Devido à praticidade do uso de enzimas na transformação de produtos, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias dos processos enzimáticos e sua utilização vêm crescendo na indústria devido às inúmeras aplicações em vários setores de importância econômica e saúde. Os fungos do gênero Pleurotus, conhecidos por fungos da podridão branca, sintetizam uma variedade de enzimas lignocelulolíticas que tem potencial para degradar/transformar diversos compostos poliméricos, entre eles a vinhaça oriunda da indústria sucroalcooleira. A proposta deste trabalho foi a de avaliar as enzimas lignocelulolíticas como lacase, peroxidase e manganês peroxidase, sintetizadas pelos fungos P. sajor-caju CCB 020, P. ostreatus e P. albidus CCB 068, cultivados em vinhaça e/ou bagaço de cana-de-açúcar umedecidos com vinhaça. A atividade dessas enzimas extracelulares foram avaliadas, a cada três dias, durante 30 dias, quanto a estabilidade com relação ao tempo, e relacionadas a capacidade de degradação do corante índigo. O cultivo dos fungos foi realizado a 28°C em incubadoras, com agitação para vinhaça in natura, e estacionária para o meio sólido. Após o cultivo, o sobrenadante ou a solução enzimática extraída, do meio sólido, com tampão citrato, foram utilizados. A descoloração do corante índigo foi testada em solução à 0,02%, a pH 4,5 e temperatura 35°C. As atividades variaram com o meio de cultivo e com as linhagens. A lacase teve picos de atividades entre 12º e 15º dias com valores variando de 384 a 1.463 UI L-1, no meio líquido e no meio sólido, picos ao 6° dia de cultivo, com valores de 4 a 40 UI L-1. A atividade da peroxidase teve pico aos, 12°, 15° e 21° dia de cultivo, conforme a linhagem do fungo e atividades entre 356 a 975 UI L-1. A atividade de MnP teve pico aos 12° e 18° dia e atividades de pico entre 2,24 a 174 UI L-1. Quanto a atividade específica P. sajor-caju produziu lacase e MnP com maior eficiência comparado com as outras linhagens, enquanto que P. albidus CCB 068, produziu peroxidases com maior eficiência. O cultivo em vinhaça in natura foi mais eficiente que em meio sólido com bagaço. As estabilidades das atividades enzimáticas variaram conforme a linhagem do fungo, tempo de cultivo e com o tempo de estocagem, de 1, 2 e 24 h na temperatura ambiente. A descoloração do índigo foi relacionada com a atividade enzimática de lacase e MnP para a linhagem do fungo P. sajor-caju CCB 020. Entretanto, como foi mostrado no estudo, os basidiomicetos P. sajor-caju CCB 020, P. ostreatus, P. albidus CCB 068 apresentaram uma descoloração da vinhaça foi possível observar que o fungo P. sajor-caju CCB 020 apresentou maior potencial de descoloração da vinhaça de aproximadamente 70%, em relação ao P. ostreatus e P. albidus CCB 068 tiveram resultado inferior. A descoloração da vinhaça com relação à absorbância é lida a 680 nm. Ambos fungos inoculados em meio contendo vinhaça + bagaço teve melhor resultado nos 3º, 6º, 9º, 12º, 21º e 30º dias, exceto aos 15º e 18º dias, onde o meio só com vinhaça teve melhor resultado, em ambos os comprimentos de onda (\'lâmbda\'). O P. sajor-caju CCB 020 inoculado em meio de vinhaça + bagaço foi melhor aos 9º e 12º dias, na eficiência da descoloração do corante com 83,56% a 77,56% dos resultados, para P. ostreatus foi melhor aos 6º e 12º dias, na descoloração do corante com 46,09% a 46,18% respectivamente, já para P. albidus CCB 068 resultado foi nos dias 6º e 9º dias (56,23% e 57,42%) / Due to the convenience of using enzymes in the processing of products, technology development of enzymatic processes and its use are growing in the industry because of numerous applications in various sectors of economic and health importance. The fungi of the genus Pleurotus synthesize a variety of lignocellulolytic enzymes that has the potential to degrade / transform various polymeric compounds, including vinasse originating from the sugar industry. The proposal is to evaluate lignocellulolytic enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase and MnP, synthesized by the fungi P. sajor-caju CCB 020, P. ostreatus and P.albidus CCB 068 cultivated in vinasse and /or sugarcane bagasse moistened with vinasse. The activity of these extracellular enzymes was evaluated every three days for 30 days with regard to stability in relation to time and related to the degradation ability of the indigo dye. The cultivation of the fungi was performed at 28°C in incubators, with stirring of vinasse in nature, and the solid medium was stationary. After culturing, the supernatant or the enzyme solution extracted from the solid medium with citrate buffer was used. Decolorization of the indigo dye was tested in solution at 0.02% at pH 4.5 and 35 °C temperature. The activities varied according to the culture medium and the strains. Laccase had peaks of activity between the 12th and 15th days with values ranging from 384 to 1463 UI L-1, in the liquid and solid medium with peaks at the 6th day of culture, with values ranging from 4 a 40 UI L-1. Peroxidase activity peaked at the 12th, 15th and 21st days of cultivation, according to the strain of the fungus and activities from 356 to 975 UI L-1. The MnP activity peaked at the 12th and 18th days and had peak activities from 2.24 to 174 IU L-1. The specific activity P. sajor-caju CCB 020 produced laccase and MnPmore efficiently when compared with the other strains, whereas P. albidus, produced peroxidases more efficiently. Cultivation in vinasse in nature was more efficient than cultivation in solid medium with sugar cane bagasse. The stabilities of the enzymaticactivities varied with the strain of the fungus, cultivation time and the storage time of 1, 2 and 24 h at room temperature. The indigo decolorization was related to the enzymatic activity of laccase and MnP for the strain of the fungus P. sajor-caju CCB 020. However, Pleurotus showed decolorization of vinasse, and it was noticed that P. sajor-caju CCB 020 showed greater potential for vinasse decolorization, about 70%, compared to the others that had lower results. The vinasse decolorization with respect to the absorbance is read at 680 nm. Both fungi inoculated in medium containing vinasse + bagasse had better results on the 3rd ,6th, 9th, 12th, 21st and 30th days, except on the 15th and 18th days when the medium with vinasse alone had better results in both wavelengths (\'lâmbda\'). The P. sajorcaju CCB 020 inoculated in the vinasse + bagasse medium was better on the 9thand 12th days, in the efficiency of decolorization of the dye with 83.56% to 77.56% of the results, for P. ostreatus it was better on the 6th and 12th days in decolorization of the dye with 46.09% and 46.18% respectively, while for P. albidus CCB 068 the result was on the 6th and 9th days (56.23% and 57.42%)

Devido à praticidade do uso de enzimas na transformação de produtos, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias dos processos enzimáticos e sua utilização vêm crescendo na indústria devido às inúmeras aplicações em vários setores de importância econômica e saúde. Os fungos do gênero Pleurotus, conhecidos por fungos da podridão branca, sintetizam uma variedade de enzimas lignocelulolíticas que tem potencial para degradar/transformar diversos compostos poliméricos, entre eles a vinhaça oriunda da indústria sucroalcooleira. A proposta deste trabalho foi a de avaliar as enzimas lignocelulolíticas como lacase, peroxidase e manganês peroxidase, sintetizadas pelos fungos P. sajor-caju CCB 020, P. ostreatus e P. albidus CCB 068, cultivados em vinhaça e/ou bagaço de cana-de-açúcar umedecidos com vinhaça. A atividade dessas enzimas extracelulares foram avaliadas, a cada três dias, durante 30 dias, quanto a estabilidade com relação ao tempo, e relacionadas a capacidade de degradação do corante índigo. O cultivo dos fungos foi realizado a 28°C em incubadoras, com agitação para vinhaça in natura, e estacionária para o meio sólido. Após o cultivo, o sobrenadante ou a solução enzimática extraída, do meio sólido, com tampão citrato, foram utilizados. A descoloração do corante índigo foi testada em solução à 0,02%, a pH 4,5 e temperatura 35°C. As atividades variaram com o meio de cultivo e com as linhagens. A lacase teve picos de atividades entre 12º e 15º dias com valores variando de 384 a 1.463 UI L-1, no meio líquido e no meio sólido, picos ao 6° dia de cultivo, com valores de 4 a 40 UI L-1. A atividade da peroxidase teve pico aos, 12°, 15° e 21° dia de cultivo, conforme a linhagem do fungo e atividades entre 356 a 975 UI L-1. A atividade de MnP teve pico aos 12° e 18° dia e atividades de pico entre 2,24 a 174 UI L-1. Quanto a atividade específica P. sajor-caju produziu lacase e MnP com maior eficiência comparado com as outras linhagens, enquanto que P. albidus CCB 068, produziu peroxidases com maior eficiência. O cultivo em vinhaça in natura foi mais eficiente que em meio sólido com bagaço. As estabilidades das atividades enzimáticas variaram conforme a linhagem do fungo, tempo de cultivo e com o tempo de estocagem, de 1, 2 e 24 h na temperatura ambiente. A descoloração do índigo foi relacionada com a atividade enzimática de lacase e MnP para a linhagem do fungo P. sajor-caju CCB 020. Entretanto, como foi mostrado no estudo, os basidiomicetos P. sajor-caju CCB 020, P. ostreatus, P. albidus CCB 068 apresentaram uma descoloração da vinhaça foi possível observar que o fungo P. sajor-caju CCB 020 apresentou maior potencial de descoloração da vinhaça de aproximadamente 70%, em relação ao P. ostreatus e P. albidus CCB 068 tiveram resultado inferior. A descoloração da vinhaça com relação à absorbância é lida a 680 nm. Ambos fungos inoculados em meio contendo vinhaça + bagaço teve melhor resultado nos 3º, 6º, 9º, 12º, 21º e 30º dias, exceto aos 15º e 18º dias, onde o meio só com vinhaça teve melhor resultado, em ambos os comprimentos de onda (\'lâmbda\'). O P. sajor-caju CCB 020 inoculado em meio de vinhaça + bagaço foi melhor aos 9º e 12º dias, na eficiência da descoloração do corante com 83,56% a 77,56% dos resultados, para P. ostreatus foi melhor aos 6º e 12º dias, na descoloração do corante com 46,09% a 46,18% respectivamente, já para P. albidus CCB 068 resultado foi nos dias 6º e 9º dias (56,23% e 57,42%) / Due to the convenience of using enzymes in the processing of products, technology development of enzymatic processes and its use are growing in the industry because of numerous applications in various sectors of economic and health importance. The fungi of the genus Pleurotus synthesize a variety of lignocellulolytic enzymes that has the potential to degrade / transform various polymeric compounds, including vinasse originating from the sugar industry. The proposal is to evaluate lignocellulolytic enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase and MnP, synthesized by the fungi P. sajor-caju CCB 020, P. ostreatus and P.albidus CCB 068 cultivated in vinasse and /or sugarcane bagasse moistened with vinasse. The activity of these extracellular enzymes was evaluated every three days for 30 days with regard to stability in relation to time and related to the degradation ability of the indigo dye. The cultivation of the fungi was performed at 28°C in incubators, with stirring of vinasse in nature, and the solid medium was stationary. After culturing, the supernatant or the enzyme solution extracted from the solid medium with citrate buffer was used. Decolorization of the indigo dye was tested in solution at 0.02% at pH 4.5 and 35 °C temperature. The activities varied according to the culture medium and the strains. Laccase had peaks of activity between the 12th and 15th days with values ranging from 384 to 1463 UI L-1, in the liquid and solid medium with peaks at the 6th day of culture, with values ranging from 4 a 40 UI L-1. Peroxidase activity peaked at the 12th, 15th and 21st days of cultivation, according to the strain of the fungus and activities from 356 to 975 UI L-1. The MnP activity peaked at the 12th and 18th days and had peak activities from 2.24 to 174 IU L-1. The specific activity P. sajor-caju CCB 020 produced laccase and MnPmore efficiently when compared with the other strains, whereas P. albidus, produced peroxidases more efficiently. Cultivation in vinasse in nature was more efficient than cultivation in solid medium with sugar cane bagasse. The stabilities of the enzymaticactivities varied with the strain of the fungus, cultivation time and the storage time of 1, 2 and 24 h at room temperature. The indigo decolorization was related to the enzymatic activity of laccase and MnP for the strain of the fungus P. sajor-caju CCB 020. However, Pleurotus showed decolorization of vinasse, and it was noticed that P. sajor-caju CCB 020 showed greater potential for vinasse decolorization, about 70%, compared to the others that had lower results. The vinasse decolorization with respect to the absorbance is read at 680 nm. Both fungi inoculated in medium containing vinasse + bagasse had better results on the 3rd ,6th, 9th, 12th, 21st and 30th days, except on the 15th and 18th days when the medium with vinasse alone had better results in both wavelengths (\'lâmbda\'). The P. sajorcaju CCB 020 inoculated in the vinasse + bagasse medium was better on the 9thand 12th days, in the efficiency of decolorization of the dye with 83.56% to 77.56% of the results, for P. ostreatus it was better on the 6th and 12th days in decolorization of the dye with 46.09% and 46.18% respectively, while for P. albidus CCB 068 the result was on the 6th and 9th days (56.23% and 57.42%)

Glucose syrups were produced from wheat starch at 45-90 min liquefaction times followed by 18 h saccharification to study the effect of liquefaction time on color formation and the use of several amounts (0.25%-1%) and types (NORIT, commercial / and hazelnut husk, apricot stone, hazelnut shell based / prepared in Chemical Engineering Department) of activated carbons for color removal. The fractional conversion values and color levels of glucose syrups increased with increasing liquefaction time. However, to reduce the color level to 100 ICUMSA units, the smallest amount of all types of activated carbons were required for, the glucose syrups with highest level of original color, which were produced at 90 min liquefaction time. Comparison of the performances of the activated carbons showed that hazelnut husk based one was as good as NORIT, while apricot stone based and hazelnut shell based activated carbons showed similar performances, which were somewhat poorer than that of NORIT and hazelnut shell based activated carbon.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A cor dos efluentes tÃxteis oriunda das estruturas polimÃricas dos corantes à um problema para as indÃstrias tÃxteis. Dentre as tÃcnicas para o tratamento desse tipo de efluente, ressalta-se a eletrocoagulaÃÃo (EC), a qual consiste em uma tÃcnica fÃsico-quÃmica aplicada tanto para remoÃÃo de cor como para poluentes orgÃnicos. Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se, em sistema de batelada, trÃs etapas do processo EC na remoÃÃo de cor de corantes. Na primeira etapa (efluente sintÃtico e eletrodos de alumÃnio primÃrio) foi utilizado o corante reativo, Remazol Blue RR, onde verificou-se o efeito dos parÃmetros operacionais, tais como: densidade de corrente, o pH inicial da soluÃÃo, tempo de eletrÃlise, concentraÃÃo inicial do corante, condutividade da soluÃÃo, demanda quÃmica de oxigÃnio (DQO) e o consumo de energia, obtendo-se uma remoÃÃo de cor de 98% e 100%, em um tempo de tratamento de 20 e 40 minutos, respectivamente. Nas condiÃÃes operacionais otimizadas, foram obtidos 98% remoÃÃo de cor e 97% de DQO, sendo o custo do processo de R$ 2,62 por m3 de efluente tratado. Na segunda etapa (efluente sintÃtico e eletrodos de latinhas reciclÃveis), verificou-se uma remoÃÃo de cor de 90% e 95% para o tempo de tratamento de 20 e 30 minutos, respectivamente. Ressalta-se que, para o tempo de 20 minutos, o custo operacional foi de R$ 0,95, enquanto que, para 30 minutos foi de R$ 1,42 por m de efluente tratado. Na terceira etapa utilizou-se efluente tÃxtil real, proveniente da indÃstria BenatÃxtil localizada na cidade de Fortaleza - Cearà e eletrodo de alumÃnio primÃrio. O melhor resultado de remoÃÃo de cor foi de 77,63%, com diluiÃÃo de 5%, tempo de tratamento de 30 minutos e pH inicial 3,0. O custo energÃtico calculado para essa etapa foi de R$ 2,01 por m3 de efluente tratado. Nesse estudo foi possÃvel verificar que o processo de eletrocoagulaÃÃo pode ser eficiente na remoÃÃo de cor de um efluente sintÃtico constituÃdo por corantes, mas que, para o efluente tÃxtil real sem nenhum tratamento prÃvio faz-se necessÃrio a diluiÃÃo do mesmo, devido à alta concentraÃÃo do corante e elevada condutividade. / The textile effluent color resultant from dyes polymeric structures is a problem for textile industries. Amongst the treatment techniques for this type of effluent, it is emphasized the electrocoagulation (EC), which consists of a physicochemical technique applied for either color or organic pollutants removal. In this work, three stages of the EC process, in batch, for dye color removal were assessed. In the first stage (synthetic effluent and primary aluminum electrodes), the reactive dye Remazol Blue RR was used and the effect of operational parameters such as electric current density, initial solution pH, electrolysis time, initial dye concentration, solution conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the energy consumption was verified, reaching a color removal of 98% and 100%, for the treatment time of 20 and 40 minutes, respectively. In the optimized operational conditions, 98% of color removal and 97 % of DQO removal were obtained, resulting a process cost of R$ 2,62 per m3 of treated effluent. In the second stage (synthetic effluent and electrodes made from cans), a color removal of 90% and 95%, for the treatment time of 20 and 30 minutes, was verified, respectively. It is important to mention that, for the time of 20 minutes, the operational cost was R$ 0,95, whereas, for 30 minutes, was R$ 1,42 per m3 of treated effluent. In the third stage, real textile effluent from BenatÃxtil, a textile industry located in Fortaleza city â CearÃ, and primary aluminum electrodes were used. The best result for color removal was 77,63%, with dilution of 5%, treatment time of 30 minutes and initial pH 3,0. The calculated energy cost for this stage was of R$ 2,01 per m3 of treated effluent. In this study it was possible to verify that the electrocoagulation process can be efficient in the color removal of a synthetic textile effluent composed of dyes, but, for the real textile effluent without a previous treatment, it is necessary to dilute it due to its high dye concentration and conductivity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / As atividades industriais que consomem excesso de Ãgua no seu processo industrial, geralmente geram um elevado volume de efluentes, onde a indÃstria tÃxtil à um exemplo tÃpico. A oxidaÃÃo quÃmica à um dos processos alternativos para o tratamento de efluentes contendo corantes tÃxteis, entre eles destacam-se os POAs que sÃo baseados na geraÃÃo de radicais hidroxilas (.OH) no qual sÃo altamente oxidantes, podendo decompor compostos de maneira rÃpida e nÃo-seletiva, conduzindo a mineralizaÃÃo parcial ou completa do contaminante. O presente trabalho estudou o uso de processo oxidativo avanÃado para a degradaÃÃo do corante Remazol Vermelho RB 133%. Os estudos foram realizados em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, no reator com 710 mL de volume Ãtil, foram realizados estudos de otimizaÃÃo dos parÃmetros: cinÃtica de descoloraÃÃo, dosagem do perÃxido de hidrogÃnio, pH, temperatura, adiÃÃo de perÃxido de hidrogÃnio em linha. A cinÃtica de descoloraÃÃo, e o efeito inibitÃrio de Ãnions tambÃm foram estudados. O estudo de cinÃtica mostrou que em 250 minutos houve uma descoloraÃÃo completa da soluÃÃo usando uma dosagem de perÃxido de hidrogÃnio de 1% H2O2 mediante o uso da radiaÃÃo UV. Nestas condiÃÃes houve uma remoÃÃo de 78,41% na DQO. O pH nÃo influenciou no processo de descoloraÃÃo da soluÃÃo, em contraste, para valores de pH iniciais 8 e 10 houve uma maior remoÃÃo na DQO. O estudo do efeito da temperatura do sistema mostrou que com o aumento temperatura a velocidade de descoloraÃÃo à pouco influenciada, ao passo que o aumento da temperatura (80ÂC) diminuiu a eficiÃncia do processo de remoÃÃo da DQO. A adiÃÃo de H2O2 em linha do processo aumentou a eficiÃncia na remoÃÃo de DQO. Os resultados das eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo ao final do processo indicaram que nÃo houve diferenÃa entre os tratamentos na presenÃa dos Ãnions na concentraÃÃo estudada (10 mM) quando comparada a degradaÃÃo sem a presenÃa desses Ãnions, pois ao final de todos os tratamentos a soluÃÃo ficou incolor. Na segunda etapa, no reator com 520 mL de volume Ãtil, foram realizados estudos de vazÃo e potÃncia de radiaÃÃo UV. O estudo mostrou que para as vazÃes estudadas 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 L/min nÃo houve uma X diferenÃa significativa no processo de descoloraÃÃo. As concentraÃÃes da matÃria orgÃnica ao final de 480 minutos de experimento para as trÃs vazÃes foram 36,63%; 51,08% e 48,35%, respectivamente. O aumento da potÃncia de radiaÃÃo UV proporcionou um aumento na eficiÃncia do processo de descoloraÃÃo e degradaÃÃo da matÃria orgÃnica. O estudo com efluente real mostrou uma baixa eficiÃncia na reduÃÃo de cor e de demanda quÃmica de oxigÃnio. / Industrial processes that consume excess of water, typically generates a high volume of effluent, where the textile industry is a typical example. The oxidation chemistry is one of the alternative processes for the textile dyes treatment. In this context, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are based on the generation of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) on which are highly oxidizing compounds can decompose quickly and non-selective contaminant solutes, for a partial or complete mineralization. This study investigated the use of advanced oxidation process for degradation of the dye Remazol Red RB 133%. The studies were conducted in two stages. For first step, in the reactor with 710 mL of working volume , were studies the parameters: kinetic effect, hydrogen peroxide dosage, temperature, pH, addition of hydrogen peroxide in the line. The kinetics study decolorization and the inhibitory effect of anions were also studied. The study of kinetic showed that in 250 minutes there was a complete decolorization of the solution using a H2O2 dose of 1% (v/v) through the use of UV radiation, and a 78.41% removal in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was observed. The pH effect not influenced in the decolorization process; however has been influenced in removal of COD. The study of temperature effect showed that for an increase in temperature the decolorization rate increases, but a small improvement in the efficiency of COD removal. The addition of H2O2 during the process increased the efficiency of COD removal. The results of the efficiencies of the end of the process indicated that there was no difference between treatments in the presence of anions in the studied concentration (10 mM) when compared to degradation without the presence of these anions, since the end of all treatments, the solution was colorless. In the second stage, was carried in the reactor with 520 mL of working volume flow studies were performed and power of UV radiation. The studies of flow rate showed that for flow rate of 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 L/min there was no significant difference in the process decolorization process. The of organic matter concentrations at 480 minutes of experiment for the three flow rates were 36.63%, 51.08% and 48.35% respectively. The increased power of UV radiation caused an increase in the XII efficiency of discolouration and degradation of organic matter. The study showed a real effluent with low efficiency to reduce color and chemical oxygen demand.

Les effluents de distillerie de mélasse de canne à sucre génèrent une pollution environnementale due à, d’une part de grands volumes et d’autres part à la présence de composés de couleur brune foncée, connus sous le nom de mélanoïdines. Dans cette étude, un consortium bactérien CONS8 isolé dans des sédiments de chute d'eau a été choisi comme consortium apte à la décoloration de la mélasse. On a montré que le consortium CONS8 pouvait décolorer, trois eaux usées synthétiques différentes, élaborées respectivement à base de Viandox (13,48% v/v), d’eau usée de mélasse de betterave (41,5% v/v) ou d’eau usée de mélasse de canne à sucre (20% v/v). Les décolorations obtenues en 2 jours seulement, en fioles d’Erlenmeyer sont respectivement de 9,5, à 8,02 et à 17,5%. Quatre bactéries prédominantes ont été identifiées dans le consortium CONS8 par l'analyse de l'rADN 16S. Sur la base de cette identification, et afin de réaliser la décoloration la plus élevée, un consortium bactérien artificiel MMP1 a été reconstruit avec Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia mercescens (T2) et la bactérie inconnue DQ817737 (T4). Dans des conditions optimisées (aération, pH) le consortium bactérien MMP1 a permis de décolorer l'eau usée synthétique contenant de la mélanoidine à 18,3% en 2 jours. La comparaison de la décoloration par le consortium MMP1 avec un milieu abiotique a démontré que la décoloration était principalement due à l'activité biotique des cellules bactériennes, sans aucun phénomène d'adsorption. Un complément en minéraux et vitamines B n'a pas amélioré la décoloration de mélanoïdines avec le consortium bactérien MMP1. Enfin, les performances d'un bioréacteur à membrane pour traiter les eaux résiduaires synthétiques contenant de la mélanoïdine ont été évaluées à l’échelle du laboratoire. L'ensemencement du réacteur a été réalisé avec un inoculum sur la base du consortium MMP1. Le réacteur a fonctionné sous plusieurs conditions de temps de séjour hydrauliques (HRT) de 15, 20, et 40 heures. Les performances ont été analysées en termes de DCO (demande chimique en oxygène), décoloration et croissance de biomasse. Les résultats ont indiqué qu’une efficacité accrue d’élimination de la DCO et de la couleur ont été obtenues avec le HRT le plus long. / Distillery effluent from sugarcane molasses leads to an environmental pollution due to its large volume and the presence of dark brown colored compounds, known as melanoidins. In this study, a bacterial consortium CONS8 isolated from waterfall sediments in Maehongsorn province was selected as a molasses-decolorizing consortium. Consortium CONS8 was able to decolorize, only within 2 days, in Erlenmeyer flasks, three different synthetic wastewaters containing either Viandox sauce (13.5% v/v), beet molasses wastewater (41.5% v/v) or sugarcane molasses wastewater (20% v/v) at 9.5, 8.0 and 17.5%, respectively. Four predominant bacteria present in the consortium CONS8 were identified by the 16S rDNA analysis. To achieve the highest decolorization, the artificial bacterial consortium MMP1 comprising Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia mercescens (T2) and unknown bacterium DQ817737 (T4), was constructed. Under optimized conditions (aeration, pH), the bacterial consortium MMP1 was able to decolorize the synthetic melanoidins-containing wastewater at 18.3% within 2 days. The comparison of decolorization by the consortium MMP1 with abiotic control proved that the color removal for synthetic melanoidins-containing wastewater medium was mainly due to biotic activity of bacterial cells, without any adsorption phenomena. Supplement of nutrients and vitamin B did not promote melanoidins decolorization by bacterial consortium MMP1. Finally, the performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for synthetic melanoidins-containing wastewater treatment was investigated at laboratory scale, with a mineral membrane. The reactor seeding was made with the MMP1 bacterial consortium inoculum. The reactor was performed with several hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 15, 20, and 40 hours. The performances were analyzed in terms of COD, color removal and biomass in the reactor. The results indicated that the higher COD and color removal efficiency were achieved with the longer HRT.

In this master thesis, the feasibility of Fenton-oxidation for the decolorization of reactive dyed cotton is investigated as a potentially environmental-friendly preparatory treatment for mechanical/chemical recycling. Raw, knitted cotton is dyed with a black and a blue dye, whereafter preliminary tests are performed to investigate the influence of increasing Fenton- solution concentrations and different iron-sources on the efficiency of the discoloration, without carrying out complete optimization of the process-parameters. Based on the preliminary test-results, Fenton-treatments of the reactive-dyed cotton are upscaled, with discoloration efficiencies of 62 and 73% (for the black- and blue-dyed cotton respectively). Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC and FTIR) and mechanical analysis (tensile tests and shredding of the fabric) of the upscaled treated samples are performed, and the results indicate no major alterations of the main cellulosic structure of the cotton fibers. However, besides the degradation of the dye-molecules, also some oxidation (and therefore damage) of the cellulose-chains of the cotton fibers occurs, leading to reduced mechanical properties. Although this facilitates the mechanical recycling process, it possibly also reduces the quality of the re-spun yarns. Nevertheless, the Fenton-oxidation in the context of decolorization of reactive-dyed cotton forms an interesting future research-topic with many opportunities and prospects for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the recycling process, and therefor increasing the sustainability of the textile industry in general.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics / Lawrence C. Davis / Synthetic dyes are capable of producing the whole color spectrum on account of their structural diversity but this diversity poses challenges in the degradation of dyeing wastes. Laccases and peroxidases from bacterial or fungal sources and parts of plants in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plus a mediator have been exploited in the bioremediation of synthetic dyes. However, intact plants have not found much favor despite their phytoremediation potential. The goal of this research was to further clarify ways by which whole plants bring about decolorization of different types of synthetic dyes. Hydroponically cultivated plants from two dicot families namely Arabidopsis thaliana and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were exposed to representative dyes from several classes: monoazo (Methyl Red and Methyl Orange), disazo (Trypan Blue, Evans Blue and Chicago Blue 6B), and arylmethane (Brilliant Blue G, Bromocresol Green, Malachite Green and Phenol Red). Tests were done in presence or absence of externally added H₂O₂, with or without a free radical mediator, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The initial rate of decolorization and the overall percentage decolorization was calculated for each dye in the different treatments. Decolorization of the dyes from different classes varied between plant species and depending on the treatment. Except for Methyl Red, all dyes required added H₂O₂ as well as mediator to achieve rapid decolorization. Added H₂O₂ was found to be the limiting factor since it was degraded by plants within a few hours. Both species were able to slowly decolorize dyes upon daily addition of fresh dye even in the absence of added H₂O₂ and mediator, provided that nutrients were supplied to the plants with the dye. A. thaliana was found to be more effective in dye decolorization per gram tissue than sunflower when treated under similar conditions. Analysis of the residual dye solution by ESI/MS did not reveal any potential by-products following the decolorization treatment with plants, suggesting that the plant roots might be trapping the by-products of dye decolorization and preventing their release into the solution. All these findings support the potential application of whole plants for larger scale remediation.

Fungos basidiomicetos podem promover a descoloração de efluentes têxteis por meio de um complexo multienzimático inespecífico. Neste trabalho, a descoloração e a toxicidade de efluentes tratados por fungos (Peniophora cinerea, Pleuorotus ostreatus e Trametes villosa) imobilizados em bucha vegetal foram avaliadas em pequena escala e em biorreator. Em pequena escala, P. ostreatus foi o mais efetivo para o efluente azul e T. villosa foi o mais efetivo para o efluente amarelo, enquanto que ambos destacaram-se para o efluente vermelho. Substâncias presentes no banho de alvejamento interferiram no tratamento. Observou-se redução da toxicidade aguda e fitotoxicidade na maior parte dos tratamentos. Os tratamentos fúngicos não reduziram valores de DQO, COT, SST, turbidez e condutividade. O aumento de escala (biorreator de 5 L) mostrou-se eficiente quanto aos níveis de descoloração. A reutilização da biomassa fúngica garantiu bons níveis de descoloração, porém com aumento da toxicidade. O tratamento foi satisfatório por promover a redução da cor e toxicidade. / Basidiomycete fungi can promote the decolorization of textile effluents using a nonspecific multienzyme complex. In this study, the decolorization and toxicity of effluents treated by fungi (Peniophora cinerea, Pleuorotus ostreatus and Trametes villosa) immobilized in Luffa cylindrica were evaluated in a small scale and in bioreactor. In the small scale, P. ostreatus was the most effective for the blue effluent and T. villosa was the most effective for the yellow effluent, while both stood out for the red effluent. Substances in the bleaching bath interfered with the treatment. It was observed a reduction in the acute toxicity and phytotoxicity in most treatments. The fungal treatment did not reduce the values of COD, TOC, TSS, turbidity and conductivity. The increased scale (5L bioreactor) proved to be efficient in reducing the degree of decolorization. The reuse of fungal biomass attained a good level of decolorization but increased the toxicity. The treatment was satisfactory in promoting the reduction of color and toxicity.

O presente trabalho avaliou o potencial da enzima HRP no descoramento dos corantes têxteis: Azul Drimaren X-3LR (DMBLR), Azul Drimaren X-BLN (DMBBLN), Rubinol Drimaren X-3LR (DMR) e Azul Drimaren CL-R (RBBR). Parâmetros como concentração do corante, temperatura, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e tempo de reação foram otimizados. Os ensaios de descoramento dos corantes foram realizados a partir desses resultados. As melhores condições reacionais determinadas para os corantes estudados foram: concentração do corante = 120 mg L-1, temperatura = 35C, concentração de H2O2 = 0,55 mM e tempo de reação = 1 hora. Os percentuais de descoramento dos corantes DMBLR, DMBBLN, DMR e RBBR, após o tratamento enzimático foi de 99, 77, 94 e 97%, respectivamente. O tempo reacional de 5 minutos foi suficiente para os corantes DMBLR e RBBR apresentarem elevada porcentagem de descoramento, 96% para ambos. Já os corantes DMBBLN e DMR só apresentaram elevado grau de descoramento após 1 hora de reação, sendo o corante DMBBLN o mais recalcitrante, apresentando uma melhora de 10% na porcentagem de descoramento, após 24 horas de reação. Além do grau de descoramento, também foi avaliada a toxicidade dos corantes antes e após o tratamento enzimático utilizando Daphnia pulex e Artemia salina como bioindicadores de toxicidade. Resultados toxicológicos utilizando Daphnia pulex não foram conclusivos, indicando que esse bioindicador não foi adequado para avaliar a toxicidade dos corantes estudados no meio reacional utilizado. Com o uso da Artemia salina na avaliação toxicológica foi observado uma redução da toxicidade para os corantes DMBLR, DMR e RBBR após tratamento enzimático, e um aumento da toxicidade não significativo para o corante DMBBLN. Os resultados obtidos no trabalho ressaltam a eficiência da enzima HRP no descoramento dos corantes têxteis estudados, sem a geração de produtos tóxicos e prejudiciais ao meio ambiente / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of the Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme in the decolorization of textile dyes Drimaren Blue X-3LR (DMBLR), Drimaren Blue X-BLN (DMBBLN), Drimaren Rubinol X-3LR (DMR) and Drimaren Blue CL-R (RBBR). Parameters such as concentration of the dye, temperature, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reaction time were optimized. The optimum reaction conditions determined for the studied dyes were: concentration of the dye = 120 mg L-1, temperature = 35 C, concentration of H2O2 = 0.55 mM and reaction time = 1 h. The decolorization percentage of dyes DMBLR, DMBBLN, DMR and RBBR after enzymatic treatment was 99, 77, 94 and 97%, respectively. The reaction time of only 5 minutes presented high decolorization percentage for both dyes DMBLR and RBBR, about 96 %. However dyes DMBBLN and DMR showed high decolorization degree in 1 h of reaction and the dye DMBBLN, being the most recalcitrant, exhibited an improvement of 10% in the decolorization percentage after 24 h of reaction. Besides the decolorization degree, the toxicity of the studied dyes was also evaluated before and after enzymatic treatment using Daphnia pulex and Artemia salina as bioindicators. The toxicological results using Daphnia pulex were not conclusive, indicating that it was not an appropriate bioindicator to evaluate the toxicity of the tested dyes. Meanwhile when using Artemia salina for toxicological evaluation it was observed a reduction of toxicity for dyes DMBLR, DMR and RBBR after enzymatic treatment, and a not significant increase in toxicity for the dye DMBBLN. In conclusion, the obtained results emphasize the efficiency of the HRP enzyme in the decolorization of the studied textile dyes, without the generation of toxic and harmful products to the environment