industry and can offer a co-product with similar characteristics to the product originally marketed. / A agricultura moderna exige produtividade, eficiência e qualidade. Por isso, há necessidade da aplicação do calcário agrícola para corrigir a acidez dos solos. O Centro- Oeste foi apontado como o maior produtor de calcário agrícola, com 38,2% e Goiás sendo detentor de 11,6%. No processo de beneficiamento do calcário ocorre a geração de material fino (passante em 400# (0,035 mm)), que não possui viabilidade econômica nos setores agrícola, metalúrgico e de calcinação. Isso ocorre porque essa granulometria de partícula diminui a percolação de gases nos altos-fornos e possui sedimentação lenta quando empregada na agricultura, podendo ser transportada pelo vento gerando passivo ambiental. A briquetagem consiste na aglomeração de partículas finas através de pressão, auxiliada ou não por aglutinantes, permitindo obtenção de produtos não só compactados, porém com forma, tamanho e parâmetros mecânicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a aglomeração dos finos de calcário por meio da briquetagem através aproveitamento de um tipo específico conhecido por possuir granulometria bastante fina (< 0,075 mm) utilizando aglomerantes orgânicos e inorgânicos. A aglomeração dos finos de calcário através da briquetagem, foi realizada variando as dosagens de água (utilizada como agente aglomerante inorgânico) de 0; 5; 7,5; 10; 12,5% e 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 8,5% de aglomerantes orgânicos – Melaço de Soja e Melado de Cana-de-açúcar. O calcário em pó e os briquetes foram analisados química e fisicamente por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDS), análises química e granulométrica. Os briquetes foram submetidos a testes de resistência ao impacto, resistência à decomposição em água e resistência a compressão. Os melhores resultados obtidos no teste de resistência ao impacto foram analisados e a partir desses resultados foram realizados os demais testes. Os resultados de resistência mecânica ao impacto foram analisados estatisticamente através da análise de variância (ANOVA), verificando se os fatores aglomerantes e teor influenciaram na aglomeração do mineral. Além de diminuir o passivo ambiental, os briquetes também irão gerar lucros para a indústria mineral, podendo oferecer um coproduto com características semelhantes ao produto originalmente comercializado.

O estado de São Paulo produz cerca de 58.700 t/dia de resíduos dividido pelos seus 645 municípios nas vizinhanças de aproximadamente 170 usinas de açúcar e álcool. Diante deste fato, é evidente o potencial para se fazer o uso consorciado destes dois combustíveis na geração de energia. Este trabalho investigou os possíveis efeitos deletérios que a presença de cloro, flúor, sódio e potássio possam trazer nas caldeiras voltadas para a produção de energia elétrica, utilizando bagaço de cana e combustível derivado de resíduo (CDR). Foi realizada uma busca criteriosa na literatura internacional a fim de possíveis efeitos deletérios em caldeiras de biomassa para a produção de energia em razão do uso consorciado de resíduo, no aspecto da integridade da caldeira, principalmente no papel desempenhado pelos elementos, cloro, flúor, sódio e potássio, e em seguida uma análise criteriosa dos resultados encontrados. Esta análise foi realizada através de um estudo de caso, considerando uma caldeira de leito fluidizado borbulhante (BFB) de 60MW, queimando bagaço e parte do resíduo de uma cidade de 600.000 habitantes. Verificou-se que o resíduo que a cidade produz pode ser transformado em CDR que irá alimentar a caldeira como combustível auxiliar, produzindo energia elétrica de forma limpa e sustentável. Um parâmetro utilizado para se definir a quantidade máxima de CDR queimada na caldeira, foi o cloro específico, calculado pela razão entre o teor de cloro e o poder calorífico inferior (PCI) do combustível. Com base na literatura encontrada, limitou-se o cloro específico em 40 mg/MJ, para que não haja danos a integridade do equipamento. A combustão consorciada de bagaço de cana e CDR pode ser uma alternativa para o estado de São Paulo reduzir o problema da falta de aterros para descarte de resíduos e uma possibilidade para as usinas de açúcar e álcool produzirem energia elétrica por um período mais extenso no ano, economizando bagaço de cana. / The state of São Paulo produces about 58,700 tons/day waste divided by its 645 municipalities in the vicinity of about 170 sugar and alcohol mills. Given this fact, the potential is evident to make the consortium use of these two fuels in power generation. This paper investigated the potential deleterious effects that the presence of chlorine, fluoride, sodium and potassium can bring the boilers focused on the production of electric power using bagasse and refuse derived fuel (RDF). A thorough search in the international literature with the view to possible deleterious effects on biomass boilers for power generation because of consortium use of residue in the boiler integrity aspect, particularly the role played by the elements chlorine, fluorine, sodium and potassium, and then a careful analysis of the results. This analysis was conducted through a case study, considering a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boiler of 60 MW, burning bagasse and part of the residue of a city of 600,000 inhabitants. It was found that the residue that the city produces can be turned into RDF which will feed the boiler as an auxiliary fuel, producing electricity in a clean and sustainable manner. A parameter used to set the maximum amount of burned RDF in the boiler, was the specific chlorine, measured by the ratio between the chlorine content and the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. Based on the literature found, the specific chlorine was limited to 40 mg/MJ, so there is no damage to the integrity of the equipment. The consortium combustion of bagasse and RDF can be an alternative to the state of São Paulo reduce the problem of landfills for waste disposal and a possibility for the sugar and alcohol mills producing electric power for a longer period in the year, saving bagasse.

Orientador: Waldir Antonio Bizzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T01:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MartinezSarache_HandelAndres_M.pdf: 4257675 bytes, checksum: c52a69cf0a29d4c6c8bb87a264ec1bb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A tecnologia do leito fluidizado é considerada uma das alternativas que oferece maior eficiência e flexibilidade para o aproveitamento energético de combustíveis sólidos. O material de leito geralmente usado é a areia devido aos seus baixos custos e facilidade de obtenção. Porém, o aproveitamento energético de resíduos agrícolas, que possuem alto teor de álcalis, em reatores de leito fluidizado apresenta um problema relacionado às interações entre o material do leito e as cinzas da biomassa. Este problema é caraterizado pela aglomeração do material contido no interior do leito, o que pode conduzir à perda do estado de fluidização ocasionando paradas não programadas do reator para troca do material. Entre os diversos mecanismos propostos para contra-arrestar a formação de aglomerações, durante a combustão de biomassa, o uso de matérias de leito de baixo conteúdo de sílica e a lavagem prévia da biomassa tornam-se alternativas economicamente viáveis. Através das técnicas de Análise Térmica Simultânea (TG/DTA) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) buscou-se avaliar a tendência das cinzas dos ramos grossos da planta de mandioca à formação de aglomerações, como consequência das interações físico-químicas quando estão misturadas com areia a altas temperaturas. Misturas das cinzas com alumina e com dolomita foram testadas a fim de comprovar que reduzem a formação de aglomerações. Também foi estudado o efeito da lavagem simples da biomassa com água. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ao redor de 770 °C o potássio contido nas cinzas reagiu com a sílica da areia formando eutéticos de baixo ponto de fusão compostos pelo sistema K2O-SiO2, que se depositaram sobre os grãos de quartzo e aderiram as partículas de inerte ao redor, promovendo a formação de aglomerações. Aproximadamente a 900 °C aconteceu a difusão de Mg, Ca e Fe que reagiram com o material depositado formando uma camada adicional de recobrimento, composta pelos sistemas K2O-SiO2-MgO e/ou K2O-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3, que fortaleceu as uniões formadas entre as partículas de areia aglomeradas. Estes resultados concordam com os mecanismos de formação de aglomerações propostos na literatura / Abstract: The fluidized bed technology is considered one of the alternatives that offer greater efficiency and flexibility for the energetic use of solid fuels. The bed material commonly used is silica sand due to its low cost and ease of production. However, the energetic use of agricultural residues in fluidized bed reactors, often present a problem related to the interactions between the bed material and biomass ashes, which generally have high alkali content. This problem is characterized by the agglomeration of the material contained within the bed, which can lead to defluidization and unscheduled shutdowns of the reactor to change the bed material. Among the different mechanisms proposed to counteract the formation of agglomerations during the biomass combustion, the use of alternative bed materials of low content of silica and water leaching of the biomass, become economically viable alternatives. Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to evaluate the trends of the ashes produced from cassava branches to agglomerations, as a result of physicochemical interactions when mixed with sand at high temperatures. Different mixtures between ashes with alumina and with dolomite were tested in order to reduce the formation of agglomerations. The effect of leaching the biomass with water was also studied. The results showed that about 770°C, the potassium contained in the ashes reacted with the silica sand particles surface, forming low melting point eutectics governed by the K2O-SiO2 system, which were deposited and adhered to quartz particles around, promoting the formation of agglomerations. Around 900°C took place the diffusion of Mg, Ca and Fe which reacted with the deposited material, forming an additional coating layer composed of K2O-SiO2-MgO and/or K2O-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 systems, that strengthened the joints formed between the agglomerated sand particles. These results agreed with the agglomerations formation mechanisms, proposed in the literature / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz, Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pilarski_Emmanuelle_D.pdf: 13352787 bytes, checksum: 0ecea335c03bb27966c47554b420caee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de (i) micropartículas lipídicas contendo bicarbonato de sódio pelo processo de spray cooling e de (ii) aglomerados de bicarbonato de sódio, utilizando-se do processo de melt agglomeration em leito vibrofluidizado. Essas tecnologias foram aplicadas com o intuito de melhorar a estabilidade desse material, uma vez que o mesmo se decompõe na presença de umidade/ou temperaturas mais elevadas. Uma mistura lipídica composta por gordura de palma totalmente hidrogenada (GPTH) e óleo de palma refinado (OP) foi empregada como material de parede/ligante que atendeu ao requisito de ponto de fusão de 55 ºC, com a proporção de 57,5 e 42,5 %, respectivamente. No processo de spray cooling, foi realizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), com 11 ensaios, para cada um dos três diâmetros de abertura de bico atomizador estudados (??igual a 1,0; 1,2 e 1,5 mm), totalizando 33 experimentos, a fim de se avaliar o efeito da temperatura de entrada da dispersão (Te) (65 a 85 ºC) e da pressão de atomização (Pat) (1,0 a 2,0 kgf/cm2) sobre as seguintes variáveis dependentes: (i) eficiência de microencapsulação (EM, % de CO2), (ii), quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial (BSS, % de CO2) e (iii) rendimento (R, em %). As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e estrutura de superfície irregular para os ensaios realizados. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que para ??= 1,0 mm, um aumento nos níveis da Te e da Pat ocasionou um decréscimo da EM; para o ??= 1,2 mm, o aumento da Te ocasionou uma melhoria nessa resposta, entretanto, a Pat quando aumentada acarretou na sua diminuição. Para o ??= 1,5 mm, essas duas variáveis apresentaram menores efeitos, onde o aumento da Pat favoreceu a EM e o aumento da Te, a sua diminuição. A Te exerceu efeito positivo no R para o ??= 1,0 mm, sem influência nessa resposta para os diâmetros 1,2 e 1,5 mm, enquanto que a Pat teve efeito positivo para ??igual a 1,0 e 1,5 mm (termo linear) e negativo para o termo quadrático deste último. Pela combinação das respostas obtidas, verificou-se que o ensaio 4, diâmetro de bico atomizador (??= 1,5 mm), altas temperatura de entrada e de pressão de atomização (Te = 82 ºC e Pat = 1,85 kgf/cm2) apresentou o melhor desempenho (eficiência 3,18 %; quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial 0,17 % e rendimento 80,0 %) quando comparado com os outros diâmetros de abertura. No processamento em leito vibrofluidizado, foi realizado um DCCR, totalizando 17 ensaios, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das variáveis: (i) pressão de atomização (5,0 a 15,0 Psig), (ii) frequência de vibração (186 a 354 rpm) e (iii) amplitude de vibração (0,40 a 2,00 cm), sobre as variáveis dependentes (i): rendimento R (%), (ii) eficiência da aglomeração Eagl (% CO2), para as frações granulométricas de 300, 600 e 840 µm, (iii) crescimento de partícula C3,3 (%) e (iv) índice de torrões Itor (%). O material aglomerado apresentou ampla distribuição de tamanho e a nucleação dos aglomerados ocorreu pelo mecanismo de imersão. Os aglomerados apresentaram Eagl diferentes para as frações avaliadas, sendo que a maior eficiência foi observada para a fração 840 µm, seguida das frações 600 e 300 µm. Contudo, através da comparação entre a Eagl e o C3,3, observou-se que a proteção não depende somente do tamanho da partícula, mas mais importante que isso é o mecanismo de formação do aglomerado, demonstrando a complexidade do processo. Com relação à proteção do material (avaliada pela Eagl), o efeito da pressão, da frequência e da amplitude foi positivo para as frações de 300 µm e 600 e 840 µm (termos quadráticos). Pela combinação das respostas, o ensaio que apresentou melhor desempenho no leito vibrofluidizado foi a de fração 840 µm, cujos parâmetros estavam fixados em baixos valores de pressão e frequência e alta amplitude. Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu a proteção do bicarbonato de sódio contra a liberação de CO2 para ambos os processos estudados. As técnicas demonstraram grande potencial na produção desses materiais (bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado e bicarbonato de sódio aglomerado), que se mostram viáveis para serem utilizados na formulação de um novo fermento químico, constituído pelo bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado ou aglomerado e pelo componente ácido, sem a necessidade do agente inerte (amido) como separador físico / Abstract: This work had the objective of developing: (i) lipid microparticles containing sodium bicarbonate obtained by spray cooling process, and (ii) sodium bicarbonate agglomeration, obtained by melt agglomeration process in a vibrofluidized bed. These technologies were applied with the objective of improving the material stability, since it decomposes in the presence of humidity and/or higher temperatures. A lipid mixture composed of 57.5 % fully hydrogenated palm fat and 42.5 % refined palm oil, whose melting point is 55 ºC, was used. In the spray cooling process, a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied, with 11 trials for each of the three nozzle atomizer diameters (?) studied (??= 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 mm). Thirty three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating inlet temperature on the dispersion (65 to 85 ºC) and pressure atomization (1.0 to 2.0 kgf/cm2) on the following dependent variables: (i) microencapsulation efficiency (% CO2), (ii) amount of sodium bicarbonate on the surface (% CO2) and (iii) yield (%). The microparticles presented spherical shape and irregular surface. Statistical analysis showed that for ??= 1.0 mm and increases in levels of temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, the microencapsulation efficiency dropped. For ??= 1.2 mm, an increase in temperature on the dispersion led to an improvement in this response, however, when pressure atomization was increased, the microencapsulation efficiency fell. For ??= 1.5 mm, these two variables presented smaller effects, on the other hand, an increase in pressure atomization favored the microencapsulation efficiency. Increasing temperature on the dispersion, reduced the microencapsulation efficiency. Temperature on the dispersion presented a positive effect on yield for ??= 1.0 mm (this had no effect on the response for 1.2 and 1.5 mm diameters), while pressure atomization had a positive effect for d = 1.0 and 1.5 mm (linear term), its quadratic term had a negative effect on yield. By combining of dependent variables, it was found for ??= 1.5 mm, test 4, higher temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, presented the best performance (3.18 % higher efficiency, 0.17 % lower amount of surface sodium bicarbonate pressure and 80.0 % yield) when compared with the other diameters. In the vibrofluidized bed process, a CCRD was conducted, totaling 17 trials, to assess the effect of these independent variables: (i) atomization pressure (5.0 to 15.0 Psig), (ii) vibration frequency (186 to 354 rpm) and (iii) vibration amplitude (0.40 to 2.00 cm) on the dependent variables: (i) yield (%), (ii) agglomeration efficiency (% CO2), for the particle size fractions of 300, 600 and 840 µm (iii) particle growth (%) and (iv) lump. The agglomerated material presented ample size distribution and the nucleation mechanism occurred by immersion. The agglomeration efficiency presented different values for each fractions tested (300 µm <600 µm <840 µm). However, a comparison of agglomeration efficiency and particle growth, demonstrated that protection depends not only on particle size, but more on the formation mechanism of agglomeration particles, demonstrating its complexity. With regard to the protection of the material (assessed by agglomeration efficiency), the effect of pressure was positive for 300, 600 µm, and 840 µm fractions (quadratic terms), while the frequency had a positive effect for the three fractions. With respect to amplitude, the effect was positive on the larger particle size fractions. Considering all answers, the test that produced the best performance in the vibrofluidized bed was 840 µm fraction, whose parameters were set at low pressure and frequency values and high amplitude. The results showed that there was protection of sodium bicarbonate against the release of CO2 for both processes studied. The techniques demonstrated great potential in the production of these materials (microencapsulated sodium bicarbonate and agglomerated sodium bicarbonate particles), thus demonstrating its viability for use in the formulation of a new baking powder. A new baking soda, consisting of microencapsuled sodium bicarbonate or agglomerated and another acid compound, without the need for an inert agent (starch) as physical separator / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This master thesis work examines whether it is possible to separate lead from an electrolytic sludge rich in manganese using pyrometallurgical treatment, and also attempts to determine the optimum process parameters for such a treatment. It also includes a theoretical study of the possible applications for lead and manganese, as well as thermodynamic calculations predicting the behaviour of the material at increasing temperatures. The experimental work completed includes characterisation and agglomeration of the raw material, as well as tests in a chamber furnace and a rotary furnace. The anode sludge was characterised using chemical analysis, XRD, SEM and PSD. The anode sludge was agglomerated into pellets using either both bentonite and water, or only water as binder. The smaller scale tests in the chamber furnace examined the impact of several variables on lead removal. These variables included type and amount of reduction agent used, temperature, and whether the anode sludge was added as untreated material or pellets. The most promising of these results were further tested in the rotary furnace at a slightly larger scale. The variables used for the rotary furnace tests were amount of reduction agent added, whether the anode sludge was added as untreated material or pellets, and whether the reduction agent was added at the start of or during the experiment. All samples were sent for chemical analysis, and selected samples were further analysed using XRD and SEM. The conclusions drawn from the results of the thermodynamic calculations and experimental work are as follows: In the untreated anode sludge the primary phases are MnO2, CaSO4, and (Pb,Sr)SO4. The anode sludge can be agglomerated into pellets, with or without added binder. After treatment the primary phases present are MnO and (Ca,Sr)2SiO4. Lead is present as small separate grains. The most effective treatment method should adhere to the following parameters:Use of a rotating furnace. Anode sludge added in the form of pellets, to simplify materials handling. Temperature of 1400-1500 °C. Reduction agent added in batches after initial smoke formation has stopped. Total addition of reduction agent should be 10 wt% of anode sludge. Significant weight loss occurs during treatment. The amount of reduction agent added to the anode sludge has the greatest effect on the removal of lead and zinc. Charcoal is a potential candidate for a renewable reduction agent, but leads to increased weight loss. It is possible to separate lead from the manganese anode sludge using pyrometallurgical treatment, down to 100 ppm. Zinc can also be separated, down to 600 ppm. / Detta examensarbete undersöker huruvida det är möjligt att separera bly från ett anodslam rikt i mangan med hjälp av pyrometallurgiska behandlingsmetoder, och försöker även avgöra de optimala processparametrarna för en sådan behandling. Arbetet inkluderar även en teoristudie av möjliga användningsområden för bly och mangan, samt termodynamiska beräkningar som förutser materialets beteende vid ökande temperaturer. Det experimentella arbetet som utförts inkluderar karakterisering och agglomerering av råmaterialet, samt försök i en kammarugn och en rullugn. Anodslammet karakteriserades med hjälp av kemisk analys, XRD, SEM, och partikelstorleksfördelning. Anodslammet agglomererades till pellets med antingen bentonit och vatten eller bara vatten som bindemedel. Försöken i mindre skala i kammarugnen undersökte hur flera variabler påverkade blyavdrivningen. Dessa variabler inkluderade typ och mängd av reduktionsmedel som tillsattes, temperatur, och huruvida anodslammet som användes var obehandlat material eller pellets. De mest lovande av dessa resultat användes för vidare försök i rullugnen i något större skala. Variablerna som undersöktes vid rullugnsförsöken var mängd reduktionsmedel som tillsattes, huruvida anodslammet som användes var obehandlat material eller pellets, samt huruvida reduktionsmedlet tillsattes vid start eller under försökets gång. Alla prover skickades för kemisk analys, och utvalda prover analyserades ytterligare med XRD och SEM. Slutsatserna som dragits utifrån resultaten av de termodynamiska beräkningarna och det experimentella arbetet är som följande: I det obehandlade anodslammet är de primära faserna MnO2, CaSO4, och (Pb,Sr)SO4. Anodslammet kan agglomereras till pellets. Efter behandling är de primära faserna i materialet MnO och (Ca,Sr)2SiO4. Kvarvarande bly är närvarande som små separata korn. Den mest effektiva behandlingsmetoden bör använda följande parametrar: Användning av en roterande ugn. Anodslam bör tillsättas i form av pellets för att underlätta materialhantering. Temperatur mellan 1400-1500 °C. Reduktionsmedel tillsatt i omgångar efter att initial rökbildningen avstannat. Total tillsats av reduktionsmedel bör vara 10 vikt% av anodslammets vikt. Signifikanta viktförluster under behandling. Mängden tillsatt reduktionsmedel är den faktor som har störst effekt på avlägsnandet av bly och zink. Träkol är en potentiell kandidat för ett förnyelsebart reduktionsmedel, men orsakar ökade viktförluster. Det är möjligt att separera bly från mangan med hjälp av pyrometallurgiska metoder, ned till 100 ppm bly. Zink kan också separeras, ned till 600 ppm.

Thinking of the villa quarters of Budapest, Andrássy Road, Svábhegy or the Rózsadomd are the ones that first come to mind of many. These are the most well-known rows of villas of the capital, but in the green zone of the 16th district there is a less well-known but yet even more remarkable villa quarter: Mátyásföld. Mátyásföld was founded in 1887 in the outskirts of Cinkota, part of the eastern agglomeration of Budapest at the time. Every source has recorded the circumstances of its establishment as legendary. However, its founder was a good businessman rather than a character from a fairy tale. He recognised the change of lifestyles typical of the era, and sought business opportunities. It became fashionable at the time that anyone who could afford to do so, created a second, representative home in the green area outside the city, but still within the reach of the centre. In the outskirts of the city, more and more holiday homes and villa quarters were established, and Mátyásföld was created also for this purpose. The central issue of this dissertation is how Mátyásföld, founded in the agglomeration of the capital, was built and how it managed to fit into the urban development of Budapest, as well as the life of its inhabitants. Beyond its unique geographic and administrative situation, the role...

Améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes pilotant l’agglomération au sein des réacteurs à lit fluidisé lors de la conversion thermochimique de biomasse (700-1000°C) est important pour prédire son occurrence à l’échelle industrielle. L’agglomération est liée à la formation de phases liquides (oxydes liquides et/ou sels fondus) provenant de la fusion des espèces inorganiques contenues dans la ressource (cendres). Leur présence conduit à la défluidisation des matériaux de lit, à l’origine d’une baisse des rendements de production en gaz, voire d’un « blocage » du réacteur. La phénoménologie de l’agglomération est examinée à partir de trois approches expérimentales, en matériaux simulants et réels, à trois échelles différentes et dans des gammes de températures allant de l’ambiante à 1000°C. L’analyse des mécanismes à l’origine de cette agglomération du lit montre que la formation du liquide est le seul paramètre limitant dans la formation d’agglomérats. Ce phénomène provoque une augmentation du diamètre apparent des particules de lit en parallèle d’une diminution de leur masse volumique. Ces modifications peuvent être associées à un déplacement au sein de la classification de Geldart de la catégorie B vers la catégorie D. D’un point de vue hydrodynamique, la défluidisation du lit résulte de la ségrégation des agglomérats au fond du réacteur. Ce phénomène contribue à dégrader l’homogénéité de répartition du gaz de fluidisation dans le réacteur. La défluidisation complète du lit survient pour une fraction de liquide dans le lit très faible (quelques % vol. de lit). Sur la base de ces résultats, une formulation simplifiée a été proposée et permet de prédire, à partir de la ressource utilisée et pour un fonctionnement simplifié, la durée de fonctionnement avant défluidisation. / Improving the knowledge on the driving phenomena of agglomeration during fluidized-bed conversion of biomass (700-1000°C) is essential to predict its occurrence at industrial scale. Agglomeration is due to liquid phase formation (molten salts and/or molten silicates) coming from the melting of inorganic species contained inside the biomass (ash). Their presence leads to bed materials defluidization, reducing the process efficiency and even going up to a “blockage” of the reactor. The phenomenology of agglomeration is investigated with three experimental approaches, using simulant and real materials, at three different scales, and with a temperature ranging from ambient one to 1000°C. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying the bed agglomeration indicates that the liquid formation is the single limiting parameter for agglomerates formation. This phenomenon leads to an increase of the apparent diameter of the bed particles and at the same time to a decrease of their density. These modifications can be seen as a shift among the Geldart’s classification, from the B to the D-class. Concerning the hydrodynamic aspect, the bed defluidization is due to the agglomerates segregation at the bottom of the reactor. This phenomenon contributes to degrade the homogenous fluidization gas distribution across the reactor. The total bed defluidization occurs for a very low liquid fraction in the bed (few % vol. of bed materials). Based on these results, a simplified model has been proposed in order to predict the operating time before defluidization of the reactor, taking into account the biomass composition and simplified operating conditions.

In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation. As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered. Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass. Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.

Denna studie undersöker bakomliggande faktorer till lokaliseringsbeslut när kontorssektorn väljer att etablera sig utanför stadens centrum. Vi analyserar hur företagen resonerar och vilka faktorer som påverkar deras beslut. Tidigare forskning och teori talar för att ett centralt läge är det mest optimala för kontorssektorn, då det genererar agglomerationsfördelar. Därför är kontorssektorns betalningsvilja för mark också högst i centrala lägen. På ett icke-centralt läge som Hyllie, skulle företag som är beroende av billiga transporter som tillverkningsindustrin valt att lokalisera sig. Detta då de föredrar närheten till motorvägar över de centrala platserna. Studien är avgränsad till området Hyllie, vilken är lokaliserad i utkanten av Malmö och nära infrastrukturen. Hyllie var också en ödelagd åkermark när de första kontorsföretagens gjorde beslutet om att etablera sig där. Det fanns dock visioner och en framarbetad detaljplan som kommunen skapat tillsammans med marknadens aktörer, där Percy Nilssons engagemang troligen hade en stor inverkan. Därför har kommunen och Percy ingått som respondenter i studien för att även fördjupa författarnas inblick i områdets utveckling. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ ansats där empirisk data har insamlats genom både ostrukturerade- och semistrukturerade intervjuer med ett urval av anställda inom banksektorn. De banker som ingår i studiens urval är Nordea, Sparbanken Syd och Swedbank. Det valda teoretiska materialet har byggt grunden för intervjufrågor och även för analysen. Resultaten av studien visar på att de främsta faktorerna bakom lokaliseringsbeslutet i Hyllie var att platsen ansågs vara strategisk, erbjöd en bra kollektivtrafik samt gav tillgång till de människorna som skulle röra sig i området på grund av bland annat Emporia och arenan. / This study explores the underlying factors that affect location decisions when the office sector chooses to establish outside the city center. We analyze how companies are reasoning and the factors that influence their decisions. Previous research and theory suggest businesses in the office sector prefer central location, as they generate agglomeration advantages. Therefore, the office sector’s willingness to pay for land is highest at central locations. At a non-central location like Hyllie, should companies which rely on cheap transports of goods such as the manufacturing industry choose to locate. This because of that they prefer nearness to motorways over central locations. The essay focuses on the area Hyllie, which is located outside of Malmoe and close to the infrastructure. Hyllie was also a loamy field when the first office companies made the decision to establish there. However, there were visions and a zoning plan that were prepared by the municipality along with the market actors, where Percy Nilsson's involvement probably also had a great impact. Therefore, the municipality and Percy have been included as respondents in this study to deepen the authors' insight into the development of the area. The essay is based on a qualitative approach where the empirical data has been collected through both unstructured- and semi-structured interviews with a selection of employees in the banking sector. The banks that are included in the study's selection are Nordea, Sparbanken Syd and Swedbank. The selected theoretical material has been the basis for the interview-questions and also for the analysis. The result of the study shows that the main factors behind the location decision in Hyllie are that the place is perceived as a strategic location, offers a good public transport service and provides access to people who are in the area because of Emporia and the arena for instance.