Adequacy of penal sanction: Comparison of punishing traffic criminal offences and decumbent traffic administrative offences committed under influence of addictive substances in Czech and Slovak republic. Master's Thesis Michal Mikuš Summary. This thesis makes survey on a punishing adequacy of traffic offences committed under influence of alcohol and the other addictive substances. The theoretical basis, that knowledge is necessary prerequisite for reviewing punishing adequacy, like theories of punishment, purpose of punishment and a principle of adequacy, are in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the special part of the thesis is comparison of valid and effective law in the Czech and Slovak Republic. The practical part of the thesis is composed of an analysis of decisions delivered by the County Traffic Inspectorate Banská Bystrica, County Traffic Inspectorate Bratislava I., Banská Bystrica County Court, Bratislava I. County Court, City Hall of Zlín, City Hall of Prague, Zlín County Court and the Prague 2 Circuit Court. The analysis is composed not only of punishment adequacy review, but also of the all substantive and procedural deficiencies, that occurred in the decisions of particular state's body. At the end is provided comparison of analysis outcomes, which stemmed from decisions of national...

Title of the thesis: Administrative Offense of the Vehicle Operator The work deals with one of the specific institutes of administrative punishing in traffic which is the administrative offense of the vehicle operator. In addition to general questions of administrative punishing or to the concept of administrative offenses under the current valid and effective legislation the thesis also includes a description of the development of the institute, its characteristics, legal base and the way it works. The interdependence of the institute with the institute of the call to the payment of the determined amount is clearly shown and graphically indicated. The thesis deals with potential interventions to certain fundamental rights and freedoms and evaluates their adequacy. The aim of the work is a detailed legal analysis of the institute of the administrative offense of the vehicle operator and also pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. The main objective of the thesis is the legal analysis for compliance of the legislation with the constitutional order of the Czech Republic. After the introduction, in which the description of methods and objectives of the thesis are, follows a general section on administrative offenses. Its purpose is to introduce the topic of administrative punishing and pointing...

Hudáková, J. Criminal liability of legal persons Criminal liability of legal persons is a significant change to the continental European law. It is a sensible breakthrough into the core principle of an individual criminal responsibility of individuals. In connection with the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal persons and proceedings against them, the thesis deals with main aspects of the criminal liability of legal persons in the Czech Republic. After defining of legal grounds of the criminal responsibility author subsequently discusses sanctioning of legal persons. At the same time, the author discusses legal regulation of moral person criminal liability in France. She outlines the principles of criminal liability of legal persons, as well as the conditions for imposing sanctions. The author tries to demonstrate, by means of the attached statistical surveys, the numerous application of this institute in the French legal practice. Finally, the author tries to compare Czech and French legislation in selected aspects.

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The subject of my doctoral dissertation is an exploration of fishing rights as a collection of a wide range of legal norms regulating the behavior of the recipients only in the performance of fishing, but also in civil, administrative and criminal relations with the breeding and hunting fish related. Due to the current lack of scientific literature on this topic, the thesis also basic definition and status of the Czech Fishing rights in the legal system of the Czech Republic and important connections not only in relation to the institutions of environmental law, but also of civil and criminal law. Basic Institutes of fishing rights are always described as in historical context, as from the time of its inception developed, as well as in international comparisons of countries that their cultures are very close to us.

以過失責任主義為基本原則之侵權行為法 ， 於十九世紀達到鼎盛時期，但在這個時期業已開始受到壓力。此項壓力主要來自工業災害和鐵路交通事故。立法者所採取的對策為制訂特別法，例如一八三八年十一月三日之普魯士鐵路法，或另創補償制度 ， 例如英國一八九七年之勞工補償法。換言之，即立法者一方面堅守過失責任原則，在他方面則例外地就特別損害事故承認無過失責任，或將之納入社會安全體制內。然而，由於意外事故急劇增加，為適應社會需要 ， 無過失責任制度漸次擴張，迄至今日，已成為與過失責任具有相同地位之損害賠償歸責原則。本論文即以在無過失責任中居於主流地位之危險責任為主題，探究其理論構成及發展趨勢。 本論文在結構上分為六章廿一節，擬以比較法學、法律歷史學、法律社會學、法律經濟學等方法，探討危險責任之理論及其發展，並從哲學、比較法、經濟、程序法及社會等觀點，研究及檢討危險責任之各項問題。危險責任在沿革上是為解決過失責任主義之缺陷而生的，可以說過失責任是危險責任的母親，也是他的反面教材。然而，在危險責任無法填補被害人之損失時，過失原則亦得作為補充制度，並在危險責任法制無特別規定時，借用其原理原則，以便利其解釋適用，故應可謂，危險責任之所以為世人所矚目，乃因其站在過失責任主義的巨人肩上。是以，本文對於過失責任的基本法制和流變，亦儘可能詳予論述，因為危險責任並不是一個孤立的法制度，他和其他歸責原理中的民事責任是相互輔助而合作並存的，他們雖然各有其特色和不同點，但其卻有一個共同的目的，那就是促進文化，謀求人類力量的最高發揮，這也正是立法者、司法者和法學者的職責所在。 危險責任是以危險為特徵的推定過失或無過失責任，所牽涉的領域和知識甚多，光是產品責任的資料，直可用「堆積如山」來形容，如何在相當的篇幅內整理文獻並提出自己的看法或見解 ， 就一個這麼大的題目而言，自有其困難度。這篇論文並不欲標新立異，因為我一直走在前人幫我開闢的路上，惟希望本論文能以我國危險責任法制的補充者自居，並發揮拋磚引玉的功能，集合法學者的智慧，使我國成為先進的法治國家。作者才疏學淺，本文內容如有謬誤失當之處，尚祈方家不吝指正為禱。 第一章 危險責任概論••••••••••••••••1 第一節 「危險」的意義••••••••••••••1 第二節 民事上危險責任概述••••••••••••1 第三節 公法上危險責任概述••••••••••••5 第二章 從歸責原理之變動論危險責任之發展••••••11 第一節 過失責任主義的基本法制••••••••••11 第二節 過失客觀化、違法視為過失、與過失推定•••24 第三節 危險責任在無過失責任中之地位•••••••36 第四節 危險責任在歸責原理中之地位••••••••42 第三章 主要國家的危險責任法制•••••••••••46 第一節 英國法••••••••••••••••••46 第二節 美國法••••••••••••••••••48 第三節 德國法••••••••••••••••••51 第四節 法國法••••••••••••••••••68 第五節 日本法••••••••••••••••••71 第四章 我國侵權行為及危險責任法制之沿革與發展•••80 第一節 西方侵權行為與危險責任法制之繼受•••••80 第二節 我國危險責任法制之類型••••••••••81 第三節 最近立法的趨勢••••••••••••••101 第四節 預防和分散危險的輔助制度•••••••••112 第五章 危險責任法制之分析•••••••••••••132 第一節 哲學的觀點••••••••••••••••132 第二節 比較法的觀點•••••••••••••••134 第三節 經濟的觀點••••••••••••••••136 第四節 程序法的觀點•••••••••••••••140 第五節 社會的觀點••••••••••••••••148 第六章 結論••••••••••••••••••••157 參考資料••••••••••••••••••••••160

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit drei konkreten Problemstellungen digitaler Vermittlungsplattformen (Amazon, ebay, etc.) im allgemeinen Privatrecht: die Haftung für die Erfüllung des Vertrages zwischen Anbieter und Käufer; die Haftung für Integritätsschäden des Käufers, die durch das erworbene Produkt verursacht werden; und die Zulässigkeit von Selbstbegünstigungspraktiken der Plattform gegenüber den Anbietern. Dabei werden aus methodischer Perspektive von law and economics Voraussetzungen eines effizienten gesetzlichen Rahmens ermittelt. Dieser wird der aktuellen Gesetzeslage bzw. anstehenden gesetzlichen Reformvorhaben gegenübergestellt. Die erste Frage der Erfüllungshaftung stellt sich vor dem Hintergrund, dass Plattformen im Vermittlungsprozess zwischen Anbieter und Käufer eine aktive, steuernde Rolle spielen und damit auf die Erfüllung erheblichen Einfluss nehmen können. Gleichzeitig weisen die AGB der Plattform dieser keine Haftung zu, weil sie nicht Vertragspartei sei. Mit dieser vertraglichen Gestaltung will die Plattform auch einer Haftung für Integritätsschäden entgehen. Bei der Selbstbegünstigung schließlich tritt die Plattform selbst als Anbieter auf. Mit ihrer Doppelrolle als Anbieter und Marktorganisator kann sie andere Anbieter besonders lukrativer Produkte von der Plattform ausschließen und selbst an deren Stelle treten. Trotz ihrer vermeintlichen Schiedsrichterrolle greift die Plattform damit in das Marktgeschehen ein und leitet die Gewinnaussichten mancher Anbieter auf sich selbst um. Die ökonomische Analyse legt für das allgemeine Privatrecht nahe, dass – anders als marktbeherrschende oder gatekeeper Plattformen – „normale“ Plattformen nicht mit zwingendem Recht reguliert werden sollten, sondern vielmehr Transparenzregeln der zielführende Ansatz sind. Diese sind bereits im geltenden Privatrecht im Wesentlichen vorhanden. / This thesis deals with three private law problems of digital intermediary platforms (amazon, ebay, etc.): liability for the fulfilment of the seller-buyer-contract; liability for damages caused by the purchased product; and the legitimacy of self-preferencing practices of the platform against the sellers. Using the methodology of law and economics, an efficient legal framework for these phenomena is identified. The current legal situation and projects of legal reform are reflected on the basis of these normative results. The first question whether platforms should be liable for the fulfilment of the seller-buyer-contract is discussed against the background that platforms play an active, controlling role in the matching process between seller and buyer and can thus influence fulfilment. In contrast, the platforms’ terms 2 3 and conditions consider the platform not a party to the contract and thus not liable. With its terms the platform tries to evade product liability, too. Finally, in the case of self-preferencing, the platform itself acts as a seller. With its dual role as seller and market organiser, it can exclude sellers of particularly lucrative products from the platform and itself take their place. Despite its supposed role as referee, the platform intervenes in its own market and diverts the profit prospects of some sellers to itself. Economic analysis of general private law suggests that – unlike market dominating or gatekeeper platforms – “normal” platforms and their contractual framework should not be regulated with mandatory rules. Rather, rules of transparency prove to be expedient. In essence, such rules are already existing in current private law.

1 Abstract - Administrative penalties and protection measures Description of all administrative penalties and protection measures is the primary goal of this thesis. Due to wide extent of chosen subject, this work aims to individual categories of administrative penalties and protection measures, examines every single condition for its imposition a notices possible contradiction within legislation. The thesis does not include the criteria for imposing penalties, noticed set from section 37 till section 44 Contraventions Act which serve as instruments for determination and length of penalties. Concurrence of contraventions is also not included. In the opening chapter the definition and description of an administrative liability is described as well as basic issues of administrative penalization, considered to be a part of administrative authority's activity. The resemblance of principles of criminal and contravention law is described, that leads to using the same principles either in criminal and contravention law. There's explored what basic sources of administrative penalization are. Each of following chapters describes one of the penalties set in section 35 Contravention Act. Every chapter begins with general description of the penalty and then depicts its main purpose for which it is imposed. Then...