This study traces the history of debutante presentations in Dallas, Texas, from 1884 to 1976. Manuscript materials, organizational collections, interviews, and published sources were used to document and establish past and present information. The problem is organized topically and treated in chronological order within each subject. The role of four bachelors' clubs, Idlewild, Terpsichorean, Calyx, and Dervish, is emphasized and the influence of a business known as Party Service is considered. The evidence gathered for this work suggests the following conclusions: that a complicated and lavish process has evolved, that the influence of heritage and family prominence has gradually eroded, that emphasis centers now on the recently financially successful families, and that despite these changes, the ritual of debutante presentations in Dallas remains strong.

Youth are having sexual intercourse at an early age and as such, are engaging in risky behaviors that are associated with adverse health outcomes, including HIV infection. Little research has been undertaken to examine the influence of contextual factors on youth intentions to delay sexual involvement. To address that gap, this study aimed to examine the influence of age, gender, race, immigration status, HIV knowledge, HIV-related stigma, concern about HIV, direct exposure to HIV/AIDS, peer pressure, and religious influence on youth intentions to delay sexual involvement. Delayed sexual involvement was conceptualized as youth attitudes towards abstaining from sex, their knowledge of the consequences of sexual involvement, and perceived parent or peer disapproval of the behavior. The theory of reasoned action was used as a framework to guide the study. The cross-sectional study involved secondary data analysis of baseline data pooled from a program evaluation. The sample included 536 urban low-income African American and Latino youth aged 11 to 16 years at high risk of HIV/AIDS. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the weighed combination of the predictor variables, age, gender, race, immigration status, HIV knowledge, direct exposure to HIV/AIDS, peer pressure, and religious influence explained the greatest variance of intention to delay sexual involvement (R2 = .246, p < .05). Also observed was a significant relationship between age, gender, and sexual intentions across the regression models. These findings can enhance HIV prevention and social change initiatives because of the potential to impact youth early sexual debut, reduce risky sexual behavior, and consequently decrease the rates of HIV infection among youth.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: There is an increase in the prevalence of HIV among young females compared to their male counterparts in South Africa (Shisana, 2012). Previous studies have shown early sexual debut is one of the contributing factors to acquiring HIV. Early sexual debut being defined as first sexual intercourse below the age of 15 years as illustrated in the literature (Aji et al., 2013). The aim of the study is to determine the contributing factors to early sexual debut by female adolescents in the ages between 13-19 attending Town-Two Clinic. To establish the knowledge of adolescent females about HIV & STI transmission, to evaluate what sexual and reproductive health education and management is required by adolescents attending the clinic, and to provide guidelines to deal with the concerns and needs of female adolescents attending Town-Two Clinic as well as reproductive health education. Methods: This is an exploratory qualitative study. Twenty female adolescents between the ages 13-19 attending Town Two Clinic for family planning were voluntarily recruited. Data collection was done by means of a 20 minute interview; two participants were interviewed a day. The interview was semi-structured using open-ended questions. Socio-demographic data was obtained by means of a questionnaire; linked to the interviewee by means of a study code to maintain anonymity. Data analysis was done using inductive analysis and creative synthesis, which analyses the details of the information collected to discover important patterns, themes and interrelationships (Larry, 2014). Results: The average age of the participants was 16 years. The youngest and eldest was 13 and 19 years old respectively; average grade was grade10. Majority of participants resided with their mothers (35%), 20% lived with both parents, 20% with their elder siblings, 15% with grandparents and 5% with other relatives. Participants (45%) reported they were sexually active; average age at first sexual intercourse was 14 years. The participants’ acceptable age for sexual debut was 18yrs. Reasons contributing to early sexual debut were identified as: peer pressure, easy access to alcohol, transaction and cross-generational sex, media and social networks, crowded living conditions, sexual abuse and lack of parental supervision and communication with children. The participants (95%) said they received sex education at school;. (65%) reported they were taught about safe sex practices and using a condom every time they have sex. Knowledge gaps; (60%) of the participants reporting they would like to receive more information and teaching about STI’s, as they knew very little about them. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the contributing factors to early sexual debut amongst female adolescents as: Peer pressure, easy access to alcohol, transaction and cross-generational sex, media and social networks, crowded living conditions, sexual abuse and lack of parental supervision and communication with children, and its risk to HIV infection. Appropriate and current sex education with regards HIV, STI prevention, testing and treatment is crucial. Parents play a vital role in educating their own children and need to overcome their socio-cultural views about sex. Interdisciplinary collaboration is needed between the health sector, education, law enforcement, church youth groups, media and social networks in developing effective programs for educating youth on HIV prevention, reproductive health and dangers of substance abuse. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar

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Kognitiv sjukdom är ett globalt hälsoproblem och antalet insjuknade personer kommer medtiden att öka i takt med den åldrande befolkningen. De upplevelser som anhöriga till personermed tidigt debuterande kognitiv sjukdom under 65 år har kan skilja sig från de upplevelsersom anhöriga till personer med debut över 65 års ålder har. Det behövs därför en ökadkunskap inom hälso- och sjukvården samt socialtjänsten om anhörigas behov av stöd ochinformation för att främja hälsa och välbefinnande. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva anhörigas upplevelse av att leva med ennärstående som diagnostiserats med tidig debuterande kognitiv sjukdom. Metoden somanvändes för att besvara syftet var en strukturerad kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med systematiskmetodologi baserat på kvalitativa artiklar, vilka söktes i två databaser.Resultatet är baserat på 15 artiklar som analyserats genom integrerad analys vilka utmynnadei två huvudkategorier; Upplevelsen av förändrad livssituation och livsvillkor och Vikten avomgivningens stöd. Resultatet diskuterades mot Doris Carnevali omvårdnadsmodell som teoretiskutgångspunkt. Resultatet visar på svårigheterna med att erhålla en diagnos för kognitivsjukdom i ung ålder samt bristen på den kunskap och stöd som de anhöriga behöver för atthantera de livsförändringar som uppstår. Slutsatsen var att anhöriga till personer med kognitiv sjukdom med tidig debut under 65 årsålder mötte flera känslomässiga, praktiska och ekonomiska utmaningar som kunde ha ennegativ inverkan på hälsan. Stödet till anhöriga behöver förbättras inom hälso- och sjukvårdenoch ute i samhället för att minska stigmatiseringen och öka välbefinnandet. Genomsjuksköterskans specialistkompetens inom vård vid kognitiv sjukdom kan individanpassatstöd, kunskap och information ges till anhöriga och närstående, för att underlätta och förbättraderas livssituation och välbefinnande. / Dementia represents a global health challenge, and its incidence is expected to rise with the aging population. The experiences of individuals with early-onset dementia under the age of 65 may differ from those of individuals with onset after the age of 65. Therefore, there is a pressing need for increased awareness within healthcare and social services regarding the caregivers' needs for support and information to promote health and well-being. The aim of this literature review was to elucidate caregivers' experiences of living with a relative diagnosed with early-onset dementia. The method employed to address this aim was a structured qualitative literature review using systematic methodology based on qualitative articles sourced from two databases. The results are derived from the analysis of 15 articles, employing an integrated analysis approach that resulted in two main categories: Experience of altered life situation and conditions and Importance of environmental Support. These findings were discussed in the context of Doris Carnevali's nursing model as a theoretical framework. The results highlight the challenges associated with obtaining a diagnosis of dementia at a young age, as well as the lack of knowledge and support needed by caregivers to manage the life changes that ensue. In conclusion, caregivers of individuals with early-onset dementia under the age of 65 encountered numerous emotional, practical, and economic challenges that could adversely affect their health. Support for caregivers needs to be improved within healthcare and society to reduce stigma and enhance well-being. Through the nurse's specialist competence in care for dementia, individually tailored support, knowledge and information can be given to relatives and close friends to facilitate and improve their living situation and well-being

In many markets for cultural goods, gatekeepers select the cultural goods, relatively few cultural goods are selected, and the criteria for selection are unclear to both artists and gatekeepers. Not knowing whether cultural goods are of the 'right' quality to be selected, artists and gatekeepers become preoccupied with handling quality uncertainty. This thesis studies such handling of quality uncertainty before, during, and after aspiring writers attempt to succeed in the publishing market. Drawing on eighty interviews with mainly aspiring writers and publishers in Sweden, three papers investigate three phases of handling quality uncertainty in the publishing market. First, in attempting to get published, writers handled uncertainty about how the quality of their work would be evaluated in the publishing market by using appraisal devices: trusted, knowledgeable appraisals of their work’s chances of success or failure on the publishing market. Second, publishers responded to uncertainty about the quality of manuscripts by learning to consider means before ends, such that certain qualities of their reading experience became the necessary means for realizing that the manuscript might be publishable. This realization moved the manuscript from the discovery phase to justification phase, in which publishers made a final decision to select or reject the manuscript. Third, for the rejected writer, the uncertainty of not knowing how the publisher had determined the quality of the manuscript made it possible to excuse the course of events. Writers gave reasons why their manuscript had been rejected based on how they imagined publishers had determined its quality. They accepted the occurrence of failure but dismissed the responsibility for having failed. Writers also engaged in justifications, refusals, and concessions of the perceived failure. These concepts for analyzing the publishing market are based on a perspective that takes into account subjectivity, temporality, and the condition of quality uncertainty. The perspective and concepts are useful for understanding other market situations in the cultural industries, wherein the successful hiring of cultural workers and the acquisition of cultural goods are rare relative to the number of aspirants, and wherein assessments are conditioned by quality uncertainty that needs to be handled. / ERC 263699-CEV