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Diaspores and degradative abilities of select dematiaceous hyphomycetesDay, Melissa Unknown Date
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Diaspores and degradative abilities of select dematiaceous hyphomycetesDay, Melissa 11 1900 (has links)
Dematiaceous hyphomycetes are a taxonomically diverse artificial assemblage of conidial fungi that have dark pigments known as melanins in their walls. Select dematiaceous hyphomycetes from the Coniochaetales, Pleosporales, and Helotiales obtained from arctic and alpine bryophytes and vascular plant roots were chosen for further study. Eight isolates, all from roots of Saxifraga oppositifolia, represented a new species of Monodictys, M. arctica. This species, characterised by large, darkly pigmented, multicelled, often branching conidia, was most closely related to members of the Leptosphaeria, making M. arctica potentially the first non-pycnidial anamorph associated with that genus. In alpine glacial forefields, the primary colonisers are bryophytes, which form an organic grout between the rocks. These mosses trap organic particles. Three pleosporalean fungi were isolated from this grout and examined to see if they could degrade moss. All three removed the outer, cellulose rich layer of the cells, but not the inner, polyphenol rich layer. I propose that the mosses disarticulate after degradation and the fragments are trapped in the grout, increasing soil organic matter and aiding pedogenesis. This first soil ostensibly facilitates colonisation by vascular plants, the roots of which are colonised by dark septate endophytes (DSE), a group known for asymptomatically colonising vascular plant roots and thought to be quasi-mycorrhizal. Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora melinii, Leptodontidium orchidicola, Phialocephala fortinii and Coniochaeta nepalica were examined for their abilities to degrade moss. All showed that colonisation patterns varied along with the formation of conidia and sclerotic structures, which could serve as inocula for establishing species of vascular plants. Cadophora and Phialocephala are delineated by phialide complexity, so I decided traced the origin and evolutionary history of that character on a phylogenetic framework. Based on this reconstruction, phialide complexity is a good character for separating the two genera. I propose that the sclerotium of the outgroup taxon, which develops phialides that produce spermatia, evolved into the phialidic heads of Phialocephala, which resemble sclerotia, and then into the solitary phialides of Cadophora. Traits in the sexual fungi associated with these asexual taxa support the phylogenetic placement of the asexual fungi. / Ecology
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Investigação do mecanismo da atividade antifúngica do monoterpeno citral frente a cepas de cladosporium spp e cladophialophora carrioniiCaldas, Camila Pinheiro de Menezes 14 February 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Dematiaceous fungi are associated with superficial infections of the skin and soft tissues, and include sepsis with high mortality. The clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic importance given to the mycoses caused by dematiaceous fungi drive studies aimed at discovering new antifungal agents. Among them the monoterpenes are distinguished and enjoy broad recognition of their antimicrobial effect. Citral is a monoterpene with known pharmacological properties, including antifungal action. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of this monoterpene, its possible mechanisms of action, and the effect of association with certain antifungals against Cladophialophora carrionii and Cladosporium spp, as well as to determine, through theoretical analysis, in silico, its pharmacokinetic profile and other possible pharmacological activities. Tests of antifungal activity were performed by microbiological screening of eight (8) phytochemicals; to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of citral by microdilution technique; measuring the radial mycelium growth at different time intervals; and measuring spore germination inhibition. The actions of citral on the fungal cell wall (Sorbitol assay), and the fungal cell membrane (ergosterol complexation) were also investigated. We also carried out in silico studies and rated the association effect of citral with antifungals (amphotericin B and voriconazole) using the checkerboard method. In microbiological screening, citral showed better antifungal activity against 10 tested strains, being selected to continue in antifungal research. The MIC of Citral ranged between 128 and 256 ug/ml for C. carrionii, and C. sphaerospermum. For C. oxysporum the MIC was 128 ug/ml for all three tested strains, and the MIC for C. cladoporioides was 64 ug/mL. The MFC of citral varied between 256 and 1024 ug/ml for C. carrionii and C. sphaerospermum, it was 256 ug/ml for C. oxysporum, and 128 ug/ml for C. cladoporioides. The results also showed that citral significantly inhibits mycelial growth and spore germination for the four species tested. In the mechanism of action investigation it was shown that the MIC values of citral against Cladosporium spp. and C. carrionii remained unchanged in the presence of 0.8 M sorbitol suggesting that this monoterpene does not act by inhibiting the synthesis of the fungal cell wall. However, the test results on the plasma membrane showed that citral interacts with ergosterol. In the in silico study, citral showed good oral bioavailability, as well as important pharmacological activities. The citral-voriconazole association was indifferent and the citral-amphotericin B association was antagonistic for all strains tested. From the results, it is suggested that citral acts on the Cladosporium spp. and C. carrionii membrane through a mechanism involve ergosterol complexation. The monoterpene is presented as a promising antifungal agent, in particular, for cases of mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi. / Fungos dematiáceos estão associados com infecções superficiais de pele e tecidos moles até sepse, com elevada mortalidade. A importância clínica, epidemiológica e terapêutica dispensada às micoses causadas por fungos dematiáceos impulsionam estudos que visam à descoberta de novos agentes antifúngicos. Entre eles os monoterpenos se destacam por possuírem amplo reconhecimento do seu efeito antimicrobiano. O citral é um monoterpeno com conhecidas propriedades farmacológicas, incluindo ação antifúngica. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a atividade antifúngica desse monoterpeno, seus possíveis mecanismos de ação, o efeito da associação com antifúngicos contra Cladophialophora carrionii e Cladosporium spp, bem como determinar, através de análise teórica, in silico, o seu perfil farmacocinético e outras possíveis atividades farmacológicas. Os ensaios da atividade antifúngica foram realizados por meio da triagem microbiológica de 8 fitoconstituíntes; determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) do citral pela técnica de microdiluição; medida do crescimento micelial radial em diferentes intervalos de tempo; inibição da germinação de conídios. A ação do citral sobre a parede celular fúngica (ensaio com Sorbitol) e sobre a membrana plasmática fúngica (complexação com o ergosterol) foram investigadas. Também foram realizados estudos in silico e avaliado o efeito da associação do citral com antifúngicos (anfotericina B e voriconazol) pelo método de checkerboard. Na triagem microbiológica o citral apresentou melhor atividade antifúngica contra as 10 cepas testadas, sendo selecionado para dar continuidade a investigação antifúngica. A CIM do citral variou entre 128 e 256 μg/mL para C. carrionii e C. sphaerospermum, para C. oxysporum a CIM foi de 128 para as três cepas testadas e a CIM de C. cladoporioides foi de 64 μg/mL. A CFM do citral variou entre 256 e 1024 μg/mL para C. carrionii e C. sphaerospermum, foi de 256 μg/mL para C. oxysporum e 128 μg/mL para C. cladosporioides. Os resultados também mostraram que o citral inibiu significativamente o desenvolvimento micelial e a germinação dos conídios das quatro espécies testadas. Na investigação do mecanismo de ação foi evidenciado que os valores de CIM de citral contra Cladosporium spp. e C. carrionii permaneceram inalterados na presença de sorbitol 0.8 M sugerindo que este monoterpeno não atua através da inibição da síntese da parede celular fúngica. Por outro lado, os resultados do ensaio sobre a membrana plasmática mostraram que o citral interage com o ergosterol. No estudo in silico, o citral demonstrou uma boa biodisponibilidade oral, bem como importantes atividades farmacológicas. A associação citral-voriconazol foi indiferente, enquanto citral-anfotericina B foi antagonista para todas as cepas testadas. Diante dos resultados, sugere-se que o citral atua sobre a membrana de Cladosporium spp e C. carrionii, por um mecanismo que envolve a complexação com o ergosterol. Dessa maneira, esse monoterpeno apresenta-se como promissor agente antifúngico, em especial em casos de micoses causadas por fungos dematiáceos.
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Atividade antifúngica in vitro do óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis L. (ERVA-CIDREIRA) SOBRE Cladosporium carrionii / Antifungal activity in vitro of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. (lemongrass) on Cladosporium carrionii.Menezes, Camilla Pinheiro de 19 November 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-11-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genus includes many species of Cladosporium fungi and opportunistic
dematiaceous contaminants being found in diverse environments. Cladosporium
carrionii is considered the most important pathogenic species of this genus due to the
numerous cases of disease caused by this fungus in the world, being an agent of
chromoblastomycosis, feohifomicoses and allergies. The increased resistance to
antifungal agents available and their toxicity lead to search for new antifungals, more
effective and less toxic. In this context, this study aimed to identify the components of
the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. and investigate their antifungal activity in vitro
against strains of Cladosporium carrionii. The chemical composition of the oil was
performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Assays
of antifungal activity were performed by microbiological screening by diffusion
technique in solid medium; determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
by microdilution; minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC); measure radial growth at
different time intervals; Inhibition of conidial germination and assessment of
morphological changes in the presence of the essential oil. The results of GC-MS
showed 4 major components, being geranial (52%) the major constituent, followed by
the citral (38.90%), trans-β-caryophyllene (1.22%) and germacrene D (0.84%), in
descending order of percentage. In antifungal activity assays, the essential oil of M.
officinalis inhibited the growth of 100% of the strains of C. carrionii tested, and its
MIC and MFC established at 256 mg / mL, and is considered a product with strong
antifungal activity. Was able to induce radial mycelial growth inhibition from the
concentration of 128 mg / ml (MIC/2), and the concentrations MICX2 and MICX4,
there was complete inhibition of the growth. It was also observed significant inhibition
of conidial germination in all concentrations compared to control (p <0.05), those
potentiated inhibition with increased concentration so that the concentration was
MICX2 100% inhibition of germination of conidia counted. Furthermore,
morphological changes such as decreased conidiation and structural changes in
hyphae were observed in the strains tested, after exposure to oil concentrations
MIC/2, MIC and MICX2. Given the foregoing, it is concluded that the essential oil of
M. officinalis has a significant antifungal activity against strains of C. carrionii,
representing a new possibility in the arsenal of products for treatment of mycoses
caused by Cladosporium carrionii. / O gênero Cladosporium abrange muitas espécies de fungos contaminantes e
oportunistas dematiáceos, sendo encontrados em diversos ambientes. Cladosporium
carrionii é considerada a espécie patogênica mais importante desse gênero, devido
aos inúmeros casos de doenças causadas por este fungo em todo o mundo, sendo
agente da cromoblastomicose, feo-hifomicoses e quadros alérgicos. O aumento da
resistência aos antifúngicos disponíveis e a sua toxicidade levam a busca por novos
antifúngicos, mais eficazes e menos tóxicos. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como
objetivo identificar os componentes do óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis L. e
investigar sua atividade antifúngica, in vitro, sobre cepas de Cladosporium carrionii.
A análise da composição química do óleo foi realizada por cromatografia a gás
acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM). Os ensaios da atividade
antifúngica foram realizados por meio da triagem microbiológica pela técnica de
difusão em meio sólido; determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) pela
técnica de microdiluição; concentração fungicida mínima (CFM); medida do
crescimento radial em diferentes intervalos de tempo; inibição da germinação de
conídios e avaliação das alterações morfológicas na presença do óleo essencial. Os
resultados da CG-EM mostraram 4 componentes principais, sendo o geranial (52 %)
o constituinte majoritário, seguido do citral (38,90 %), trans β-cariofileno (1,22 %) e
germacrene D (0,84 %), em ordem decrescente de percentual. Nos ensaios de
atividade antifúngica, o óleo essencial de M. officinalis inibiu o crescimento de 100 %
das cepas de C. carrionii ensaiadas, tendo sua CIM e CFM estabelecidas em 256
μg/mL, sendo considerado um produto com forte atividade antifúngica. Foi capaz de
induzir inibição do crescimento micelial radial a partir da concentração de 128 μg/mL
(CIM/2), e nas concentrações CIMX2 e CIMX4, houve inibição total deste
crescimento. Também foi observada inibição significante da germinação de conídios,
em todas as concentrações testadas, quando comparados ao controle (p<0,05),
sendo estas inibições potencializadas com o aumento da concentração, de modo
que na concentração CIMX2 houve inibição de 100% da germinação dos conídios
contados. Além disso, alterações morfológicas como diminuição da conidiação e
alterações estruturais nas hifas foram observadas nas cepas ensaiadas, após a
exposição ao óleo nas concentrações CIM/2, CIM e CIMX2. Diante do exposto,
conclui-se que o óleo essencial de M. officinalis apresenta importante atividade
antifúngica contra cepas de C. carrionii, representando uma nova possibilidade no
arsenal de produtos para terapêutica das micoses causadas por Cladosporium
carrionii.
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