During the fourteenth century, with the rise of Dol po pa Shes rab rgyal mtshan (1292-1361), the gzhan stong philosophical tradition became a source of great controversy in Tibet. Dol po pa taught this new philosophical tradition for the first time to the wider Tibetan intellectual community. As Dol po pa's Jo nang teachings attracted an audience, many other philosophical giants of the day, such as Bu ston Rin chen grub (1290-1364), Red mda' ba Gzhon nu blo gros (1349-1412/13), and their students composed polemical works to refute Jo nang tradition. Lamp that Illuminates the Expanse of Reality was composed in the midst of this controversy to defend the Jo nang point of view. In it, its author, Gha rung pa Lha'i rgyal mtshan (1319-1402/03), attempts to prove that the Jo nang philosophical tradition is the definitive teaching and the quickest path to achieve the Buddhahood.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells offer a valuable source for generating insulin-producing cells. However, current differentiation protocols often result in heterogeneous cell populations of various developmental stages. Here we show the activin A-induced differentiation of mouse ES cells carrying a homologous dsRed-IRES-puromycin knock-in within the Sox17 locus into the endoderm lineage. Sox17-expressing cells were selected by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) and characterized at the transcript and protein level. Treatment of ES cells with high concentrations of activin A for 10 days resulted in up to 19% Sox17-positive cells selected by FACS. Isolated Sox17-positive cells were characterized by defini- tive endoderm-specific Sox17/Cxcr4/Foxa2 transcripts, but lacked pluripotency-associated Oct4 mRNA and protein. The Sox17-expressing cells showed downregulation of extraembryonic endoderm (Sox7, Afp, Sdf1)-, mesoderm (Foxf1, Meox1)- and ectoderm (Pax6, NeuroD6)-specific transcripts. The presence of Hnf4α, Hes1 and Pdx1 mRNA demonstrated the expression of primitive gut/foregut cell-specific markers. Ngn3, Nkx6.1 and Nkx2.2 transcripts in Sox17-positive cells were determined as properties of pancreatic endocrine progenitors. Immunocytochemistry of activin A-induced Sox17-positive embryoid bodies revealed coexpression of Cxcr4 and Foxa2. Moreover, the histochemical demonstration of E-cadherin-, Cxcr4-, Sox9-, Hnf1β- and Ngn3-positive epithelial-like structures underlined the potential of Sox17-positive cells to further differentiate into the pancreatic lineage. By reducing the heterogeneity of the ES cell progeny, Sox17-expressing cells are a suitable model to evaluate the effects of growth and differentiation factors and of culture conditions to delineate the differentiation process for the generation of pancreatic cells in vitro. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Migration within the body of an infected host is one of the most important parts in the life cycle of flukes, including schistosomes. Migration of avian and mammalian visceral schistosomes has been a quite well studied topic (Haas a Haeberlein, 2009), which became more attractive after the discovery of T. regenti, an avian schistosome which is able to migrate through the nervous tissues of infected birds and mammals as well. Migration of T. regenti and T. szidati schistosomula within the definitive (duck) and the accidental (mouse) hosts is the main topic of the diploma thesis. This work continues with the research of K. Blažová (Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague) who studied migration of T. regenti within the definitive hosts infected perorally with cercariae or hepatopancreases of the infected intermediate snail, Radix lagotis (unpblished). She proved that T. regenti schistosomula are able to use the central nervous system for migration to the nasal mucosa of infected birds. In our work, we focused on the early phase of migration within the perorally infected birds and mice. Invasion of esophagus by T. regenti cercariae in vitro is not conditioned by secretion of glandular products, including cathepsin B2 of T. regenti (TrCB2). Activity of TrCB2 against mucins, the main components...

Tot i que es coneix l’involucrament de les cèl·lules pancreàtiques acinars en patologies exocrines (pancreatitis i càncer de pàncrees), la manca de models normals basats en cèl·lules ha limitat l’estudi de les alteracions que succeeixen en el programa de diferenciació pancreàtica. Hem demostrat prèviament que les cèl·lules mare embrionàries murines, que són pluripotents, poden adquirir un fenotip acinar in vitro. Això es va aconseguir, en part, amb una combinació de senyals que provenien del cultiu de pàncrees fetals que no era, però, específic del llinatge pancreàtic. L’objectiu d’aquest treball ha estat el de desenvolupar un protocol selectiu pel llinatge acinar basat en l’activació seqüencial de vies de senyalització que recapitulin el desenvolupament pancreàtic in vivo, a través de la formació definitiva de l’endoderm, l’especificació pancreàtica i acinar i l’expansió/diferenciació de progenitors acinars. El tractament de cossos embrionaris amb Activina A va promoure l’expressió de gens d’endoderm com està prèviament descrit. El tractament subsegüent amb àcid Retinoic, FGF10 i Ciclopamina, un inhibidor de la via de Hedgehog, va resutar en la inducció dels marcadors de progenitors pancreàtics Pdx1, Ptf1a i Cpa1 però també d’aquells expressats en el llinatge pancreàtic, que van ser reduïts amb la inhibició de BMPs. Les cèl·lules van ser a continuació cultivades en Matrigel utilitzant un sistema de cultiu en 3D en presència de fol·listatina, dexametasona i KGF comportant una inducció significativa dels nivells de mRNA i proteïna de marcadors acinars i una disminució de l’expressió dels de marcadors acinars. A més, es va veure que Amyl es secretava en el medi. Aquestes dades indiquen que l’activació selectiva del programa de diferenciació acinar en cèl·lules mare embrionàries es pot dur a terme mitjançant una inducció esgraonada de vies de senyalització involucrades en el desenvolupament pancreàtic exocrí proporcionant una eina potencial per estudiar la diferenciació pancreàtica i malalties relacionades amb el pàncrees. / Despite known involvement of pancreatic acinar cells in exocrine pathologies (pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer), the lack of normal cell-based models has limited the study of the alterations that occur in the acinar differentiation program. We have previously shown that mESC (murine embryonic stem cells), which are pluripotent, can acquire an acinar phenotype in vitro. This was achieved, in part, by a combination of signals provided by the culture of foetal pancreases which was, however, no specific for the acinar lineage. The aim of this work was to develop a protocol selective for the acinar lineage based on the sequential activation of signaling pathways that recapitulate pancreatic development in vivo, through the definitive endoderm formation, the pancreatic and acinar specification and the expansion/differentiation of acinar progenitors. Treatment of embryoid bodies with Activin A enhanced the expression of endodermal genes as previously described. Subsequent treatment with Retinoic acid, FGF10 and Cyclopamine, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog pathway, resulted in the enhancement of pancreatic progenitor markers Pdx1, Ptf1a and Cpa1 but also of those expressed in the hepatic lineage, which were reduced by BMPs inhibition. Cells were further cultured in Matrigel using a 3D culture system in the presence of follistatin, dexamethasone, and KGF leading to a significant enhancement of the mRNA and protein levels of acinar markers while decreasing the expression of endocrine ones. Moreover, active Amyl was released into the medium. These data indicate that the selective activation of the acinar differentiation program in ES cells can be achieved by stepwise induction of signaling pathways involved in pancreatic exocrine development providing a potential tool for studying pancreatic differentiation and pancreas-related diseases.

Trichobilharzia regenti is a nasal avian schistosome which has during the initial phase of infection an affinity to the nervous system. Larvae migrate through the central nervous system to the nasal mucosa of waterfowl, where they mature and reproduce. Until now this infection phase has been described only marginally. Adults are located in the nasal mucosa approximately from 13th to 24th day post infection. During this life phase, they migrate through the vascularized connective tissue and lay eggs, the presence of which has been detected in the tissue only. Maturation and hatching of miracidia occur in the tissue (unlike human schistosomes). The parasite causes inflammation, and the tissue is infiltrated with immune cells. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and giant multi-nuclear cells were described by histological methods. The thesis is focused on a more detailed description of cellular immune response and histopathological changes of the tissue by means of histological stains, and antibody/lectin probes. The flukes were observed more frequently in the blood vessel lumen, together with a higher number of immune cells compared to the healthy duck. Infiltration by a high number of lymphocytes occurred in the tissue, the macrophages were frequently observed in clusters around the...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells offer a valuable source for generating insulin-producing cells. However, current differentiation protocols often result in heterogeneous cell populations of various developmental stages. Here we show the activin A-induced differentiation of mouse ES cells carrying a homologous dsRed-IRES-puromycin knock-in within the Sox17 locus into the endoderm lineage. Sox17-expressing cells were selected by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) and characterized at the transcript and protein level. Treatment of ES cells with high concentrations of activin A for 10 days resulted in up to 19% Sox17-positive cells selected by FACS. Isolated Sox17-positive cells were characterized by defini- tive endoderm-specific Sox17/Cxcr4/Foxa2 transcripts, but lacked pluripotency-associated Oct4 mRNA and protein. The Sox17-expressing cells showed downregulation of extraembryonic endoderm (Sox7, Afp, Sdf1)-, mesoderm (Foxf1, Meox1)- and ectoderm (Pax6, NeuroD6)-specific transcripts. The presence of Hnf4α, Hes1 and Pdx1 mRNA demonstrated the expression of primitive gut/foregut cell-specific markers. Ngn3, Nkx6.1 and Nkx2.2 transcripts in Sox17-positive cells were determined as properties of pancreatic endocrine progenitors. Immunocytochemistry of activin A-induced Sox17-positive embryoid bodies revealed coexpression of Cxcr4 and Foxa2. Moreover, the histochemical demonstration of E-cadherin-, Cxcr4-, Sox9-, Hnf1β- and Ngn3-positive epithelial-like structures underlined the potential of Sox17-positive cells to further differentiate into the pancreatic lineage. By reducing the heterogeneity of the ES cell progeny, Sox17-expressing cells are a suitable model to evaluate the effects of growth and differentiation factors and of culture conditions to delineate the differentiation process for the generation of pancreatic cells in vitro. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

At the current level of the world and Russian economy development industrial enterprises can get important advantages due to the effective formation and use of intangible resources which have a significant impact on the activities of these enterprises. The purpose of the thesis is to assess the impact of intangible assets on the industrial complex enterprises activities. The information and empirical base of the research was based on legislative acts and regulations governing commercial organizations and enterprises accounting of intangible assets, normative acts, monographic research, periodical materials, international accounting and reporting standards, guidelines, scientific works and publications of foreign and domestic economists, official statistic data of the intangible assets use by commercial organizations, reporting documents of the investigated industrial enterprise. Domestic and foreign literary sources analysis shows the unified approaches absence to the study of the problems of accounting and valuation of industrial enterprises intangible assets. Therefore, in the course of writing the master’s thesis the author’s definition of “intangible assets” was given, the classification of industrial enterprises intangible assets was clarified, and a multifactor model for evaluating the industrial enterprise’s activities results taking into account the influence of various factors including intangible assets considered and not accounted for was developed. This multifactor model which was tested on research enterprise will help to give not only an assessment of the degree of these factors impact, but also allow for a predictive check of changes in the results of the enterprise’s activity under various development scenarios. / При современном уровне развития мировой и российской экономики промышленные предприятия могут получить существенные преимущества за счет эффективного формирования и применения нематериальных ресурсов, которые оказывают значительное влияние на деятельность этих предприятий. Целью диссертационной работы является оценка влияния нематериальных активов на результаты деятельности предприятий промышленного комплекса. Информационно-эмпирическая база исследования основывалась на законодательных актах и положениях, регламентирующих коммерческие организации и ведение бухгалтерского учета нематериальных активов предприятиями, нормативных актах, монографических исследованиях, материалах периодической печати, международных стандартах учета и отчетности, методических рекомендациях, научных трудах и публикациях зарубежных и отечественных экономистов, официальных статистических данных об использовании нематериальных активов коммерческими субъектами, отчетных документах исследуемого промышленного предприятия. Анализ отечественных и зарубежных литературных источников показывает отсутствие единых подходов в изучении проблематики учета и оценки нематериальных активов промышленных предприятий. Поэтому в ходе написания магистерской диссертации дано авторское определение «нематериальные активы», уточнена классификация нематериальных активов промышленных предприятий, а также разработана многофакторная модель оценки результатов деятельности промышленного предприятия с учетом влияния различных факторов, в том числе учитываемых и не учитываемых в балансе нематериальных активов. Данная многофакторная модель, которая была апробирована на исследуемом предприятии, поможет дать не только оценку степени воздействия этих факторов, но также позволит провести прогнозную проверку изменения результатов деятельности предприятия при различных сценариях развития.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA PAULA SCHINCARIOL LUI.pdf: 1059573 bytes, checksum: d25bf442be18de4f864eb48223896d40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-29 / This work aims at confronting constitutional, legal and academic analyses, related to the systems of establishment, calculation and collection of PIT, with the practical analysis, in other words, with the way by which the taxpayer raises the effective tribute calculation basis and calculates the due amount. Therefore, after the study of the constitutional text, of the constitutional definition of "income and proceeds of any nature", and of the analysis of the constitutional precepts applicable to the formation of the PIT calculation basis, which constitute the first stage of the work First and Second Chapters , the four systems of calculation and collection of the PIT are studied and their unconstitutional aspects identified on the second part of it Third Chapter. Thus, the concepts and definitions studied in the first part of the work will be applied to the second part, showing many times, in the attempt of facilitating and hastening the outturn, that the constitutional concept of "income and proceeds of any nature" is confronted, and the commandments extracted from the constitutional precepts are not observed, and also in the counting of the due tribute the reduction of the basic expenses, necessary to the taxpayer's maintenance and of his/her family, is not allowed, consequently starting to tax not the patrimonial increment but the taxpayer's patrimony / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo confrontar as análises constitucional, legal e acadêmica, relacionadas à sistemática de instituição, apuração e cobrança do IRPF, com a análise prática, ou seja, com a forma pela qual o contribuinte apura a efetiva base de cálculo do tributo e calcula o montante devido. Por isso, após o estudo do texto constitucional, da definição constitucional de renda e proventos de qualquer natureza e da análise dos princípios constitucionais aplicáveis à formação da base de cálculo do IRPF, que constituem a primeira etapa do trabalho Primeiro e Segundo Capítulos , passam-se a estudar, na segunda parte dele Terceiro Capítulo , as quatro sistemáticas de apuração e cobrança do IRPF e a se identificarem os seus aspectos inconstitucionais. Assim, à segunda parte do trabalho, serão aplicados os conceitos e definições estudados na primeira parte, ficando claro que, muitas vezes, na tentativa de facilitar e agilizar a arrecadação tributária, afronta-se o conceito constitucional de renda e proventos de qualquer natureza e não se observam os mandamentos extraídos dos princípios constitucionais ou, ainda, na apuração do tributo devido, não se permite o abatimento das despesas básicas, necessárias à manutenção do contribuinte e de sua família, passando-se a tributar não o acréscimo patrimonial, mas, sim, o patrimônio do contribuinte

D’origine essentiellement religieuse, la répudiation est la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire du mariage décidée par l’époux. En droit musulman, elle permet au mari de mettre un terme à la relation maritale sans avoir à se justifier. En France, cette institution est critiquée et même rejetée tant elle paraît étrangère à la civilisation européenne. Pourtant, à y regarder de plus près, la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire du couple existe en droit français sous l’appellation de « divorce pour altération définitive du lien conjugal » pour le mariage, mais encore de «rupture unilatérale » s’agissant du pacte civil de solidarité et du concubinage. La différence tient au titulaire de l’exercice de ce droit, alors que la répudiation ne peut être mise en oeuvre que par l’homme, la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire du mariage, du PACS et du concubinage peut être décidée par l’homme ou la femme. Toutefois, fondamentalement, les effets sont les mêmes : l’un décide, l’autre subit. Que la rupture soit judiciaire ou non judiciaire, ce mode de dissolution laisse perplexe quant à l’attitude du juge et du législateur français face à la répudiation. Le premier refuse, depuis le 17 février 2004, de reconnaître des effets aux répudiations musulmanes en France sous couvert de la violation du principe d’égalité entre époux. Le second, cautionne la rupture unilatérale et discrétionnaire au sein du couple / Initially, repudiation is mainly religious. It is the one-sided and discretionary break of marriage bonds, decided by the husband. In muslim law, it allows the husband to put an end to the marital bonds, without justifying himself. In France, this institution is criticized and even rejected for it seems so far from european civilization. However, looking at it closer, theone-sided and discretionary break-up of the couple exists, under the denomination of «divorce for definitive alteration of the marriage». Concerning the Civil Solidarity Pact (PACS) or cohabitation, it is called «unilateral break». The difference lies on the spouse, which is entitled to this right. Whereas repudiation is only the husband right, unilateral and discretionary break of marriage bonds, civil solidarity pact and cohabitation can be decided by both spouses. However, the consequences are the same. One decides, the other puts up with it. This kind of dissolution, either judicial or extrajudicial, make many uestions arise, considering the french judge and lawmaker’s behaviour towards repudiation. The former is unwilling, since the 17th february 2004, to recognize in France any effect to muslim repudiations for it is considered as an attempt to the principle of equality between spouses. The latter guarantees the unilateral and discretionary break within the couple

Since the 1970s, the Presbyterian Church in the United States has dealt with its most divisive issue ever: same-gender relationships. Two polity debates have occurred simultaneously: 1) The ordination and/or installation of partnered gay and lesbian Christians as church officers, i.e. deacons, elders, and ministers of the Word and Sacrament; 2) The permissibility of ministers to perform and officers to participate in same-gender blessings and marriages, both liturgical and civil. This period is characterised by an absence of theological discussion and formulation of biblical and/or theological statements. Rather, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), and its predecessor churches, the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. and Presbyterian Church in the U.S., all used polity to guide them. This is in line with the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, which decided in 1927 to solve controversial theological issues, not through theological discussion, but through polity. Since 1978, various polity processes have guided and shaped the two debates to form the current policies: 1) Presbyteries send overtures to General Assemblies, which, in turn issue “definitive guidance” statements and Authoritative Interpretations; 2) General Assembly Permanent Judicial Commissions (GAPJC) issue Authoritative Interpretations in both remedial and disciplinary cases, after complaints have moved through the ecclesiastical courts at Presbytery and/or synod level; 3) The 173 Presbyteries vote on amendments, approved by General Assemblies, to amend the Book of Order. The most notable amendment was the addition of G-6.0106b in 1997. This writer argues that G-6.0106b in the Book of Order, requiring “fidelity within the covenant of marriage between a man and a woman, or chastity in singleness,” is a form of subscription, and, therefore, contrary to the entire history of the Presbyterian Church, which has rejected all forms of subscriptionism since 1706. Subscription to five standards briefly existed from 1910-1925, and was rejected by the 1926 and 1927 General Assemblies of the PCUSA. One ordination standard is now elevated above all other standards and, since 1997, there have been three attempts to rid the Book of Order of this requirement. W-4.9001 and G-6.0106b in the Book of Order reflect the changes made in the Westminster Confession of Faith in the 1950s, allowing for the divorce and remarriage of officers; namely marriage is between a man and a woman. Yet, it is used to exclude partnered gay and lesbian Christians from ordination and/or installation, and from participating in same-gender liturgical marriages. The debates have created camps of conservatives, centrists, and liberals, which consistently threaten the peace, unity, and purity of the church. Thousands of evangelicals and conservatives, opposed to partnered gay and lesbian officers, have left the denomination for the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Additionally, Special Organisations, which are not accountable to the denomination, have added to the tension and created intolerance of others’ views. Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted