21 |
The rise of co-productions in the film industry : the impact of policy change and financial dynamics on industrial organization in a high risk environmentMorawetz, Norbet January 2009 (has links)
The main aim of this study is to examine the interrelationship of finance and government intervention in explaining the rise of co-productions in the international film industry in the time period between 1997 and 2004. Mainstream economic geography literature presents the film industry typically as a case study for embeddedness and agglomeration effects, with successful industry clusters drawing their strength from process knowledge, networks and local interaction. However, there is an increasing disparity in the literature between what mainstream theory suggests, and what empirical studies find with respect to the importance of cluster-external relations and dynamics. This, as I will argue, is particularly evident when looking at the picture of the whole film industry production system that emerges from the literature, which fails to include the alternative and complimentary pattern of co-productions. Co-productions are collaborations between film producers from at least two different countries, pooling their resources across distance to produce a feature film project. In the past fifteen years, the number of films made as co-productions has risen continuously in Europe, with co-productions accounting for more than 30 per cent of European film production activity. As a mode of production based on temporary, cross-border collaboration that is supported in its coordination by temporary clusters, such as trade fairs and industry events, the coproduction phenomenon poses a conundrum to economic geography literature and challenges its explanatory framework. As I will argue, in order to arrive at a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon, it is necessary to look beyond social factors associated with locality, and to examine instead dynamics impacting on the industrial organization of the whole production system. I will argue that in the context of the pervasive demand uncertainty characterizing the film industry, the analytical focus should be on financial dynamics, as production activity and its organizational form are ultimately dependent on finance as an enabling force. Based on a description of the film financing process as the primary process in which the relationship between the economic categories of financial and production capital are played out, I propose that in order to explain the growth of co-productions empirically, it is necessary to examine changes in the film financing environments of the increasingly interrelated European and US film industries. As the State is the most important provider of financial capital in the European film industry through the provision of public aid, the focus will lie in particular on the consequences of a paradigm change in the rationale of State intervention in Europe moving away from funding film for cultural reason, to supporting the industry on economic grounds since the mid 1990s. As will be shown, the most important consequence of this paradigm change has been the introduction of tax incentives to encourage investment into film in a number of European and international countries within a short period of time. As will be demonstrated, this has led to the formation of significant, locally confined capital pools that can dis-embed production; and to the emergence of a distinct capital cycle in international film financing, which has strongly impacted on the productive system of the film industry. Finally, a dynamic explanation for the growth of co-productions in Europe in the time period between 1997 and 2004 will be provided. I will argue that co-productions have firstly grown in order to overcome a lack of finance, but have in the context of a capital cycle based on tax incentives from Germany and the UK, increasingly become driven by the opposite dynamic, namely an abundance of financial capital seeking profitable investment opportunities. The study will conclude with a discussion of policy implications, a summary of contributions to the literature and a brief overview of future research opportunities.
|
22 |
Essays on innovation and investment decisions under imperfect competitionKeller, Joachim 29 November 2013 (has links)
Innovation incentives are imperfectly provided in market settings: When deciding on their innovation activity, firms tend to focus on the maximization of their private benefits, poorly internalizing social benefits. This thesis analyzes how policy intervention could be designed in order to align private and social incentives. <p><p>In the three papers of this thesis, I will consider three environments where firms' choices in a laissez-faire situation may be socially inefficient. The inefficiencies arise because of learning externalities, free riding when the innovation decision is made by a group of participants, or because firms are not willing to invest in a new activity that has a higher social than private value.<p><p>In the first thesis paper, I deal with the strategies of firms in innovative consumer product markets characterized by demand uncertainty. I analyze the timing and location decision of firms in that context.<p><p>In the second thesis paper, I consider the investment incentives of financial market infrastructures (FMIs). FMIs comprise the set of institutions that allow financial market participants to engage with each other. I assess the innovation incentives for different forms of ownership (user-owned versus third-party owned) and identify infrastructure service provision equilibria. <p><p>In the third thesis paper, I address the question of how a government should allocate a subsidy budget over time in order to maximize the innovation activity in an industry. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
|
23 |
The economics and regulation of natural gas pipeline networks : four essays on the impact of demand uncertainty / Économie et régulation du réseau de transport de gaz naturel : quatre essais sur les conséquences de l’incertitude de la demandePerrotton, Florian 01 December 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse vise à développer les opportunités et conséquences d’une demande incertaine pour le réseau de transport de gaz. Ce sujet est décliné en quatre contributions. Les deux premières adoptent une perspective de long terme : on cherche à évaluer l’efficacité de la réglementation du taux rendement lorsqu’il s’agit d’inciter à la réalisation de projets d’infrastructures gazières dans des pays en développement. Une première contribution analytique présente le développement d’une représentation simplifiée du réseau de transport de gaz, de forme Cobb-Douglas. Inspiré par les projets d’acheminement de gaz naturel au Mozambique, celle-ci est ensuite utilisée pour évaluer dans quelles conditions il est possible pour une autorité de régulation de choisir un taux de rendement régulé qui améliore l’efficacité du système dans le cas où la demande réelle serait plus importante que la demande anticipée par la firme régulée. A moyen terme ensuite, l’efficacité face à une demande de plus en plus variable de la structure tarifaire actuelle dite « entrée-sortie » pour l’accès au réseau européen est évaluée. Après avoir démontré l’existence d’inefficacités dans un tel système, celles-ci sont évaluées numériquement. Enfin, la dernière contribution explore la possibilité d’offrir directement la flexibilité du réseau de transport de gaz à ses utilisateurs, dans le cadre d’enchères et du système de prix nodaux. Après avoir souligné la complexité d’un tel mécanisme, les limites à son efficacité sont présentées. A chaque fois, l’analyse repose sur la modélisation simultanée du réseau de transport de gaz (en régime statique ou transitoire) et des mécanismes économiques en jeu. / This PhD thesis is centered on the opportunities and impact of demand uncertainty for the gas transport networks. We study the ability of various market designs to foster an efficient network allocation in liberalized gas markets when demand is variable or uncertain. We introduce and solve operation research models that bind an economic representation of the gas market and its associated regulation, to a technical representation of the gas network. The complex interactions at stake in liberalized gas markets, where shippers trade gas for its economic value and coordinate with system operators that allocate and operate the network, result in MCP or MPEC formulations. While a detailed network representation is necessary to assess the feasibility of gas flows under any market organization, the physics and engineering of gas transport networks adds non-linearities and non-convexities to those already challenging formulations. This thesis is divided in four contributions. We first introduce an approximated network representation of the Cobb-Douglas form and use it to study the impact of long-term demand uncertainty on investment problems in developing markets subject to rate-of-return regulation. We then study the effect of demand variability on daily gas dispatch in the European Entry-Exit system, using a linearized steady-state network representation. Finally, we assess the benefits of introducing flexibility products in gas locational marginal pricing auctions to handle intraday demand uncertainty. This requires the use of a linearized transient network formulation to account for linepack dynamics.
|
24 |
Planification réactive et robuste au sein d'une chaîne logistique / Reactive and robust planning within a supply chainGharbi, Hassen 10 November 2012 (has links)
Ce travail s’intéresse à la planification tactique de chaînes logistiques dans un environnement incertain et perturbé. Dans le cadre de relations « point-à point », nous proposons une approche permettant d’élaborer une planification tactique optimale et réactive d’un maillon d’une chaîne logistique en présence de paramètres incertains et de perturbations. Notre approche se fonde sur une structure à deux niveaux décisionnels. Le premier niveau effectue une planification agrégée en minimisant le coût global de production. Il établit ensuite « un plan de guidage » qui est transmis au niveau détaillé. Ce dernier effectue sa planification en suivant « au mieux » le plan de guidage et en prenant en compte les contraintes et données détaillées ignorées au niveau supérieur. Le niveau détaillé adopte un processus dynamique de planification à horizon glissant. Il réactualise ses données à chaque étape de planification afin d’assurer la réactivité du processus décisionnel. Nous caractérisons explicitement l’inertie du système décisionnel en distinguant deux phases : la phase d’anticipation et la phase de réalisation. Chaque phase est caractérisée par un délai temporel. Ainsi, nous proposons une modélisation originale du processus décisionnel de chaque décision via trois variables. Le niveau détaillé est formulé selon un programme linéaire.Au niveau agrégé, nous proposons un modèle global ayant l’originalité de prendre en compte les spécificités du processus décisionnel détaillé.Le couplage entre les deux niveaux est assuré par le plan de guidage. Selon les informations incluses dans le plan de guidage, le niveau agrégé accorde un certain degré d’autonomie au niveau détaillé, ceci conditionne la réactivité et la robustesse de la planification. Dans notre travail, nous considérons trois types de guidage : deux guidages budgétaires « globaux » et un guidage « prescriptif » par la sous-traitance agrégée.Notre approche est évaluée par simulation dans le cadre d’une demande incertaine. Pour cela, nous développons deux outils de simulation et un ensemble d’indicateurs de performances. Les expérimentations réalisées confirment la performance de notre approche par rapport à des approches classiques et mettent en évidence l’influence du type de guidage et du profil de la demande détaillée sur la réactivité et la robustesse des solutions trouvées. / This work focuses on the supply chain tactical planning problem in an uncertain and disrupted environment. As part of point-to-point relationships, we propose an optimal and reactive tactical planning approach of a supply chain link in the presence of uncertain parameters and disturbances.Our approach is based on a two-level decision structure. The first level performs an aggregate planning which minimizes the overall production cost. It establishes "a guiding plan" which is transmitted to the detailed level. This latter performs its planning by following a guiding plan and by taking into account detailed constraints and data.The detailed level adopts a dynamic planning process with a rolling horizon. It updates its data at every planning step to ensure a reactive decision making. We characterize explicitly the inertia of a decision making system by distinguishing two decision phases: the anticipation phase and the realization phase. Each phase is described by a time delay. Thus, we propose an original model of decision making process in which every decision is modeled by three variables. The detailed level is formulated according to a linear program.At the aggregate level, a view of the detailed decisional process is integrated by work-in-progress constraints. We propose an aggregate model whose originality is to consider the specifics of the detailed decision process.The coupling between the two levels is provided by the guiding plan. According to aggregated data included in this plan, the aggregate level gives a specific autonomy to the detailed level which conditions the reactivity and the robustness of the detailed planning. In our work, we consider three types of guidance: two “global” budget guidings and a more “precise” subcontracting aggregate guiding.Our approach is evaluated by simulation under uncertain demand. For this we develop two simulation tools and a set of performance indicators. The experiments carried out confirm the performance of our approach over conventional approaches and highlight the influence of the guiding and the detailed demand profile on the reactivity and robustness of the solutions
|
25 |
[en] TWO-STAGE ROBUST OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND PLANNING UNDER JOINT GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SECURITY CRITERIA / [pt] MODELOS ROBUSTOS DE OTIMIZAÇÃO DE DOIS ESTÁGIOS PARA OPERAÇÃO E PLANEJAMENTO DE SISTEMAS DE POTÊNCIA SOB CRITÉRIOS DE SEGURANÇA DE GERAÇÃO E TRANSMISSÃO CONJUNTOSALEXANDRE MOREIRA DA SILVA 12 June 2015 (has links)
[pt] Recentes apagões em todo o mundo fazem da confiabilidade de sistemas
de potência, no tocante a contingências múltiplas, um tema de pesquisa
mundial. Dentro desse contexo, se faz importante investigar métodos eficientes
de proteger o sistema contra falhas de alguns de seus componentes, sejam elas
dependentes e/ou independentes de outras falhas. Nesse sentido, se tornou
crucial a incorporação de critérios de segurança mais rigorosos na operação e
planejamento de sistemas de potência.
Contingências múltiplas são mais comuns e desastrosas do que falhas
naturais e independentes. A principal razão para isso reside na complexidade
da estabilidade dinâmica de sistemas de potência. Além disso, o sistema de
proteção que opera em paralelo ao sistema de distribuição não é livre de
falhas. Portanto, interrupções naturais podem causar contingências em cascata
em decorrência do mau funcionamento de mecanismos de proteção ou da
instabilidade do sistema elétrico como um todo. Nesse contexto, se dá a
motivação pela busca de critérios de segurança mais severos como, por exemplo,
o n - K, onde K pode ser maior do que 2.
Nesse trabalho, o principal objetivo é incorporar o crtitério de segurança
geral n-K para geração e transmissão em modelos de operação e planejamento
de sistemas de potência. Além de interrupções em geradores, restrições de
rede, bem como falhas em linhas de transmiss˜ao também são modeladas.
Esse avanço leva a novos desafios computacionais, para os quais formulamos
metodologias de solução eficientes baseadas em decomposição de Benders.
Considerando operação, duas abordagens são apresentadas. A primeira propõe
um modelo de otimização trinível para decidir o despacho ótimo de energia
e reservas sob um critério de segurançaa n - K. Nessa abordagem, a alta
dimensionalidade do problema, por contemplar restrições de rede, bem como
falhas de geradores e de linhas de transmissão, é contornada por meio da
implícita consideração do conjunto de possíveis contingências. No mesmo
contexto, a segunda abordagem leva em conta a incerteza da carga a ser
suprida e a correlação entre demandas de diferentes barras. Considerando
planejamento de expansão da transmissão, outro modelo de otimização trinível
é apresentado no intuito de decidir quais linhas de transmissão, dentro de um
conjunto de candidatas, devem ser construídas para atender a um critério de
segurança n - K e, consequentemente, aumentar a confiabilidade do sistema
como um todo. Portanto, as principais contribuições do presente trabalho
são as seguintes: 1) modelos de otimização trinível para considerar o critério
de segurança n - K em operação e planejamento de sistemas de potência,
2) consideração implícita de todo o conjunto de contingências por meio de
uma abordagem de otimização robusta ajustável, 3) otimização conjunta
de energia e reserva para operação de sistemas de potência, considerando
restrições de rede e garantindo a entregabilidade das reservas em todos os
estados pós-contingência considerados, 4) metodologias de solução eficientes
baseadas em decomposição de Benders que convergem em passos finitos para
o ótimo global e 5) desenvolvimento de restrições válidas que alavancam a
eficiência computacional. Estudos de caso ressaltam a eficácia das metodologias
propostas em capturar os efeitos econômicos de demanda nodal correlacionada
sob um critério de segurançaa n - 1, em reduzir o esfor¸co computacional para
considerar os critérios de seguran¸ca convencionais n-1 e n-2 e em considerar
critérios de segurança mais rigorosos do que o n - 2, um problema intratável
até então. / [en] Recent major blackouts all over the world have been a driving force to
make power system reliability, regarding multiple contingencies, a subject of
worldwide research. Within this context, it is important to investigate efficient
methods of protecting the system against dependent and/or independent
failures. In this sense, the incorporation of tighter security criteria in power
systems operation and planning became crucial.
Multiple contingencies are more common and dangerous than natural
independent faults. The main reason for this lies in the complexity of the
dynamic stability of power systems. In addition, the protection system, that
operates in parallel to the supply system, is not free of failures. Thus, natural
faults can cause subsequent contingencies (dependent on earlier contingencies)
due to the malfunction of the protection mechanisms or the instability of the
overall system. These facts drive the search for more stringent safety criteria,
for example, n - K, where K can be greater than 2.
In the present work, the main objective is to incorporate the joint generation
and transmission general security criteria in power systems operation and
planning models. Here, in addition to generators outages, network constraints
and transmission lines failures are also accounted for. Such improvement leads
to new computational challenges, for which we design efficient solution
methodologies based on Benders decomposition. Regarding operation, two approaches
are presented. The first one proposes a trilevel optimization model
to decide the optimal scheduling of energy and reserve under an n - K security
criterion. In such approach, the high dimensionality curse of considering
network constraints as well as outages of generators and transmission assets
is withstood by implicitly taking into account the set of possible contingencies.
The second approach includes correlated nodal demand uncertainty in the
same framework. Regarding transmission expansion planning, another trilevel
optimization model is proposed to decide which transmission assets should be
built within a set of candidates in order to meet an n - K security criterion,
and, consequently, boost the power system reliability. Therefore, the main contributions
of this work are the following: 1) trilevel models to consider general
n - K security criteria in power systems operation and planning, 2) implicit
consideration of the whole contingency set by means of an adjustable robust
optimization approach, 3) co-optimization of energy and reserves for power
systems operation, regarding network constraints and ensuring the deliverability
of reserves in all considered post-contingency states, 4) efficient solution
methodologies based on Benders decomposition that finitely converges to the
global optimal solution, and 5) development of valid constraints to boost computational
efficiency. Case studies highlight the effectiveness of the proposed
methodologies in capturing the economic effect of nodal demand correlation
on power system operation under an n - 1 security criterion, in reducing the
computational effort to consider conventional n-1 and n-2 security criteria,
and in considering security criteria tighter than n - 2, an intractable problem
heretofore.
|
Page generated in 0.0926 seconds