Pediatric medicine, the branch of medicine dedicated to taking care of children, is a relatively new medical specialty, developing in the mid-19th century. Pediatrics emerged as society began to believe that children were different from adults and in need of specialized care. Soon after the development of specialty medicine for children it became evident that many challenging ethical issues were present with children that did not exist, or at least not to the same extent with adults. In some cases, issues are similar, however they become much more complex or challenging when applied to children. The field of pediatrics is constantly changing and developing, with tremendous advancements within the fields of genetics, neuroscience, and clinical research. Developments in these fields have led to the emergence of many new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for children, but with these new technologies come enhanced ethical issues and challenging decisions. Currently within pediatric medicine, decision-making processes are primarily guided by the models of adult surrogate decision making, in particular substituted judgment and best interests models. The substituted judgment model focuses on executing the wishes of the patient, while best interests asks the surrogate to select the course of action that will most benefit the patient overall. These models are ethically contested within adult medicine, the field in which they originated, and are even more problematic when applied to children, specifically mature minors with varying developmental levels. In pediatrics, the best interests standard is the typical model advocated for because children, as children, cannot legally make their own decisions, however that does not mean they should be automatically excluded from decision making processes or assumed to lack decision making capacity. These issues become larger when dealing with mature minors due to issues of agency, consent and assent, stewardship, and the vulnerable status of the child. Children are not only viewed as vulnerable by society, but many times parents as well. Many parents feel it is their obligation and duty to not only take care of their children but also advocate for and protect them. Additionally, because they are so emotionally invested and connected to the child, it is difficult to comprehend situations where the child is at risk or they are told something they never imagined or thought about, such as that their child is very sick and in need of advanced medical care. There are heightened emotions present due to the parent-child relationship. Despite parents wanting to protect their children, in most medical instances they are unable to do so, leaving parents vulnerable and full of emotion. Making decisions for another is very challenging in all instances throughout medicine, complicated even more so when the person for whom decisions are being made is a relative and a person that one strives to protect and take care of on a day to day basis. Additionally in pediatrics many decisions have higher stakes and longer impacts, due to the age, status, and development of the child. Parents are in very challenging positions when making decisions for their children in light of the tremendous amounts of uncertainty that accompany new and emerging technologies, including obstacles that make determining the child’s best interests and inevitably make a decision challenging. The addition of complicated medical information from presented by the new technologies within the fields of genetics, neuroscience, and clinical research, combined with the and heightened emotions only complicates this process, necessitating an enhanced decision making model. <br>As in areas of adult medicine, decisions are challenging and difficult to work through, complicated more by the lacking of explicit goals of pediatric medicine and an overarching framework to use to structure all decision making processes, which exists in adult medicine. The current decision-making models do not accommodate the fact that within pediatrics there is a long term relationship and partnership that must be created and nurtured by all those involved; decisions are therefore not isolated decisions but components of a continuum. Additionally, they do not ensure that parents receive support and guidance, identify the level of involvement of an older child, or facilitate and assist with decisions when parents and physicians disagree. Along with some of the objective elements of medicine, pediatric decision making has many subjective components, and emerging technologies create even more. On the basis of these considerations, it is argued that there is a need for an enhanced decision making model developed out of the field of pediatrics, centered around the goals of pediatric medicine. Current models need to be reconsidered in order to outline a model that enables parents to make the optimal decision for their child in light of the possibilities of emerging technologies. <br>This dissertation will look at the question “Why should an enhanced model for parental decision making be advocated for within pediatric care, and how can such a model be developed and applied?” In Chapter 2 the history and development of the field of pediatrics will be looked at, followed by an analysis of the current decision making models of adult medicine in Chapter 3, demonstrating that they do not apply well to mature minors and are not sufficient for pediatric medicine. In Chapter 4 the changing field of pediatric medicine will be explained, the new technologies will be introduced, and the ethical issues that the current models of decision making do not accommodate will be presented. In Chapter 5, an enhanced model of shared decision making related to the goals of pediatric medicine will be developed followed by an analysis of the roles of parties involved and how they should work together to achieve the best results for the child who is the patient. In chapter 6 the enhanced decision making model will be applied to areas of genetic screening, neuroscience, and clinical research to show how it will better facilitate decisions within these areas and address the concerns that the new technologies and developments create throughout present-day pediatrics. Pediatric medicine is in great need of an enhanced parental decision-making model that addresses the goals of pediatric medicine to ensure that the best decisions are made in the face of new technologies and the continuous advancement of care for children. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts; / Health Care Ethics / PhD; / Dissertation;

The purpose of this research was to determine if presentation format, given a particular task to be performed, would affect the decision-making process of financial decision makers. The problem motivating this study is the potential for managers to make inefficient decisions when they use reports which are presented inappropriately for a given task.

Conduct an exploratory study on operationally focussed managers within a South African company, using both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to determine the correlation between the required and actual levels of complexity and time-span of control at specific hierarchical levels / Organisational design needs to be in line with capabilities of the individual-inrole. The structure of an organization directly impacts the overall effectiveness and ultimately the success of such an organization and the number of layers required in any given hierarchy is a product of the organization’s mission (Jaques, 1989). Stratified Systems Theory (Jaques, 1989) defines work in seven strata based on a basis of decision-making complexity. The research presented here identifies a specific organisation’s current level of work based on complexity and the time-span of decision-making. Research was done in one specific geographical region of a company operating in the Supply Chain and Logistics industry in South Africa. Qualitative data collection was done by means of interviews with a defined sample group that provided an adequate cross-section of the main functions of the business, however, the sampling technique used may not provide results representative of the entire population. ii The Brunel Institute for Organisation and Social Studies’ (BIOSS) Matrix of Working Relationships was used as main basis for reporting results. The research indicates that the organisation is presently, according to Jaques Stratified Systems Theory (Jaques, 1989), operating at one level below their intended level that will allow them to effectively meet their longterm strategic objectives. The report identifies shortcomings in terms of the current capabilities of the individual-in-role and the actual work requirements, setting a foundation for further analysis of individual capabilities for effective organisational design. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / MBL

Providing automated support for model selection is a significant research challenge in model management. Organizations maintain vast growing repositories of analytical models, typically in the form of spreadsheets. Effective reuse of these models could result in significant cost savings and improvements in productivity. However, in practice, model reuse is severely limited by two main challenges: (1) lack of relevant information about the models maintained in the repository, and (2) lack of end user knowledge that prevents them from selecting appropriate models for a given problem solving task. This study built on the existing model management literature to address these research challenges. First, this research captured the relevant meta-information about the models. Next, it identified the features based on which models are selected. Finally, it used Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select the most appropriate model for any specified problem. AHP is an established method for multi-criteria decision-making that is suitable for the model selection task. To evaluate the proposed method for automated model selection, this study developed a simulated prototype system that implemented this method and tested it in two realistic end-user model selection scenarios based on previously benchmarked test problems.

The research explores the epistemological development of pre-ministry undergraduates in confessional Christian liberal arts colleges and universities. The Perry Scheme is the basis for the evaluation. This is a replication study of a 2012 Perry Scheme analysis of pre-ministry graduates in a cross-section of higher education institutions. This research is a qualitative study with thirty traditional-aged students within six months of graduation. The students are from purposively selected confessional Christian liberal arts institutions. The interviews are conducted by telephone, transcribed, and scored by the Center for Study of Intellectual Development (CSID). Of particular interest is the ethical decision making abilities of graduating pre-ministry students. The research is intended to clarify the students’ position on the Perry Scheme that reflects the level, if any, of personal commitment to their belief system. KEYWORDS: biblical worldview, Center for the Study of Intellectual Development (CSID), cognitive development, college student development, dualism, epistemological development, ethics, higher education, imago Dei, multiplicity, Perry Scheme, pre-ministry undergraduates, reflective judgment, relativism, vocational ministry, William Perry.

by Siu-yeung Chan. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-278). / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Problems and Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Justification for the Study --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Model and Hypotheses --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Research Model --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Research Hypotheses --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research Methodology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Definitions of Key Terms --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Scope of the Study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8 --- Organisation of the Thesis --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW ON BEHAVIOURAL DECISION THEORY --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Behavioural Decision Theory: Historical Development --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Bounded Rationality --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- Lens Model --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5 --- Heuristics and Biases --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Overview --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Availability Heuristic --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Representativeness Heuristic --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Conjunction Fallacy --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Hindsight Bias --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Order Effects in Brief Updating --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.7.1 --- Evidence Encoding --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.7.2 --- Response Mode --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.7.3 --- Adjustment Weighting --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.7.4 --- Order Effects --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Framing Effect --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.9 --- Sunk Cost Effect --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.10 --- Confirmation Bias --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.11 --- Accountability --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.12 --- Base-Rate Fallacy --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.12.1 --- Reduction of the Base-Rate Fallacy --- p.51 / Chapter 2.5.12.1.1 --- The Relevance of Base-Rate Information --- p.51 / Chapter 2.5.12.1.2 --- The Relevance of Case-Specific Evidence --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.12.2 --- Effects of Need for Cognition on the Base-Rate Fallacy --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5.13 --- Overconfidence Effect --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.13.1 --- Calibration and Calibration Curve --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.13.2 --- Factors Affecting Appropriateness of Confidence --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.13.2.1 --- Task Factors --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.13.2.2 --- Environmental Factors --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5.13.2.3 --- Individual Difference Factors --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.13.3 --- Methods Promoting Appropriate Confidence --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5.13.4 --- Appropriateness of Experts' Confidence --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.13.5 --- Conceptual and Methodological Issues --- p.68 / Chapter 2.6 --- Contingent Decision Behaviour --- p.72 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Overview --- p.72 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Factors Influencing Contingent Decision Behaviour --- p.73 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Effects of Task Variables on Selecting Decision Strategies --- p.74 / Chapter 2.6.3.1 --- Task Complexity --- p.74 / Chapter 2.6.3.2 --- Response Mode --- p.77 / Chapter 2.6.3.3 --- Information Display Mode --- p.77 / Chapter 2.6.3.4 --- Agenda Effect --- p.78 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Effects of Context Variables on Selecting Decision Strategies --- p.78 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Effects of Effort and Accuracy on Selecting Decision Strategies --- p.79 / Chapter 2.7 --- Integrated Framework for Behavioural Decision Theory --- p.81 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Principle of Bounded Rationality and the Three Research Frameworks --- p.82 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Lens Model and Heuristics-and-Biases Frameworks --- p.83 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Lens Model and Contingent Decision Behaviour Frameworks --- p.84 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Heuristics-and-Biases and Contingent Decision Behaviour Frameworks --- p.85 / Chapter 2.8 --- Chapter Summary --- p.85 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- LITERATURE REVIEW ON BEHAVIOURAL DECISION RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2 --- Overview of BDR in Accounting and the Major Determinants of Decision-Making Performance --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3 --- Heuristics and Biases --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Overview --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Availability Heuristic --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Order Effects in Belief Updating --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Overview --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Model Predictions --- p.100 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Order Effects On Effectiveness --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.4.4 --- Factors Affecting the Order Effects --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.4.5 --- Summary of Accounting Research on the Order Effects in Belief Updating --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Conjunction Fallacy --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Framing Effect --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Confirmation Bias --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Hindsight Bias --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Accountability --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Base-Rate Fallacy --- p.118 / Chapter 3.3.10.1 --- Overview --- p.118 / Chapter 3.3.10.2 --- Attention to Base Rates --- p.119 / Chapter 3.3.10.3 --- Attention to Source Reliability --- p.123 / Chapter 3.3.10.4 --- Insensitivity to Sample Size --- p.127 / Chapter 3.3.10.5 --- Summary for Accounting Research on the Base-Rate Fallacy --- p.129 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Overconfidence Effect --- p.129 / Chapter 3.3.11.1 --- Appropriateness of Auditors' Confidence --- p.130 / Chapter 3.3.11.2 --- Factors Affecting the Appropriateness of Auditors' Confidence --- p.131 / Chapter 3.4 --- Behavioural Decision Research in Financial Distress Prediction --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Overview --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Prediction Performance --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Prediction Accuracy --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Appropriateness of Confidence --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Factors Affecting Prediction Performance --- p.139 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Overview --- p.139 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Information Load --- p.139 / Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- Information Cue Choice Versus Weighing of Cues --- p.140 / Chapter 3.4.3.4 --- Base-Rate Information --- p.141 / Chapter 3.4.3.5 --- Task Predictability --- p.144 / Chapter 3.4.3.6 --- Reward Structure --- p.145 / Chapter 3.4.3.7 --- Individual Differences --- p.145 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Group Judgment Accuracy --- p.146 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Section Summary --- p.147 / Chapter 3.5 --- Motivation for the Current Study --- p.149 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Research Opportunity 1 --- p.149 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Research Opportunity 2 --- p.150 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Research Opportunity 3 --- p.152 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Research Opportunity 4 --- p.153 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.154 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES --- p.156 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2 --- Research Model --- p.156 / Chapter 4.3 --- Research Hypotheses --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Hypothesis 1 --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Hypothesis 2 --- p.160 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Hypothesis 3 --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Hypothesis 4 --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Hypothesis 5 --- p.168 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.172 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN --- p.173 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2 --- Research Method --- p.173 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Design --- p.175 / Chapter 5.4 --- Subjects --- p.177 / Chapter 5.5 --- Construction of the Experiment Instrument --- p.179 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Selection of Sample Firms for Prediction Tasks --- p.180 / Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- Definition of Firms being in Financial Distress --- p.180 / Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- Identification of Firms in Financial Distress --- p.182 / Chapter 5.5.1.3 --- Selection of Healthy Firms --- p.182 / Chapter 5.5.1.4 --- Sample Firms in the Instrument --- p.183 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Selection of Financial Ratios --- p.184 / Chapter 5.5.2.1 --- Logit Analysis --- p.185 / Chapter 5.5.2.2 --- Pilot Interviews --- p.187 / Chapter 5.5.2.3 --- Final Financial Ratios Used in the Instrument --- p.188 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Modification of the Need for Cognition Scale --- p.189 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Translation of the Experiment Instrument --- p.191 / Chapter 5.5.5 --- Pretest of the Experiment Instrument --- p.191 / Chapter 5.6 --- Administration of Experiment --- p.192 / Chapter 5.7 --- Operationalisation and Measurement of Variables --- p.193 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Relevance of Base-Rate Information --- p.193 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Need For Cognition --- p.195 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Perceived Informativeness of Case-Specific Evidence --- p.197 / Chapter 5.7.4 --- Appropriateness of Confidence --- p.199 / Chapter 5.8 --- Data Analysis Methods --- p.201 / Chapter 5.9 --- Chapter Summary --- p.203 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- ANALYSIS OF DATA --- p.205 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.205 / Chapter 6.2 --- Descriptive Data about the Subjects --- p.205 / Chapter 6.3 --- Stepwise Logit Analysis --- p.207 / Chapter 6.4 --- Statistical Testing for Hypotheses --- p.210 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Testing Hypothesis 1 --- p.211 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Unbalanced ANOVA Model --- p.212 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Testing the Base Rate Pre-occupied by the Subjects --- p.215 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Testing Hypothesis 2 --- p.217 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Testing Hypothesis 3 --- p.218 / Chapter 6.4.6 --- Testing Hypothesis 4 --- p.220 / Chapter 6.4.7 --- Testing Hypothesis 5 --- p.222 / Chapter 6.5 --- Supplementary Statistical Testing of Hypotheses --- p.224 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Separate Models for Hypotheses 2 to 5 --- p.224 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Effects of Other Interactions --- p.224 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Analysing NC As a Continuous Variable --- p.225 / Chapter 6.5.4 --- Repeated Measures ANOVA --- p.226 / Chapter 6.5.5 --- Additional Analysis ´ؤ Controlling for Task Predictability --- p.228 / Chapter 6.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.232 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- "SUMMARY, DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS" --- p.234 / Chapter 7.1 --- Recap of the Study --- p.234 / Chapter 7.2 --- Conclusions and Discussions --- p.237 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Hypothesis 1 --- p.237 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Hypothesis 2 --- p.239 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Hypothesis 3 --- p.241 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Hypothesis 4 --- p.243 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Hypothesis 5 --- p.244 / Chapter 7.2.6 --- Overall Conclusions --- p.246 / Chapter 7.3 --- Implications for Theory --- p.246 / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications for Practice --- p.248 / Chapter 7.5 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.249 / Chapter 7.6 --- Recommendations for Further Research --- p.252 / REFERENCES --- p.254 / APPENDIX A: EXPERIMENT INSTRUMENT (IN ENGLISH) --- p.279 / APPENDIX B: EXPERIMENT INSTRUMENT (IN CHINESE) --- p.306 / APPENDIX C: STEPWISE LOGIT ANALYSIS RESULTS --- p.333

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-02T18:26:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanni Bohn Machado_.pdf: 709884 bytes, checksum: 158aa78cbb0c4777d402b3995177f6a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T18:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanni Bohn Machado_.pdf: 709884 bytes, checksum: 158aa78cbb0c4777d402b3995177f6a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Nenhuma / Outsourcing is a reality in the globalized world. In Brazil, it was recently approved by the National Congress the so-called "law of outsourcing," which in practice defines more flexible rules for organizations to outsource their core activity – something that used to be prohibited. This flexibility can lead organizations to obtain competitive advantage due to the costs associated with the outsourcing tending to be lower. However, there are issues relating to the products quality and services that must be taken when the decision is taken by managers. The outsourcing decision is still less explored in the academic environment. The majority of studies related to decision-making tend to analyze institutional and cognitive issues differently. However, there are few studies correlating the two areas, when taking into consideration the behavioral aspects of the individual and the institutional structure of their organizations. The present research aims to validate a research instrument that aims to measure the institutional and behavioral variables that influence outsourcing decision. A survey was performed through a questionnaire composed of 75 questions capable of measuring five major constructs: locus of control, monitoring practices, bandwagon effect for outsourcing, cost and quality dynamics and perception of cost and quality mandate. The instrument was created by Ph.D. David Caleb Hall from Wright State University in the United States. A sample of 204 respondents was collected. Statistical tests were performed to validate the scale, among them, convergent validity tests such as the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), composite reliability (CR), Cronbach's alpha (CA), average variance extracted (AVE). Also, tests were performed to check the discriminant validity. The general results partially achieved the goal of this work. More than 50% of the questions had to be eliminated, as a result of sampling error, little experience of the participants in the situations described, problems in understanding of the issues, institutional issues, and personality trait of the respondents.

This project draws attention to a contemporary exaltation of competence and swift decision-making that emphasizes the moment of executive power in democratic political practice and within democratic theory. Drawing on Weber’s concept of rationalization and his opposition between the mentalities of the official and the politician, I develop a distinct conception of bureaucracy as a mode of thought. Bureaucratic thinking involves the application of technical knowledge and skills, with a claim to universality and objectivity, in order to produce results and promote consensus and social harmony. I argue that this conception allows us to better recognize the contemporary diffusion of a flexible, decentralized type of bureaucracy and situate it within the history of affinity and tension between bureaucratic and democratic principles. I focus on a tradition within continental democratic theory, which tends to downplay politics by replacing it with administration and regulation. French political theorist and historian Pierre Rosanvallon is its contemporary representative, building on Hegel and Durkheim as well as Saint-Simon and Léon Duguit. Initially, Rosanvallon offered a theory of participation and democratic legitimacy that would work within the administrative state, taking into account his own strong critiques of bureaucracy. I argue that significant shifts evident in his later works, which respond to new realities, explicitly and/or implicitly mobilize bureaucratic thinking and practice to buttress democratic legitimacy within the nation-state and the European Union. I then play Rosanvallon’s earlier anti-bureaucratic arguments against his modified position in order to argue against attempts to reconcile bureaucracy and democracy, understood in its procedural form with equal freedom at its core. My claim is that bureaucratic thinking aims at consensus, encourages passivity, undermines the democratic value of political equality, and obscures values and interests behind policy decisions that are presented as neutral, technical, and fact-based. Methodologically, I use the history of ideas to develop the concept of the bureaucratic mentality, tracing it through the work of exemplary thinkers from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including Hegel, Durkheim, and Weber.

[Truncated abstract] Global tourism accounted for US$623 billion in 2004, representing 6% of the world's exports of goods and services (World Tourism Organisation, 2005). In the last decade, natural and man-made disasters have adversely affected the tourism industry. Consequently, the risk and uncertainty associated with travel have increased, potentially impacting on tourists' behaviour. However, while travel motivators have received a great deal of research attention, travel constraints have not been examined to the same degree. The present study explores risk and uncertainty and their roles in people's decisionmaking processes in a tourism context. In doing so, attempts were made to clarify the distinction between the risk and uncertainty constructs, which in prior research often have been used interchangeably, leading to some confusion about their roles. The distinction between the perceptual and attitudinal constructs also was clarified, as prior research into their differential impacts has been limited. To achieve these objectives, data were collected from online research panel members in Australia, the United States (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), New Zealand, South Korea, China and Japan, as part of a larger tourism study. While the majority of the country samples were drawn from the general population, the Japan sample constituted an international

FSCN-rapport; R-02-33