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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

侵權行為法上危險責任之研究

黃上峰, Huang, Shang-Feng Unknown Date (has links)
以過失責任主義為基本原則之侵權行為法 , 於十九世紀達到鼎盛時期,但在這個時期業已開始受到壓力。此項壓力主要來自工業災害和鐵路交通事故。立法者所採取的對策為制訂特別法,例如一八三八年十一月三日之普魯士鐵路法,或另創補償制度 , 例如英國一八九七年之勞工補償法。換言之,即立法者一方面堅守過失責任原則,在他方面則例外地就特別損害事故承認無過失責任,或將之納入社會安全體制內。然而,由於意外事故急劇增加,為適應社會需要 , 無過失責任制度漸次擴張,迄至今日,已成為與過失責任具有相同地位之損害賠償歸責原則。本論文即以在無過失責任中居於主流地位之危險責任為主題,探究其理論構成及發展趨勢。 本論文在結構上分為六章廿一節,擬以比較法學、法律歷史學、法律社會學、法律經濟學等方法,探討危險責任之理論及其發展,並從哲學、比較法、經濟、程序法及社會等觀點,研究及檢討危險責任之各項問題。危險責任在沿革上是為解決過失責任主義之缺陷而生的,可以說過失責任是危險責任的母親,也是他的反面教材。然而,在危險責任無法填補被害人之損失時,過失原則亦得作為補充制度,並在危險責任法制無特別規定時,借用其原理原則,以便利其解釋適用,故應可謂,危險責任之所以為世人所矚目,乃因其站在過失責任主義的巨人肩上。是以,本文對於過失責任的基本法制和流變,亦儘可能詳予論述,因為危險責任並不是一個孤立的法制度,他和其他歸責原理中的民事責任是相互輔助而合作並存的,他們雖然各有其特色和不同點,但其卻有一個共同的目的,那就是促進文化,謀求人類力量的最高發揮,這也正是立法者、司法者和法學者的職責所在。 危險責任是以危險為特徵的推定過失或無過失責任,所牽涉的領域和知識甚多,光是產品責任的資料,直可用「堆積如山」來形容,如何在相當的篇幅內整理文獻並提出自己的看法或見解 , 就一個這麼大的題目而言,自有其困難度。這篇論文並不欲標新立異,因為我一直走在前人幫我開闢的路上,惟希望本論文能以我國危險責任法制的補充者自居,並發揮拋磚引玉的功能,集合法學者的智慧,使我國成為先進的法治國家。作者才疏學淺,本文內容如有謬誤失當之處,尚祈方家不吝指正為禱。 第一章 危險責任概論••••••••••••••••1 第一節 「危險」的意義••••••••••••••1 第二節 民事上危險責任概述••••••••••••1 第三節 公法上危險責任概述••••••••••••5 第二章 從歸責原理之變動論危險責任之發展••••••11 第一節 過失責任主義的基本法制••••••••••11 第二節 過失客觀化、違法視為過失、與過失推定•••24 第三節 危險責任在無過失責任中之地位•••••••36 第四節 危險責任在歸責原理中之地位••••••••42 第三章 主要國家的危險責任法制•••••••••••46 第一節 英國法••••••••••••••••••46 第二節 美國法••••••••••••••••••48 第三節 德國法••••••••••••••••••51 第四節 法國法••••••••••••••••••68 第五節 日本法••••••••••••••••••71 第四章 我國侵權行為及危險責任法制之沿革與發展•••80 第一節 西方侵權行為與危險責任法制之繼受•••••80 第二節 我國危險責任法制之類型••••••••••81 第三節 最近立法的趨勢••••••••••••••101 第四節 預防和分散危險的輔助制度•••••••••112 第五章 危險責任法制之分析•••••••••••••132 第一節 哲學的觀點••••••••••••••••132 第二節 比較法的觀點•••••••••••••••134 第三節 經濟的觀點••••••••••••••••136 第四節 程序法的觀點•••••••••••••••140 第五節 社會的觀點••••••••••••••••148 第六章 結論••••••••••••••••••••157 參考資料••••••••••••••••••••••160
2

強制汽車責任保險保險詐欺防制之研究 / Compulsory automobile liability insurance-research on fraud prevention for general insurance

陳添壽 Unknown Date (has links)
我國強制汽車責任保險自西元1998年1月1日開始實施,迄今已逾10年之久,主要精神為使交通事故之受害人迅速獲得基本保障及維護社會大眾之安全與權益,所以採無過失責任精神,即在交通事故傷亡之受害人不論有無過失皆可獲得保險金給付,使許多受害人及其家庭之經濟即時獲得補償,所以有近九成民眾對於強制汽車責任保險之實施成效給予高度肯定。 近年來,強制汽車責任保險已成為保險犯罪集團覬覦之目標,保險詐欺案件有日益增加之趨勢,保險詐欺犯罪也發展成組織化及專業分工之保險詐欺集團,詐欺手法也不斷翻新且日益猖獗,也使強制汽車責任保險之實施精神遭受扭曲及破壞。本研究係透過產物保險業者蒐集不同類型之強制汽車責任保險詐欺案例,針對個案之犯罪手法加以比對分析,希冀從所蒐集不同類型之案例中探討保險詐欺之詐欺手法及特徵,以期研擬出一套具體措施能夠對保險詐欺作有效之防制,以遏止保險詐欺案件之發生。 本文研究有鑒於美國、英國、德國、挪威、日本及中國大陸等國家對於保險詐欺之防制不遺餘力,同時參考各國有關保險詐欺之法律規定與防制概況,保險詐欺資訊之提供及為對抗保險詐欺之教育宣導,這對於保險詐欺防制工作剛起步之我國,當有許多值得學習之處。當然保險詐欺之防制需要社會大眾、保險業者及政府檢警消相關單位正視保險詐欺問題之嚴重性,大家共同聯手一起來防制,才能有效遏阻保險詐欺之歪風。 / Compulsory automobile liability insurance in Taiwan has been implementing more than ten years since January 1, 1998. Its law-making intention is to ensure prompt and basic coverage for the injured parties in the automobile traffic accident and maintain the safety and rights for the public so it is adopted the system of no-fault basis. It means any injured party who is injured or lost of life in the automobile traffic accident can require the reimbursement regardless of who’s fault. Many injured parties and their families have received the prompt reimbursement from compulsory automobile liability insurance, so there are almost ninety percentage of the public in Taiwan giving the highly positive feedback to the implementation of compulsory automobile liability insurance. Within recent years, the compulsory automobile liability insurance which becomes a crime means and target of organized crimes of insurance fraud. The case of Insurance Fraud has the tendency in growth and the trick of insurance fraud become organized and professionalized, which has seriously affected the law-making purpose and normal developments of compulsory automobile liability insurance. This research, through the various organized criminal fraud cases of compulsory automobile liability insurance provided by non-life insurance companies. In order to prevent the fraud case from being on compulsory automobile liability insurance, this research collects and provides various types of fraud cases containing different means and characteristics. By the research, we hope to provide an effective measure to prevent fraud case from being on compulsory automobile liability insurance. The research is on the basis of the fact that many countries, for example, United States of American, England, Germany, Norway, Japan and China, have left on stone unturned to prevent insurance fraud and also on the basic of their laws and situations about insurance fraud, to furnish information about insurance fraud, and to educate the public about how to fight against insurance fraud, which is very beneficial to promote the development of insurance anti-fraud in Taiwan. There is no doubt that the prevention of insurance fraud needs the public, the insurer and authority cooperate closely. Only by doing so, we can prevent efficiently insurance fraud from spread.
3

財產保險上受益人概念之研究 / A Research on beneficiaries of non-life insurance

朱政龍 Unknown Date (has links)
關於我國保險契約法上財產保險究竟有無受益人概念適用之餘地,傳統學說上一直以來存有爭議,但產險實務上似乎卻從未質疑過而予一體適用。本文擬先就我國保險契約法上對於保險契約當事人及關係人之定位予以重新釐清,並綜合英美與大陸法系契約當事人之優缺點,提出以財產權之所有人、權利人或自己之生命、身體者為被保險人,並以之為契約當事人,享受負擔保險契約上一切權利與義務;如欲利益第三人時,自不妨另行指定保險受益人。如此作法可避免長期以來允許以他人之財產權或生命、身體來投保所產生之各項爭議。 其次,本文針對現行產險的兩大分類:一般財產損失險與責任保險,分別探究其有無受益人概念之適用以及產險受益人之法律性質定位。依本文研究發現,一般財產損失險仍有指定受益人之可能與必要,惟因礙於損失填補原則,其性質於保險法上應解為僅屬被保險人之保險金代理受領人,該受益人必須另依與被保險人間其他法律關係以決定其保險金之最終受領權。至於責任保險,則應無指定保險受益人之可能與必要。 最後,針對以特殊立法方式所形成的強制汽車責任保險,由於其雖以責任保險之形式立法,但其承保之標的與一般責任保險不同,而係由立法者所特別創設的一「法定限額無過失賠償責任」,其賠償對象及方式亦由立法者另行規範,致成為被保險人對於「特定對象」(法定之請求權人)須負一「定額」或「限額」的無過失賠償責任,故其賠償方式亦「傷害險化」;惟本文以為,該法所定之特定「請求權人」,仍非屬保險法上的保險受益人,而仍屬特別立法下的特殊請求權人。
4

契約締結過程における行為を理由とする損害賠償の帰責原理からの再考

吉内, 佑実 23 March 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第23652号 / 法博第272号 / 新制||法||174(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 潮見 佳男, 教授 横山 美夏, 教授 橋本 佳幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
5

解決醫療糾紛民事責任之保險與法律制度 / The law and insurance of resolving civil liability in medical malpractice

高添富, Kao, Tien Fu Unknown Date (has links)
本文將負面醫療結果(醫療傷害)統稱為醫療事故(medical incident),而醫療事故中又分為醫療過失(medical negligence)、醫療不幸(medical mishap,又名醫療災禍)及醫療意外(medical accident)三種情況。造成醫療傷害可能是因為醫療的過失責任,也可能是無醫療過失責任,本文特意將無醫療過失責任再細分為無過失責任、非過失責任與無法律責任(自然死亡或自然病程)三種,並將「無過失責任」no fault liability一詞泛以「無關過失責任」稱之;醫療行為中可預知的合併症與副作用的「醫療不幸」及不可預知、不可抗力的「醫療意外」屬非過失責任範疇,而不可避免性的自然死亡及自然病程,則屬無法律責任的範疇。 責任負擔可分為賠償、補償、救濟三種。賠償者,以不法之侵權行為,致使他人受損害時,因而填補其所受之損害,謂之賠償,英文為indemnity。補償者,指根據該法所指定的人員敲定的額度提供的金錢補助,而不是指針對不法行為或違反契約依法起訴所獲得的補償性賠償金,英文為compensation。救濟者,特別指由國家向貧困者提供的財政幫助,英文為relief。 過失責任的歸責原因是醫療疏失,所以是以損害填補原則及不當得利禁止原則,以填補受害者所受損害及所失利益;因此,過失責任要負的是損害「賠償責任」。非過失責任的歸責原因包括醫療不幸(即副作用、合併症)與醫療意外兩種,因為醫師客觀上已盡注意義務,不論有無結果預知義務或結果迴避義務,醫師已盡力防阻,仍不免發生醫療傷害,故並無醫療疏失可言,應由國家社會對受害者予以救濟;因此,非過失責任理應由福利國家的救濟制度來負責。無關過失責任no fault liability的歸責原因是危險責任,針對所有醫療事故,不論對錯無關過失下,只要有了醫療傷害,加害人就予以被害人限額補償的基本保障。因為醫師身為危險責任主體,依報償責任理論(利之所存,險之所擔)、危險控制理論及危險分擔理論下必須承擔危險責任,因以,無關過失責任應負醫療事故補償責任。 賠償、補償、救濟三種責任負擔都可以分別採用基金模式或保險模式來解決;本文則認為,醫療過失責任宜採取醫師專業責任保險,予受害人損害賠償。醫療無關過失責任宜採取醫事人員強制責任保險,輔以醫療事故特別補償基金,予受害人基本保障補償。醫療非過失責任宜採取醫療風險救濟基金,予受害人風險救濟,急難救助。 故本文結論提出事故補償、風險救濟、損害賠償三階層的保險與基金制度架構,以解決醫療糾紛民事責任問題即;第一層事故補償—針對醫療事故,以醫事人員強制責任保險無關過失,限額補償;第二層風險救濟—針對醫療意外,整合醫療風險救濟基金定額救濟;第三層損害賠償—針對過失責任,以醫師責任保險損害填補。 / In this paper, we study negative outcomes associated with the delivery health care, which are collectively referred to as “medical incident”. This is further divided into “medical negligence”, “medical mishap” (also known as “medical disaster”), and “medical accidents”. Medical injuries may be in consequence of medical negligence or otherwise, that is they may be with fault or without fault. In this paper we further medical injuries without fault into three categories: (1) liability regardless of fault, (2) liability without fault, and (3) no legal liability. Notably, we refer to “no-fault liability” as “liability regardless of fault” to better distinguish its legal implications with respect to other kinds of medical injuries without fault. Predictable complications and side effects of medical treatments are considered “medical mishap”; unavoidable natural death or nature course of disease have “no legal liability”. The burden of duty can be divided into three categories: indemnity, compensation, and relief. Indemnity is secondary to the violation of rights leading to injury and damages. Compensation is set by appointed experts and given in direct consequence of the occurrence of the injury, and is independently of the determination of legality and contract fulfillment. Relief specifically refers to financial assistance given by government entities to those in need. At-fault liability follows medical negligence, and as such indemnity is given for reparation of damages and the prohibition of gains from the provision of negligent medical care. Causes of liability with no fault include medical mishaps and medical accidents. In these cases, the physician has fulfilled duties as medical professionals and in so doing have done their best to prevent medical incidents. Nevertheless due to circumstances beyond control, medical injuries occur. Because there is no negligence on the part of the physician, these losses are ideally dealt with by the governmental agencies. Liability regardless of fault attributes liability based on risk alone. Under this system, for all medical incidents, whether or not they are the consequence of negligence, the victim receives relief at a pre-determined amount. This relief serves as the basic protection of patients. Since the physician as the chief medical care provider is also at the center of medical risk, by principles of risk management, liability regardless of fault should in addition be organized as medical incidents compensation. The three forms of duty burden–indemnity, compensation, and relief–can be organized either as foundations or as insurances. We argue that duty burden for medical negligence is best managed by professional liability insurance to provide compensation to the victims. Medical liability regardless of fault is best managed by compulsory medical provider liability insurance with additional medical incidence compensation fund to provide at least a basic level of compensation to the victims. Medical liability without fault is best managed by medical risk relief fund for assistance for the victims. In conclusion, in this paper we analyze various forms of liability and management of medical risks, and propose the use of professional liability insurance for medical injuries with fault, compulsory liability insurance for liability without fault, and relief fund for liability regardless of fault, in the setting of medical incidence. This provides a comprehensive, three-layered solution to the emerging problem of proliferation of medical incident cases in the courts. The first layer is incidence compensation, directed at all medical incidents, via compulsory medical personnel liability insurance regardless of fault. The second layer is risk relief, directed at medical mishaps and medical accidents, via risk relief funds. The third layer is damage indemnity, directed at at-fault liability, via physician professional liability insurance, to fulfill the victims’ damages.

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