The master thesis deals with the health care systems of Denmark and Netherlands. The goal of this paper is to assess the relationship between the health expenditures and selected demographic indicators. In the first part is defined health, types of the health systems and described the current trends in the healthcare. The second part of this thesis describes the health systems in Denmark and Netherlands (basic characteristics, financing, provision of services and health care reforms). The practical part contains an analysis of public and private health expenditures and selected demographic indicators and their relationship.

The thesis will be aimed on problematics of the social politics, concretely on comparison of the Czech republic pension system and Finland pension system. Aim of the theoretical part of thesis will be to explain and clarify problematics of social politics with focus on pension systems. Diploma thesis will also contain strict preview of the pension system from the political view, because pension system is influenced by the political decisions a lot. Aim of the practical part of thesis will be pointing out between pension systems, reveal their pros and cons and finding appropriate implications, if there are some for Czech pension system and suggest possible improvements to the future. Basic hypothesis of this thesis will be then tested on this comparative analysis. Conclusion of this thesis should reveal answer to the question, if there are some principles and mechanisms, Czech republic can be inspired from Finland and if it is appropriate to implicate these principles to the Czech system.

The purpose of this thesis is an analysis of the development of the pension system in the Czech Republic since 1989. The emphasis is placed on reform provisions and on their impact on public budgets. Future direction is discussed next. The demographic development raises concerns about the financial sustainability of pension systems. The changes in the structure of the system were made after several years of discussions and a number of parametric adjustments. The question of sustainability is not closed yet. Recent changes are canceled and the system returned to the previous state. The reason was a lack of political and general agreement about this type of reform. The theoretical part deals with the definition of public budgets with a focus on social security. The importance and the function of pension systems are characterized in the next section. Pension systems are classified by the operator, by the method of calculating pension benefits and by the type of funding. Each pension system is based on tradition and is influenced by the development of society in the political, economic and social fields. In the practical part is performed the analysis of the pension system structured according to the periods. The impact of the reform provisions is illustrated on the state of public budgets. The thesis concludes that the initial efforts to change the system fundamentally will be replaced by attempts to implement minor adjustments. In the case of structural reform in the future it could be considered the application of modern pension theory, which recommends Pan-European pension system.

1. In the theoretical part: theoretical determination of retirement (pension) systems, determination of the pillared system in Slovak retirement sphere. 2. In the practical part: analysis of demographic situation, and resulting solutions for the innitiated Slovak pension reform, analysis and evaluation, in main features, of Slovak pension reform that was begun in the past. 3. Slovak pension reform evaluation with determination of its possible application for the Czech republic.

Many human papilloma virus (HPV) types are sexually transmitted and HPV DNA types 16, 18, 31, and 45 account for more than 75% if all cervical dysplasia. Candidate vaccines are successfully completing US Federal Drug Agency (FDA) phase III testing and several drug companies are in licensing arbitration. Once this vaccine become available it is unlikely that 100% vaccination coverage will be probable; hence, the need for vaccination strategies that will have the greatest reduction on the endemic prevalence of HPV. This thesis introduces two discrete-time models for evaluating the effect of demographic-biased vaccination strategies: one model incorporates temporal demographics (i.e., age) in population compartments; the other non-temporal demographics (i.e., race, ethnicity). Also presented is an intuitive Web-based interface that was developed to allow the user to evaluate the effects on prevalence of a demographic-biased intervention by tailoring the model parameters to specific demographics and geographical region.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether teachers' perceptions of self-efficacy and collective teacher efficacy are interrelated and how these two constructs may be impacted by teacher demographic characteristics, such as educational level, grade level taught, and number of years of teaching experience. This study focused entirely on the interrelationships of teacher efficacy and collective teacher efficacy in three suburban, conservative Christian schools in north Texas. Specifically, the demographic characteristics of age, gender, ethnicity, particular school campus, number of years teaching, number of years teaching at the current school, highest degree received, type of teacher certification, certification grade level and subject area, grade level taught, and particular subject taught were studied for the non-random, convenience sample of 216 kindergarten through twelfth grade teachers. A correlational analysis of teacher efficacy and collective teacher efficacy yielded a Pearson r of .35 at a statistically significant level (p < .01); combining these two variables with teacher demographic variables in multiple regression analyses confirmed the relationship between teachers' perceptions of teacher efficacy and collective efficacy at a statistically significant level (p < .001). A review of the squared structure coefficients in the first multiple regression analysis (R2 = .284, p < .001) showed that individual teachers' perceptions of collective teacher efficacy explained the largest amount (43%) of the variance in teacher efficacy, followed by years of teaching experience (17%) and number of years of teaching at the current school (14%). A review of the squared structure coefficients in the second multiple regression analysis (R2 = .395, p < .001) indicated that individual teachers' perceptions of teacher efficacy explained the largest amount of variance in collective teacher efficacy (31%), followed the elementary teacher variable (22%) and particular school (19%).

Orientador: Alexandre Sartoris Neto / Banca: André Luiz Correa / Banca: André Luiz Squarize Chagas / Resumo: Este estudo objetiva um exame mais detalhado da evolução da relação entre o tamanho das cidades brasileiras e sua distribuição populacional no período de 1920 a 2000. Para isso, utilizaremos dois tipos de métodos, um estático - que envolve um indicador de convergência baseado na Lei de Zipf - e outro dinâmico, que mostra, através de uma cadeia de Markov, movimentos nas posições relativas das cidades dentro da distribuição por tamanhos. Nas duas análises, verificamos uma persistente concentração populacional em um número pequeno de áreas. Os efeitos espaciais, considerados em ambas as análises, mostraram ter importante influência nos resultados obtidos. / Abstract: This study aims a more detailed examination on the evolution of the relationship between Brazilian cities size and their population distribution in the period from 1920 to 2000. For this purpose, two type of methods are performed. A static one - which involves the estimation of convergence indicator given by the Zipf's Law - and a dynamic one - which shows, by means of a Markov chain, movements in cities relative positions within the distribution of their sizes. In both analyses, there is a persistent concentration of people residing in a small number of areas, growing at a greater rate than smaller ones. Spatial effects, considered in the estimation of both analyses, is clearly an important influence on the results. / Mestre

Orientadores: Tirza Aidar, Emerson Soares dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alencar_LeilaAuxiliadoradeArruda_D.pdf: 4236140 bytes, checksum: 3af39c092380f145f777f7e09be929ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as desigualdades socioespaciais refletidas na saúde da população idosa residente na cidade de Cuiabá. Trata-se de estudo ecológico descritivo com um componente temporal e outro espacial que analisou dados sobre população e da mortalidade aos 60 anos e mais de idade de residentes em Cuiabá. Informações sobre população e variáveis ambientais e econômicas foram obtidas dos censos demográficos de 2000 e 2010 do IBGE. Informações sobre óbitos foram extraídas da base municipal do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Cuiabá, georefenciados segundo bairros de residência no município. Procedeu-se a análise fatorial que possibilitou formar grupos de bairros homogêneos (clusters) segundo características ambientais e socioeconômicas. A distribuição geográfica das taxas de mortalidade pelas principais causas nos agrupamentos de bairros de Cuiabá mostrou que clusters mais ricos e desenvolvidos socioeconomicamente apresentaram menores taxas de mortalidade por doenças circulatórias e respiratórias e maiores taxas de mortalidade por neoplasias. Idosos de 60 a 69 anos são os mais vulneráveis às piores condições de vida do cluster, quando comparados aos mais idosos. Ou seja, os riscos para esse grupo etário residente nos clusters com piores indicadores sobre condição de vida foram maiores quando comparados aos demais. As mulheres sofrem mais ação das condições sociais dos clusters que os homens. Ficou evidenciada a importância das condições socioeconômicas e a heterogeneidade como estas mortes acontecem nos diferentes espaços físicos e sociais da cidade / Abstract: This study aims at identifying the socio spatial inequalities reflected in the health of the elderly population that lives in the city of Cuiabá. It is a descriptive ecological study with a temporal and spatial component which analyzed data about the population and mortality of people living in Cuiabá aged 60 and over. Data on the population and environmental and economic variables were obtained from the demographic censuses of 2000 and 2010 of the IBGE. Data on deaths were drawn from the municipal base of the Mortality Information System of the Municipal Health Office of Cuiabá, according to the neighborhoods of the municipality. Factorial analysis was done in order to form groups of homogeneous neighborhood (clusters) according to environmental and socioeconomic characteristics. The geographic distribution of mortality rates due to the main causes in the neighborhood clusters of Cuiabá showed that richer and socioeconomically developed clusters presented lower mortality rates due to circulatory and respiratory diseases and higher mortality rates due to neoplasias. Elderly aged 60 to 69 are the most vulnerable to the worst cluster living conditions than those above that age. That is, the risks for this age group that lives in the clusters with the worst indicators on life condition were higher when compared to the others. Women suffer more actions from the social conditions of the clusters than men. The study revealed the importance of the socio economic conditions and heterogeneity as these deaths occur in the different physical and social spaces of the city / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutora em Demografia

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris é uma espécie de ave florestal associada às matas de galeria do corredor de vegetação aberta da América do sul (D. p. intermedius) e à Floresta Atlântica (D. p. platyrostris). Em um trabalho anterior, foi observada estrutura genética populacional associada às subespécies, além de dois clados dentro da Floresta Atlântica e evidências de expansão na população do sul, o que é compatível com o modelo Carnaval-Moritz. Utilizando approximate Bayesian computation, o presente trabalho avaliou a diversidade genética de dois marcadores nucleares e um marcador mitocondrial dessa espécie com o objetivo de comparar os resultados obtidos anteriormente com os obtidos utilizando uma estratégia multi-locus e considerando variação coalescente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma relação de politomia entre as populações que se separaram durante o último período interglacial, mas expandiram após o último máximo glacial. Este resultado é consistente com o modelo de Carnaval-Moritz, o qual sugere que as populações sofreram alterações demográficas devido às alterações climáticas ocorridas nestes períodos. Trabalhos futuros incluindo outros marcadores e modelos que incluam estabilidade em algumas populações e expansão em outras são necessários para avaliar o presente resultado / Dendrocolaptes platyrostris is a forest specialist bird associated to gallery forests of the open vegetation corridor of South America (D. p. intermedius) and to the Atlantic forest (D. p. platyrostris). A previous study showed a population genetic structure associated with the subspecies, two clades within the Atlantic forest, and evidence of population expansion in the south, which is compatible with Carnaval- Moritz\'s model. The present study evaluated the genetic diversity of two nuclear and one mitochondrial markers of this species using approximate Bayesian computation, in order to compare the results previously obtained with those based on a multi-locus strategy and considering the coalescent variation. The results suggest a polytomic relationship among the populations that split during the last interglacial period and expanded after the last glacial maximum. This result is consistent with the model of Carnaval-Moritz, which suggests that populations have undergone demographic changes due to climatic changes that occurred in these periods. Future studies including other markers and models that include stability in some populations and expansion in others are needed to evaluate the present result

As tartarugas marinhas são répteis de vida longa que realizam extensas migrações entre áreas de alimentação e desova, resultando em estágios sucessivos de mistura e isolamento de estoques genéticos, espacial e temporalmente. A tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) está ameaçada de extinção, e é fundamental entender sua dinâmica populacional e distribuição para o manejo e conservação da espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a diversidade genética, estrutura populacional, origens dos indivíduos e história demográfica de C. mydas em três locais do Oceano Atlântico (estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - área de alimentação; Guadalupe e Guiana Francesa - áreas de desova), com base em sequências da região controle do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) e 10 loci de microssatélites. As análises de mtDNA demonstraram que a área amostrada no Brasil tem perfil genético semelhante às outras áreas de alimentação da costa brasileira. De maneira semelhante, o perfil genético das duas áreas de desova é bastante similar ao de outros sítios reprodutivos na região do Caribe. As análises de estoque misto revelaram que os indivíduos juvenis no Brasil são provenientes principalmente da Ilha Ascensão, Guiana Francesa e Guiné Bissau. Os microssatélites detectaram estrutura genética entre as três populações, apesar de haver um fluxo de migrantes entre elas, especialmente de indivíduos da Guiana Francesa em direção ao Brasil e Guadalupe. Guiana Francesa, Guadalupe e Brasil apresentaram declínio populacional severo, detectado pelos microssatélites. Apesar da distribuição global, as populações de tartarugas-verdes estão sujeitas a diferentes pressões nos habitats que ocupam, e é importante entender quais populações estão ameaçadas. Este estudo enfatiza a importância da conectividade entre áreas de alimentação e desova que podem estar amplamente distribuídas de acordo com oportunidades ou restrições ecológicas, adicionando informações a respeito da dispersão e a dinâmica de tartarugas-verdes que frequentam o Oceano Atlântico / Sea turtles are reptiles with a long lifespan that undertake wide-ranging migrations through feeding and nesting sites, resulting in successive stages of mixing and isolating genetic stocks, both spatially and temporally. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) is threatened with extinction, and it is essential to understand its population dynamics and distribution in order to manage and preserve the species. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity, population structure, natal origins and demographic history of C. mydas in three sites in the Atlantic Ocean (Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil - feeding ground; Guadeloupe and French Guiana - nesting sites), based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 10 microsatellites loci. The mtDNA analyses demonstrated that Brazilian samples have the same genetic profile of others collected in feeding grounds in the Brazilian coast. Similarly, the genetic profile of the nesting sites has resemblances to others in the Caribbean region. The mixed stock analyses revealed that most of the juveniles in Rio de Janeiro state come from Ascension Island, French Guiana and Guinea Bissau. Microsatellites detected genetic structure among the three populations, even with migration flows, especially in individuals from French Guiana to Brazil and Guadeloupe. French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Brazil presented a severe population decline, detected by the microsatellites analyses. Despite the worldwide distribution, green sea turtle populations undergo different pressures at the habitats they occupy, and it is important to understand which populations are threatened. This study emphasizes the importance of connecting nesting and feeding areas that can be widely distributed according to ecological opportunities or constraints, adding information on dispersion and population dynamics of green sea turtles on Atlantic Ocean